Abstract: This article explores what queer as a concept brings to peacebuilding, presenting a guiding framework and introduction for a special issue on queer peacebuilding. It offers an initial approach to the topic, which means to center queer and trans perspectives of peace and bring queer epistemologies to bear on how peace is constituted so as to rearticulate the concept both in theory and praxis. In doing so, it addresses an unexamined gap in peacebuilding efforts to achieve gender justice and inclusive security in conflict-affected societies, namely the unique experiences of LGBTQ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans and queer) individuals and their collective efforts to achieve social justice in these contexts. The authors approach the topic of queer peacebuilding through three questions: What is queer peacebuilding?, Why is queer peacebuilding important? and What can queer peacebuilding contribute? While the impacts of queer peacebuilding in sites of contentious politics around the globe are visible, it remains an emergent and somewhat elusive concept, still under construction within peace and security scholarship and practice. By presenting a conceptualization of the notion of queer peacebuiling, the authors seek to further academic efforts to construct and analyze queer peace.

Resumo: Neste artigo, é explorado o que o conceito queer/cuir contribui para a construção da paz, apresentando um referencial e uma introdução para um número temático sobre a construção da paz queer/cuir. É apresentada uma abordagem inicial do tema, o que significa centralizar as perspectivas queer/cuir e trans da paz, bem como trazer epistemologias queer/cuir para a forma em que a paz é constituída a fim de rearticular o conceito tanto na teoria quanto na prática. Com isso, é abordada uma lacuna nos esforços de construção da paz que buscam atingir justiça de gênero e segurança inclusiva em sociedades afetadas por conflitos; nesse sentido, são examinadas as experiências únicas das pessoas LGBTQ (lésbicas, gays, bissexuais, trans e queer) e seus esforços coletivos em prol de atingir a justiça social nesses contextos. Os autores abordam o tema da construção da paz queer/cuir por meio de três perguntas: o que é a construção da paz queer/cuir? Por que a construção da paz queer/cuir é importante? E para que a construção da paz queer/cuir pode contribuir? Embora os impactos da consolidação da paz queer/cuir nos lugares de conflito político de todo o mundo sejam visíveis, esse conceito continua sendo emergente e um tanto esquivo, que ainda está sendo construído dentro dos estudos e práticas de paz e segurança. Ao apresentar uma conceituação da noção de construção da paz queer/cuir, os autores pretendem fomentar os esforços acadêmicos para construí-la e analisá-la.

Resumen: Este artículo explora lo que aporta el concepto queer/cuir a la construcción de paz, exponiendo un marco de referencia y una introducción para un número temático sobre la construcción de paz queer/cuir. Se presenta una aproximación inicial a este tema, lo que significa centrar las perspectivas queer/cuir y trans de la paz, así como aportar epistemologías queer/cuir a la forma en que se constituye la paz para rearticular el concepto tanto en la teoría, como en la práctica. Con ello, se aborda un vacío en los esfuerzos de construcción de la paz que buscan alcanzar justicia de género y seguridad inclusiva en sociedades afectadas por conflictos, es decir, se examinan las experiencias únicas de las personas LGBTQ (lesbianas, gays, bisexuales, trans y queer) y sus esfuerzos colectivos en pos de lograr la justicia social en esos contextos. Los autores abordan el tema de la construcción de la paz queer/cuir a través de tres preguntas: ¿qué es la construcción de la paz queer/cuir?, ¿por qué es importante la construcción de la paz queer/cuir? y ¿en qué puede contribuir la construcción de la paz queer/cuir?. Aunque los impactos de la consolidación de la paz queer/cuir en los lugares de conflicto político de todo el mundo son visibles, este sigue siendo un concepto emergente y un tanto esquivo, que todavía se está construyendo dentro de los estudios y las prácticas de paz y seguridad. Al presentar una conceptualización de la noción de construcción de la paz queer/cuir, los autores pretenden impulsar los esfuerzos académicos para construirla y analizarla.

