Resumo As samambaias são frequentemente usadas pelos indígenas em Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Paquistão. Este estudo foi desenhado para coletar o conhecimento etnomedicinal e tradicional desses moradores sobre este grupo de plantas vasculares. Quarenta táxons pertencem a dezenove gêneros, e dez famílias são utilizadas no tratamento de diferentes doenças. Pteridaceae foi a família mais representativa com doze táxons (30%), seguida por Athyriaceae e Dryopteridaceae com seis táxons cada (30%), e Thelypteridaceae com cinco táxons (12,5%). Em relação aos gêneros, Adiantum, Asplenium e Dryopteris ficaram em primeiro lugar com quatro táxons cada (30%), seguidos por Aleuritopteris, Diplazium, Pteris e Equisetum com três táxons cada (30%), e Athyrium, Oeosporangium, Polystichum e Pseudophegopteris com dois táxons cada (20%). Estes táxons foram comumente usados no tratamento de distúrbios respiratórios, isto é, asma, bronquite, enfisema, pneumonia; úlcera intestinal, estômago, doenças urinárias e doenças da pele pelos métodos de decocção e infusão. O conhecimento tradicional sobre plantas etnomedicinais é uma fonte valiosa e essencial para a descoberta de medicamentos alopáticos, fitoterápicos e homeopáticos.

Abstract Ferns are often used by indigenous people in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. This study was designed to collect the ethnomedicinal and traditional knowledge of these locals about this group of vascular plants. Forty taxa belong to nineteen genera and ten families are used in the treatment of different diseases. The Pteridaceae was the most representative family with twelve taxa (30%), followed by Athyriaceae and Dryopteridaceae with six taxa each (30%), and Thelypteridaceae with five taxa (12.5%). Regarding the genera, Adiantum, Asplenium and Dryopteris ranked first with four taxa each (30%), followed by Aleuritopteris, Diplazium, Pteris and Equisetum with three taxa each (30%), followed by Athyrium, Oeosporangium, Polystichum and Pseudophegopteris with two taxa each (20%). These taxa were commonly used in the treatment of respiratory disorders i.e. asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, pneumonia; intestinal ulcer, stomach, urinary ailments and skin disorders by the methods of decoction and infusion. Traditional knowledge about ethnomedicinal plants is a valuable and essential source for the discovery of allopathic, herbal and homeopathic medicines.

Resumo O artigo pretende identificar quem são os “Médicos pela Vida” (MPV), suas informações acadêmicas e profissionais, quais as premissas utilizadas para a defesa do “tratamento precoce” e da negação das vacinas contra COVID-19 e qual a representatividade de seus discursos no contexto da prática médica no Brasil. A análise baseia-se na lista de 276 profissionais médicos catalogados no site dos MPV e em informações acadêmicas e profissionais coletadas nos sites do Conselho Federal de Medicina e da Plataforma Lattes, do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico. A análise do conteúdo aponta para a centralidade das especialidades da Homeopatia e Acupuntura na população de MPV quando comparada ao conjunto dos especialistas do Brasil. A adesão significativa de homeopatas e acupunturistas ao movimento dos MPV pode iluminar a compreensão sobre racionalidades médicas específicas, permitindo distinguir quais categorias e ideias acerca dos processos de saúde e doença estão em disputa. Conclui-se que, para além de descrever a problemática, é preciso estabelecer suas correlações com um conjunto de acontecimentos, práticas, decisões políticas, encadeamentos econômicos, compartilhamento de crenças e uma corrente de processos que configuram seu caráter inegavelmente social.

Abstract The article aims to identify who the “Doctors for Life” are, their academic and professional information, which assumptions have been mobilized for the defense of “early treatment” and the denial of vaccines for COVID-19, and the representativeness of their discourses in the medical practice context in Brazil. The analysis is based on a list of 276 doctors’ names, cataloged from their website, and on academic and professional information obtained through research on the Federal Medical Conseil website and the Scientific and Technological Development Nacional Council platform. The content analysis points to the centrality of the medical specialties of homeopathy and acupuncture in the population of Doctors for Life when compared to the set of specialist doctors in Brazil. The significant accession of homeopaths and acupuncturists to the Doctors for Life movement can clarify the understanding of specific medical rationalities, allowing us to distinguish which categories and ideas about the health-disease process are in dispute. It is concluded that, more than describing the problem, it is needed to establish its correlations with a group of events, practices, political decisions, economic linkages, shared beliefs, and a chain of processes that configure its undeniably social characteristics.