Resumen: El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar la productividad científica de las y los investigadores en Chile durante 2019 a partir de un análisis bibliométrico descriptivo de los artículos científicos publicados durante dicho año. Para ello, se trabajó con las bases de Scival y Dataciencia desde donde se obtuvieron los datos de publicaciones de los investigadores e investigadoras más productivos y que contaban con un índice h. Los datos considerados fueron el número de publicaciones, el índice h, y el número de citas. A partir de los resultados, se evidencia una diferencia de género en el número de publicaciones y consecuentemente en el índice h. En efecto, las mujeres publican en menor medida que sus pares masculinos, lo que a su vez impacta en que tengan un menor promedio de índice h. Por lo tanto, se puede establecer la existencia de una brecha de género en las publicaciones científicas de dicho año. Los resultados demuestran que en el grupo de investigadores más productivos predominan los hombres. Asimismo, existe una subrepresentación de las autoras en la productividad científica de mayor impacto; por el contrario, sus homólogos masculinos destacan por un mayor número de publicaciones promedio y también un mayor índice h.

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to study the scientific productivity of researchers in Chile during 2019, based on a descriptive bibliometric analysis of the scientific articles published during that year. For this purpose, we worked with the SciVal and Dataciencia databases from which we obtained data on publications per researcher, number of publications, their h-index, and number of citations. The results show a gender difference in the number of publications and consequently in the h-index. Thus, women publish less than their male counterparts, which in turn has an impact on their lower average h-index, establishing a gender gap in the scientific publications of that year. The results show that men predominate in the group of the most productive researchers. Similarly, there is an underrepresentation of female authors in the scientific productivity of greater impact; on the contrary, their male counterparts stand out for a higher average number of publications and a higher h-index.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo é analisar as diferenças salariais entre homens e mulheres e entre brancos e não brancos ocupados nos setores agrícola e não agrícola do Brasil nos anos de 2004, 2012, 2015 e 2019. Para isso, foram utilizados os dados da PNAD para os anos de 2004 e 2015 e os dados da PNADC para 2012 e 2019, fornecidos pelo IBGE. O método de Firpo et al. (2007) foi empregado para decompor os diferenciais ao longo da distribuição de salários. Verificou-se que, nos dois setores e anos considerados, as diferenças salariais por gênero foram maiores no 10o quantil da distribuição, em razão, sobretudo, do efeito estrutura salarial. Já os diferenciais de salários entre brancos e não brancos foram maiores no 90o quantil, em função do elevado déficit dos não brancos nas características produtivas (efeito composição). Entre 2004 e 2015, houve crescimento das diferenças salariais entre os grupos inseridos no setor agrícola, particularmente, nos 10o, 25o e 50o quantis, enquanto no setor não agrícola houve redução. Entre 2012 e 2019, ocorreu redução das diferenças salariais por gênero nos dois setores e aumento das diferenças por cor. Por fim, comprovou-se que os diferenciais de salários foram maiores no setor agrícola.

Abstract This study aims to analyze wage gap and discrimination by gender and color for the employed population in the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors in Brazil for the years 2004, 2012, 2015 and 2019. For that, PNAD data was used to examine the years 2004 and 2015 and PNADC data was used to examine the years 2012 and 2019, provided by IBGE. The method of Firpo et al. (2007) is applied to decompose the differentials throughout the distribution of wages. In both sectors, gender wage differences were greatest in the 10th quantile of the distribution, mainly due to wage structure effect. The wage differentials between white and non-white workers were greater in the 90th quantile, due to the high deficit of non-whites in productive characteristics (composition effect). Between 2004 and 2015, there was an increase in wage differences between groups in the agricultural sector, particularly in the 10th, 25th and 50th quantiles, while in the non-agricultural sector there was a reduction. Between 2012 and 2019, there was a reduction in wage differences by gender in both sectors and an increase in differences by color. Finally, the wage differential between groups was greater in the agricultural sector