Resumo O artigo pretende identificar quem são os “Médicos pela Vida” (MPV), suas informações acadêmicas e profissionais, quais as premissas utilizadas para a defesa do “tratamento precoce” e da negação das vacinas contra COVID-19 e qual a representatividade de seus discursos no contexto da prática médica no Brasil. A análise baseia-se na lista de 276 profissionais médicos catalogados no site dos MPV e em informações acadêmicas e profissionais coletadas nos sites do Conselho Federal de Medicina e da Plataforma Lattes, do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico. A análise do conteúdo aponta para a centralidade das especialidades da Homeopatia e Acupuntura na população de MPV quando comparada ao conjunto dos especialistas do Brasil. A adesão significativa de homeopatas e acupunturistas ao movimento dos MPV pode iluminar a compreensão sobre racionalidades médicas específicas, permitindo distinguir quais categorias e ideias acerca dos processos de saúde e doença estão em disputa. Conclui-se que, para além de descrever a problemática, é preciso estabelecer suas correlações com um conjunto de acontecimentos, práticas, decisões políticas, encadeamentos econômicos, compartilhamento de crenças e uma corrente de processos que configuram seu caráter inegavelmente social.

Abstract The article aims to identify who the “Doctors for Life” are, their academic and professional information, which assumptions have been mobilized for the defense of “early treatment” and the denial of vaccines for COVID-19, and the representativeness of their discourses in the medical practice context in Brazil. The analysis is based on a list of 276 doctors’ names, cataloged from their website, and on academic and professional information obtained through research on the Federal Medical Conseil website and the Scientific and Technological Development Nacional Council platform. The content analysis points to the centrality of the medical specialties of homeopathy and acupuncture in the population of Doctors for Life when compared to the set of specialist doctors in Brazil. The significant accession of homeopaths and acupuncturists to the Doctors for Life movement can clarify the understanding of specific medical rationalities, allowing us to distinguish which categories and ideas about the health-disease process are in dispute. It is concluded that, more than describing the problem, it is needed to establish its correlations with a group of events, practices, political decisions, economic linkages, shared beliefs, and a chain of processes that configure its undeniably social characteristics.

Abstract Salicornia bigelovii (Torr.) is a plant with promising agro-industrial potential and homeopathy is a natural alternative that does not affect the safety of the treated organism. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of the homeopathic medicine Natrum muriaticum (NaM) on productive response variables of S. bigelovii with different levels of salinity (NS) in hydroponic culture, applying a completely randomized experimental design, with factorial arrangement (3A x 3B) and three repetitions of 15 plants each. Two salinity levels (NS-50 and NS-100) and a control without salinity (NS-0) were applied as factor A, and two centesimal dynamizations of NaM (NaM-7CH and NaM-31CH) and a control without medicine (NaM-0CH) as factor B. The response variables evaluated were aerial part length (APL), root part length (RPL), stem thickness (ST), leaf area (LA), water potential (WP), relative water content (RWC), chlorophyll ‘a’, chlorophyll ‘b’ and total chlorophyll. With the homeopathic treatment NaM-7CH, higher values were recorded in RPL and with NaM-31CH, higher average values in chlorophyll ‘a’, chlorophyll ‘b’ and total chlorophyll. With the saline treatment NS-50, higher values were obtained for APL, RPL, ST, LA, RWC, chlorophylls ‘a’, ‘b’ and total. The highest average values in plant morphology corresponded to the interactions NS-50/NaM-7CH and NS-50/NaM-31CH. This suggests a positive effect of NaM on relevant productive response variables of S. bigelovii and its potential applicability in the hydroponic culture of this coastal halophyte.

Resumen Salicornia bigelovii (Torr.) es una planta con un promisorio potencial agroindustrial y la homeopatía es una alternativa natural que no afecta la inocuidad del organismo tratado. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto del medicamento homeopático Natrum muriaticum (NaM) sobre variables de respuesta productiva de S. bigelovii con diferentes niveles de salinidad (NS) en cultivo hidropónico, aplicando un diseño experimental completamente al azar, con arreglo factorial (3A x 3B) y tres repeticiones de 15 plantas c/u. Como factor A, se aplicaron dos niveles de salinidad (NS-50 y NS-100) y un control sin salinidad (NS-0), como factor B, dos dinamizaciones centesimales de NaM (NaM-7CH y NaM-31CH) y un control sin medicamento (NaM-0CH). Las variables respuesta evaluadas fueron longitud parte aérea (LPA), longitud parte radicular (LPR), grosor de tallo (GT), área foliar (AF), potencial hídrico (PH), contenido relativo de agua (CRA), clorofila ‘a’, clorofila ‘b’ y clorofila total. Con el tratamiento homeopático NaM-7CH, se registraron valores superiores en LPR y con NaM-31CH, mayores valores promedio en clorofila ‘a’, clorofila ‘b’ y clorofila total. Con el tratamiento salino NS-50 se obtuvieron valores mayores para LPA, LPR, GT, AF, CRA, clorofilas ‘a’, ‘b’ y totales. Los valores promedio mayores en la morfología de la planta correspondieron a las interacciones NS-50/NaM-7CH y NS-50/NaM-31CH. Esto sugiere un efecto positivo NaM sobre variables relevantes de respuesta productiva de S. bigelovii y su potencial aplicabilidad en el cultivo hidropónico de esta halófita costera.

Abstract Highly diluted bioactive compounds have been successfully used in the agricultural sector to stimulate plant growth and development even in unfavorable crop conditions. For this reason, the feasibility of using Natrum muriaticum (NaM), a homeopathic ultradilution, as an elicitor agent against the negative effects of salt stress by NaCl, was studied in two varieties of basil (Ocimum basilicum L) grown in a saline medium, at CIBNOR, SC.), in February-March 2019. A completely randomized design with a factorial arrangement (2A×2B×3C) was applied, considering the Napoletano and Emily varieties as factor, the concentration of NaCl (0 and 75 mM) as factor B, and the homeopathic treatments NaM (7CH, 13CH and distilled water as control) as factor C, adding a total of 12 treatments with four repetitions each, and photosynthetic-rate and production of fresh and dry biomass of aerial part as response variables. The analysis of variance and multiple comparisons of means (Tukey HSD p≤ 0.05) revealed that both dynamizations of NaM (7CH and 13CH) favored an increase in the response variables evaluated in plants subjected to salt stress. The highest increase in photosynthetic rate (75%) and fresh biomass of the aerial part (40%) with respect to the control treatment was obtained with NaM 7CH in the Napoletano variety. In conclusion, the application of NaM attenuates salt stress in Ocimum basilicum L, confirming that agricultural homeopathy is an eco-friendly alternative that can increase basil production under salt stress conditions.

Resumen Los compuestos bioactivos altamente diluidos se han utilizado con éxito en el sector agrícola para estimular el crecimiento y desarrollo de las plantas, incluso en condiciones de cultivo desfavorables. Por esta razón, se estudió la viabilidad de utilizar Natrum muriaticum (NaM), una ultradilución homeopática, como agente elicitor contra los efectos negativos del estrés salino por NaCl, en dos variedades de albahaca (Ocimum basilicum L.) cultivadas en un medio salino, en el CIBNOR, SC., en febrero-marzo de 2019. Se aplicó un diseño completamente al azar con un arreglo factorial (2A×2B×3C), considerando las variedades Napoletano y Emily como factor A, la concentración de NaCl (0 y 75 mM) como factor B, y los tratamientos homeopáticos con NaM (7CH, 13CH y agua destilada como control) como factor C, sumando un total de 12 tratamientos con cuatro repeticiones cada uno, y la tasa fotosintética y producción de biomasa fresca y seca de la parte aérea como variables de respuesta. El análisis de varianza y las comparaciones múltiples de medias (DSH de Tukey p≤ 0.05) revelaron que ambas dinamizaciones de NaM (7CH y 13CH) favorecieron un aumento de las variables de respuesta evaluadas en plantas sometidas a estrés salino. El mayor aumento de la tasa fotosintética (75%) y de la biomasa fresca de la parte aérea (40%) con respecto al tratamiento control se obtuvo con NaM 7CH en la variedad Napoletano. En conclusión, la aplicación de NaM atenúa el estrés salino en Ocimum basilicum L., lo que confirma que la homeopatía agrícola es una alternativa respetuosa con el medio ambiente que puede aumentar la producción de albahaca en condiciones de estrés salino.