ABSTRACT Aim: to analyze the clinic’s suitability prior to the diagnosis of Acute Coronary Syndrome in women from three health areas of Barcelona. The secondary objective was to determine whether there is a therapeutic delay in the women analyzed. Methods: cross-sectional, descriptive, observational study on women with a new diagnosis of ACS during 2015-2019 by means of data collection from the medical history. Clinical suitability was estimated using the percentage of women who presented or did not present typical symptoms of ACS (dependent variable). The existence of other suggestive symptoms and cardiovascular risk factors (independent variables) was considered. The cumulative number of visits prior to diagnosis, the gap between diagnosis and treatment, and treatment and performance in primary care the month prior to diagnosis (covariables) were taken into account. Results: a total of 102 women with a mean age of 75 years were included; 49% presented typical symptoms. The most common histories were hypertension and dyslipidaemia. Of the patients analyzed, 11 (10.8%) presented weakness, of whom 9 (81.8%) presented typical clinical symptoms. This was statistically significant. Immediate treatment was performed in 66.3% and immediate catheterization was performed in 22.5%. Conclusions: half of the patients presented typical symptoms and none of the atypical symptoms was more prevalent. Only half the women received early treatment with a minority of invasive treatments. Improved recording of symptoms in the clinical histories could be beneficial to improve the times to establish treatment.

RESUMEN Objetivo: se pretende analizar la adecuación de la clínica previa al diagnóstico de síndrome coronario agudo (SCA) en mujeres de tres Áreas de Salud de Barcelona. El objetivo secundario fue determinar si existe retraso terapéutico en las mujeres analizadas. Métodos: estudio observacional descriptivo transversal sobre mujeres con nuevo diagnóstico de SCA durante 2015-2019 a través de recogida de datos de la historia clínica. Se estimó la adecuación clínica mediante el porcentaje de mujeres que presentaban o no la clínica típica de SCA. Se consideró la presencia de otros síntomas sugestivos y de factores de riesgo cardiovascular. Se tuvieron en cuenta el número acumulado de visitas previas al diagnóstico, el decalaje entre diagnóstico y tratamiento y la actuación en Atención Primaria el mes anterior al diagnóstico. Resultados: se incluyeron 102 mujeres, con una media de edad de 75 años. El 49% presentaron clínica típica (intervalo de confianza [IC] 95%: 39,32-58,72). Los antecedentes más frecuentes fueron hipertensión y dislipemia. De las pacientes analizadas, 11 (10,8%) presentaron debilidad, y, de ellas, 9 (81,8%) presentaron clínica típica, siendo estadísticamente significativo (IC 95%: 4,76-16,80). En el 66,3% de los casos se administró tratamiento inmediato y en el 22,5% se llevó a cabo cateterismo inmediato. Conclusiones: la mitad de las pacientes presentaron clínica típica y ninguno de los síntomas atípicos fue más prevalente. Solo la mitad de las mujeres recibieron tratamiento temprano, con una minoría de tratamientos invasivos. Podría ser beneficioso una mejora del registro de los síntomas en las historias clínicas para mejorar los tiempos en la instauración de tratamiento.

This article undertakes an analysis of a Zimbabwean High Court case, Mangwende v Machodo, on the refund of the bride price. It is ascertained in the article that the bride price is a legal requirement for customary marriages, hence constituting a significant founding culture for customary marriages. A point of contention motivating the article is, as was held in the case under discussion, that a cheating wife's bride price may be withheld by the husband who would have not paid it in full or, where it was paid up, he can be refunded in full. The gap that exists in this scenario is that, in the case of the husband cheating, the wife does not have a corresponding recourse. The one-sidedness of this custom displays a grave inequality to the prejudice of women. It is also argued that the bride price refund violates the wife's dignity. It is therefore recommended that customary law around the bride price must be developed to meet the constitutional demands of gender equality. In developing this customary law, an important factor to consider is the duration of the marriage. In a situation where a couple stayed together for a reasonable period, each party playing his or her role, it cannot be fair for the husband to be refunded. There could be scenarios where the wife cheats, soon after the bride price was paid and before the couple move in together as husband and wife, when the bride price can be refunded. Furthermore, not all bride price items are refundable and, therefore, those components of bride price that can be refunded must be clearly defined.

Abstract: Being able to decompose the gender pay gap (GPG) and determine the contribution of each component is important to design appropriate policies to reduce it. With the aim of providing a new tool to achieve this, in this paper, we propose a decomposition approach based on a machine learning model. The tool was implemented on a population of 5 742 Argentinean IT-related workers to obtain the value of the adjusted and unadjusted GPG in a four-phase process: sample characterization, development of a wage predictor, calculation of adjusted GPG, and analysis of the explained component of GPG. According to our analysis, there is a GPG of 20%, 7,7% of which can be explained exclusively by direct discrimination while 12,3% can be ascribed to other factors, such as total years of experience, educational level, and number of people in charge.