Resumen Se trata de un estudio brasileño, transversal, mediado por Internet, con el objetivo de describir cómo las diferencias temperamentales se asocian con el uso de ocho prácticas de medicina alternativa y complementaria (MAC): yoga, meditación, reiki, acupuntura, masaje, tai chi chuan, homeopatía y floral. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 22.415 individuos, de los cuales 69,5 % eran mujeres, con una edad media de 28,8 años (DS= 9,1). Las prácticas más utilizadas fueron el masaje y el yoga, y las variables sexo, edad, renta y diagnóstico psicopatológico a lo largo de la vida se asociaron a todas las prácticas, excepto al tai chi chuan. El análisis inferencial se basó en un modelo de regresión logística y los resultados se calcularon con base en la odds ratio con un intervalo de confianza del 95 %. Se observó que las manifestaciones adaptativas de rasgos y tipos psicológicos se asociaron con mayores posibilidades de practicar MAC. Los resultados sugieren que los perfiles con mayor regulación emocional tienden a usar MAC con mayor frecuencia y, posiblemente, obtienen beneficios.

Resumo Trata-se de um estudo brasileiro, transversal, mediado pela Internet com o objetivo de descrever como diferenças temperamentais associam-se ao uso de oito práticas de medicina alternativa e complementar (MAC): ioga, meditação, reiki, acupuntura, massagem, tai chi chuan, homeopatia e floral. A amostra foi composta por 22.415 indivíduos, sendo 69,5% mulheres, com idade média de 28,8 anos (DP = 9,1). As práticas mais utilizadas foram massagem e ioga e as variáveis sexo, idade, renda e diagnóstico psicopatológico ao longo da vida associaram-se a todas as práticas, exceto com tai chi chuan. Análise inferencial se baseou em modelo de regressão logística e os resultados foram calculados com base na razão de chances com intervalo de confiança de 95%. Observou-se que manifestações adaptativas de traços e de tipos psicológicos, associaram-se a maiores chances de praticar MAC. Resultados sugerem que perfis com maior regulação emocional tendem a utilizar mais frequentemente MAC e, possivelmente, obter benefícios.

Abstract The present study is a cross-sectional web-based survey conducted in Brazil aiming to describe how individual differences in temperament traits and types could predict the use of the following eight categories of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM): yoga, meditation, reiki, acupuncture, massage, tai chi chuan, homeopathy, and flower remedies. The sample consisted of 22,415 individuals, 69.5% of whom were women, with a mean age of 28.8 years (SD= 9.1). The most commonly used practices were massage and yoga and the variables sex, age, income, and psychopathological diagnosis throughout life were associated with all practices, except tai chi chuan. The inferential analysis relied on logistic regressions and results were calculated based on the odd ratios with 95% confidence intervals. Adaptive manifestations of psychological traits and types were associated with greater use of complementary and alternative medicine practices. Results suggested that profiles with greater emotional regulation tend to use CAM more frequently and possibly obtain benefits.

ABSTRACT Introduction: renal lithiasis is very common, the predominant symptom is pain, generally intense, which must be alleviated, and homeopathic treatment is an option accessible to everybody. Objective: to evaluate the results of homeopathic treatment with calcareous carbonic 30CH indicated in patients diagnosed with renal lithiasis. Methods: a prospective longitudinal descriptive study was carried out in adult patients with a diagnosis of renal lithiasis attended at the Urology Service of the "Arnaldo Milián Castro" Hospital of Villa Clara Province during the years from 2017 to 2020. They were included 220 patients willing to cooperate with the study and were indicated treatment with calcareous carbonic 30CH. Results: female sex (115, 52.3%), age between 30 and 44 years (78, 35.5%), rural origin (129, 58.6%), consumption of well water (168, 76.4%), presentation with pain, nausea and vomiting, left lithiasis - in most cases (115, 52, 37 patients expelled the calculus in less than 30 days and 140 in the second month of treatment, 210 patients were cured, with 213 negative ultrasound scans, in the remaining patients the symptoms were relieved and the size of the lithiasis was reduced, there were few complications. Conclusions: the results of cure in more than three quarters of the patients treated confirm the use of 30CH carbonic calcarea as another option in the treatment of renal lithiasis.

RESUMEN Introducción: la litiasis renal es muy común, el síntoma predominante es el dolor, generalmente intenso, que debe ser aliviado, el tratamiento homeopático es una opción al alcance de todos. Objetivo: valorar los resultados del tratamiento homeopático con calcárea carbónica 30CH indicado en pacientes con diagnóstico de litiasis renal. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo longitudinal prospectivo en pacientes adultos con diagnóstico de litiasis renal atendidos en el Servicio de Urología del Hospital “Arnaldo Milián Castro” de la Provincia de Villa Clara durante los años del 2017 al 2020. Fueron incluidos 220 pacientes dispuestos a cooperar con el estudio y se les indicó tratamiento con calcárea carbónica 30CH. Resultados: entre los pacientes estudiados predominó el sexo femenino (115, 52,3%), las edades entre 30 y 44 años (78, 35,5%), la procedencia rural (129, 58,6%), el consumo de agua de pozo (168, 76,4%), la presentación con dolor, náuseas y vómitos, la litiasis izquierda -en la mayoría de los casos (115, 52,3%) localizada frecuentemente en cáliz-, 37 pacientes expulsaron el cálculo en menos de 30 días y 140 en el segundo mes de tratamiento, se curaron 210 pacientes, con 213 ecografías negativas, en los restantes se aliviaron los síntomas y se redujo el tamaño de la litiasis, fueron pocas las complicaciones. Conclusiones: los resultados de curación en más de las tres cuartas partes de los pacientes tratados confirman el empleo de la calcárea carbónica 30CH como una opción más en el tratamiento de la litiasis renal.

RESUMO Contexto: O tratamento convencional da doença inflamatória intestinal (DII) é baseado na terapia medicamentosa, mas diferentes estudos têm mostrado aumento progressivo do uso de medicina complementar e alternativa (MCA) na abordagem dos pacientes. As modalidades de MCA mais usadas compreendem: acupuntura, medicina tradicional chinesa, medicina ayurvédica, homeopatia e fitoterapia, bem como práticas mais modernas, como aromaterapia e reflexologia. Os dados do uso de MCA no Brasil são escassos e não há estudos entre pacientes brasileiros com DII. Objetivo: O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a frequência e os fatores associados com o uso de MCA entre pacientes com DII, além de estimar a satisfação com o uso de MCA. Métodos: Foi realizado estudo transversal em pacientes adultos ambulatoriais com DII oriundos de dois centros de referência no sudeste do Brasil, com amostra de 227 indivíduos. Foi aplicado questionário semiestruturado contendo produtos como - chá, probióticos, ômega 3 ou glutamina, homeopatia e fitoterapia, além de fatores associados ao uso de MCA e a satisfação do paciente. Utilizamos estatística descritiva, testes de associação (P<0,05) e regressão logística para análise estatística. Resultados: No total, 126 pacientes com doença de Crohn e 101 com retocolite ulcerativa foram incluídos. A média de idade foi 41,19±14,49 anos e 57,27% eram do sexo feminino. O tempo desde o diagnóstico foi de 10,58±7,5 anos, e a maioria dos pacientes estava em remissão clínica. Vinte e nove pacientes (12,8%) relataram ter usado MCA para o tratamento de DII, como chá (5,29%), probióticos (5,29%), ômega-3 ou glutamina (1,76%), homeopatia (0,88%) e fitoterápicos (0,44%). Apesar da baixa frequência, os pacientes ficaram satisfeitos com o uso (>50%). Não houve diferença entre o uso de MCA entre os pacientes com doença de Crohn em comparação com pacientes com retocolite ulcerativa (P=0,1171). Os fatores associados com o uso de MCA foram qualidade de vida regular ou ruim (Odds ratio 2,084; intervalo de confiança de 95% 1,147-3,786, P=0,0159) e menor tempo desde o diagnóstico (Odds ratio 0,956; intervalo de confiança de 95% 0,918-0,995; P=0,0260). Conclusão: A prevalência do uso de MCA foi baixa, mas satisfatória entre os pacientes com DII. O uso de MCA tem sido associada a baixa qualidade de vida e menor duração da doença.

ABSTRACT Background: The conventional treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is based on drug therapy, but different studies have shown a progressive increase in the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). The most used CAM comprises of acupuncture, traditional Chinese medicine, Ayurvedic medicine, homeopathy, and herbal medicine, as well as more modern practices, including aromatherapy and reflexology. Data from CAM use in Brazil has previously been scarce and there are no studies among Brazilian patients with IBD. Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the frequency of, and factors associated with the use of CAM among IBD patients in Brazil, in addition to estimating the satisfaction with CAM use. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed in adult IBD outpatients from two Southeastern Brazilian referral centers, with a total a sample of 227 individuals. A semi-structured questionnaire was used containing CAM products - tea, probiotics, omega 3 or glutamine, homeopathy, and herbal therapy, and factors associated with CAM use and patient satisfaction. We used descriptive statistics, association tests (P<0.05) and logistic regression for statistical analyses. Results: In total, 126 patients with Crohn’s disease and 101 with ulcerative colitis were included. The mean age was 41.19±14.49 years and 57.27% were female. The time since diagnosis was 10.58±7.5 years, and most patients were in clinical remission. Twenty-nine patients (12.8%) reported having used CAM for IBD treatment, such as tea (5.29%), probiotics (5.29%), omega-3 or glutamine (1.76%), homeopathy (0.88%), and herbal therapies (0.44%). Despite the low frequency, patients were satisfied (>50%). There was no difference between CAM use in Crohn’s disease as compared to ulcerative colitis patients (P=0.1171). The factors associated with the use of CAM were regular or poor quality of life (odds ratio 2.084; 95% confidence interval 1.147-3.786, P=0.0159) and a shorter time since diagnosis (odds ratio 0.956; 95% confidence interval 0.918-0.995; P=0.0260). Conclusion: The prevalence of CAM use was low, but satisfactory among Brazilian IBD patients. The application of CAM has been associated with poor quality of life and shorter disease duration compared to patients with no use of CAM.

ABSTRACT This study evaluates the application of highly-diluted bioactive compounds (HDBC) as an alternative to improve the white shrimp Penaeus vannamei performance reared during a semi-intensive commercial-scale production cycle (130 days) in arid environmental conditions. The effects of HDBC were analyzed on productive performance, enzyme activity, and energy reserves associated with the nutritional condition. Six 10-ha earthen ponds were used. Two experimental HDBC treatments and one control treatment were evaluated: [T1 = PhA+SiT (phosphoric acid 7C and Silicea terra 7C); T2 = PaV+ViT (Passival® 7C and Vidatox® 31C); T3 = Control (No HDBC)], using 2 ponds × 3 treatments = 6 ponds. Three shrimp samples were taken (S1, S2, S3) at 7, 52, and 130 days. The results indicated that organisms from T2 significantly increased in several productive indicators, such as weight gain, daily weight gain, specific growth rate, total length, feed efficiency, and productive performance. T2's bioactive compounds ingested with the pelleted feed and present in the gut -even at highly diluted concentration- improved energetic reserves, such as lipids in the hepatopancreas and digestive enzyme activity, enhancing the physiological status of shrimp farmed under semi-intensive rearing conditions, suggest that HDBC used in this study could have a beneficial and eco-friendly impact on commercial-scale shrimp production.

Abstract Tuberculosis is certainly one of the diseases considered to be ancient on planet Earth. The etiological agent of tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This terrible bacterial infection still results in severe socioeconomic consequences to date, and its complete eradication represents a great challenge. It constitutes one of the most important public health problems in developing countries. According to the World Health Organization, this infection results in more than 4,000 deaths daily worldwide, with 10.4 million being affected annually and 1.5 million deaths from TB every year. With the emergence of the HIV/AIDS pandemic, the disease became the main cause of morbidity and mortality in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Cutaneous tuberculosis is a rare infection that represents 1% to 1.5% of extrapulmonary tuberculosis, whose etiological agents are Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis, and the attenuated form of the bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG vaccine). Cutaneous tuberculosis can be exogenous; endogenous: caused by contiguity or autoinoculation and by hematogenous spread; induced by the Calmette-Guérin bacillus and manifest as a tuberculid. The diagnosis of the infection is carried out through the direct test, culture, histopathology, tuberculin skin test, polymerase chain reaction, interferon-gamma release assay, and genotyping. Drugs used comprise isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol.x

RESUMO O oídio é uma doença importante do tomateiro, o que demanda tecnologias para seu controle. A homeopatia é uma ciência que vem ganhando espaço como uma alternativa fitossanitária na agropecuária. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o medicamento homeopático Ferrum sulphuricum nas dinamizações 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 e 96CH para controle de oídio. O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação, em delineamento de parcelas sub-sub-divididas e os resultados comparados com controles etanol 30% e água destilada. O experimento foi conduzido no período de Maio a Junho de 2013. Foram avaliados área abaixo da curva de progresso da doença (AACPD), índice relativo de clorofila (SPAD), influência no crescimento das plantas pelo volume e massa do sistema radicular, massas de frutos e parte aérea e ainda a esporulação do patógeno nas folhas. Para AACPD, todas as dinamizações reduziram a doença. O genótipo Santa Clara apresentou até 41% menos e Cedro 31% menos doença comparados com o controle etanol, no terço superior da planta. Para o índice SPAD, houve incremento de até 322% no terço médio da planta tratada com a dinamização 24CH. Para as variáveis de crescimento, todas as dinamizações incrementaram em até 197% o volume de raiz e a massa do sistema radicular para ambos genótipos. As dinamizações 6, 12, 24, 72 e 96CH reduziram o número de esporos em folhas de tomateiro Santa Clara em até 40%. Os dados indicam que o medicamento Ferrum sulphuricum pode controlar o oídio em tomateiro, incrementar o crescimento das plantas e que existe diferença de acordo com o genótipo trabalhado.

ABSTRACT Powdery mildew is an important disease in tomato, which requires technologies for its control. Homeopathy is a science that has been improved as an alternative method in agriculture. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the homeopathic medicine Ferrum sulphuricum in 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96CH dynamizations on powdery mildew control. The experiment was conducted from May to June 2013 in a greenhouse, in split-split- plot design, and the results were compared with the controls 30% ethanol and distilled water. We evaluated the area under disease progress curve (AUDPC), relative chlorophyll index (SPAD), influence on plant growth by volume and mass of roots, and mass of fruits and shoots and even the pathogen sporulation on leaves. For the AUDPC, all the dynamizations reduced the disease. The Santa Clara genotype showed up to 41% less and Cedro 31% less disease compared with the control ethanol, in the upper third of the plant. For the SPAD index, there was an increase of up to 322% in the middle third of the plant treated with 24CH dynamization. For the growth variables, all the dynamizations increased up to 197% the volume and weight of roots for Cedro and Santa Clara. The 6, 12, 24, 72 and 96CH dynamizations reduced the pathogen sporulation on Santa Clara tomato leaves by up to 40%. The data indicate that the medicine Ferrum sulphuricum can control powdery mildew on tomato, increase the growth of plants and that there is a differential response according to the host genotype.

A pesar de una controversia en cuanto a la eficacia, la homeopatía es un método terapéutico alternativo a la medicina convencional. La práctica de la homeopatía varía mucho entre países, y la evidencia existente es contradictoria cuanto a la relación entre los factores sociodemográficos y las condiciones de salud asociadas a ella. Se pretende estimar la prevalencia de la práctica de homeopatía y su asociación con la autopercepción del estado de salud, depresión y factores sociodemográficos. Se utilizaron datos de 90.846 participantes de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud de Brasil de 2019 (PNS 2019), estudio de base poblacional, con método de muestreo complejo y probabilístico. Se recogieron datos sociodemográficos, clínicos e información sobre la práctica de la homeopatía en los últimos 12 meses. El Cuestionario de Salud del Paciente-9 (PHQ-9) se utilizó para evaluar la depresión. Todas las variables fueron categorizadas. Se aplicaron modelos de regresión logística para obtener las razones de probabilidad (OR) crudas y ajustadas y los intervalos del 95% de confianza (IC95%). La prevalencia de la práctica de la homeopatía fue del 0,99% (IC95%: 0,98-1,00). En el análisis ajustado las siguientes variables se asociaron a un mayor empleo de la homeopatía: sexo femenino, tener más de 51 años, raza blanca, mayor nivel socioeconómico y educativo, residir en las regiones Sur/Sudeste del país, peor estado de salud autoidentificado y depresión. Hubo un aumento en Brasil en la prescripción de diferentes medicamentos complementarios, incluida la homeopatía. Sin embargo, la práctica del tratamiento de la homeopatía es muy baja y está asociada con un nivel socioeconómico más alto, peor estado de salud autoidentificado y depresión.

Despite the controversy about its efficacy, homeopathy is considered a medical practice alternative to the conventional medical model. Prevalence of homeopathy use varies greatly among countries and the literature has conflicting evidence about the relation between sociodemographic factors and health conditions associated with homeopathy use. We aim to estimate the prevalence of homeopathy use and its association with self-perceived health status, depression, and sociodemographic factors. We used data from 90,846 participants in the 2019 Brazilian National Survey of Health (PNS 2019), a population-based study with complex and probabilistic sampling. Sociodemographic and clinical data and information on homeopathy use during the last 12 months were collected. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) was used to assess depression. All variables were categorized. Logistic regression models were built to obtain crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). The prevalence of homeopathy use was 0.99% (95%CI: 0.98-1.00). In the adjusted analysis, the following variables were associated with higher use of homeopathy: female gender, age above 51 years, white ethnicity, higher socioeconomic and educational attainment, residence in Southern/Southeastern Brazil, poorer self-reported health status, and depression. Brazil shows increased offer of complementary medicine, including homeopathy. Nevertheless, the use of homeopathy treatment is very low and clearly associated with a higher socioeconomic status, poorer self-reported health status, and depression.

Apesar da controvérsia sobre sua eficácia, a homeopatia é considerada uma prática médica alternativa ao modelo médico convencional. A prevalência de uso de homeopatia varia muito entre os países e há evidências conflitantes sobre a relação entre fatores sociodemográficos e condições de saúde associadas ao uso da homeopatia. Pretende-se estimar a prevalência de uso de homeopatia e sua associação com autopercepção de saúde, depressão de cada indivíduo e fatores sociodemográficos. Foram utilizados dados de 90.846 participantes da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde de 2019 (PNS 2019), estudo de base populacional, com método amostral complexo e probabilístico. Foram coletados dados sociodemográficos, clínicos e informações sobre o uso da homeopatia nos últimos 12 meses. Para avaliar depressão, o Questionário de Saúde do Paciente-9 (PHQ-9) foi utilizado. Todas as variáveis foram categorizadas. Foram realizados modelos de regressão logística para obtenção de odds ratios (OR) brutos e ajustados e intervalos de 95% de confiança (IC95%). A prevalência de uso de homeopatia foi de 0,99% (IC95%: 0,98-1,00). Na análise ajustada, as seguintes variáveis estiveram associadas ao maior uso de homeopatia: mulheres, ter mais de 51 anos, ser branca, maior nível socioeconômico e educacional, residindo nas regiões Sul/Sudeste do país, pior estado de saúde autorreferido e depressão. No Brasil, houve um aumento na oferta de diferentes tipos de medicamentos complementares, incluindo a homeopatia. No entanto, o uso do tratamento da homeopatia é muito baixo e está claramente associado a um maior nível socioeconômico, pior estado de saúde autorreferido e depressão.