Resumen: Poder descomponer la brecha salarial (GPG) y determinar la contribución de cada componente es importante para diseñar políticas adecuadas para reducirla. Con el objetivo de aportar una nueva herramienta para lograrlo, en este trabajo proponemos un enfoque de descomposición basado en un modelo de aprendizaje automático. La herramienta se implementó en una población de 5 742 trabajadores argentinos relacionados con la informática para obtener el valor de la GPG ajustada y no ajustada en un proceso de cuatro fases: caracterización de la muestra, desarrollo de un predictor de salarios, cálculo de GPG ajustada y análisis del componente explicado de la GPG. Según nuestro análisis, existe una GPG de 20%, de la cual 7,7% puede explicarse exclusivamente por discriminación directa, mientras que 12,3% puede atribuirse a otros factores, como años totales de experiencia, nivel educativo y número de personas a cargo.

BACKGROUND: Women have generally lower levels of financial literacy than their male counterparts, regardless of country of origin. This financial literacy gender gap makes women more vulnerable to the effects of pandemics, like the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. AIM: This study sought to examine financial literacy competencies of women in agribusiness and their financial experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic. SETTING: The study was carried out in five agricultural districts namely, Gweru, Masvingo, Mutoko, Mount Darwin, and Mutare. The districts represented Zimbabwean agricultural regions. METHODS: An embedded mixed methods research design was adopted where both qualitative and quantitative data were collected for analysis. Data were successfully collected from 216 women in agribusiness and follow-up interviews were conducted with 15 informants RESULTS: Women in agribusiness have poor financial literacy competencies. Most women in agribusiness practised only a range of 2-3 good financial behaviours out of the eight examined concepts, with only 10% scoring above the minimum expected score of six. During the pandemic, women in agribusiness lost income and failed to take care of household and business expenses. CONCLUSION: Women in agribusiness do not practise vital financial literacy competencies required for financial wellbeing and financial resilience. Therefore, the study recommends the implementation of training programmes that capacitate women with basic financial literacy competencies such as budgeting, saving, and retirement planning. CONTRIBUTION: Financial literacy competencies were conceptualised together with financial experiences during a pandemic for the first time. More so, in the agribusiness sector which is crucial for economic development.

Poverty statistics in many countries of the developing world, with Zimbabwe being no exception, continue to show a gender-skewed trend, with women more than men increasingly being more affected. This is worrying, considering the fact that it is women who are the majority, and they carry the brunt of the burden for most household duties. Zimbabwe adopted the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and yet women continue to be hit hard by poverty. This was a qualitative study involving interviews and focus group discussions with 58 purposively sampled participants from Muchadziya village to determine the extent to which women in Muchadziya village are contributing towards sustainable development in Zimbabwe. The aim of this article, was to explore the ways in which women in Muchadziya village are contributing towards the alleviation of poverty. In the process, they will be contributing towards the attainment of some of the SDGs, such as the ones focusing on ending poverty in all its forms everywhere (SDG 1) and ending hunger, achieving food security and improved nutrition and promoting sustainable agriculture (SDG 2). Using Africana womanism theoretical framework, the article maintained that African women should be perceived as agents, not subjects, of development and transformation in their communities. Findings indicated that women in Muchadziya village are selling various products and have sought markets in Beitbridge, Gweru and Zvishavane to sell them; others have set up shops and flea markets, and others make use of the land even though they do not own it to produce farm products to fight against poverty. The study concluded that women, despite being in difficult circumstances, are capable of contributing towards the achievement of the SDGs, particularly SDG 5 focusing on women's empowerment and attaining gender equality. It is therefore recommended that women be given the necessary support to achieve more. CONTRIBUTION: In a context where women are the most affected by poverty, Ndau women have proven that they can be agents of change by contributing towards the achievement of SDGs such as ending poverty in all its forms, zero hunger, education, gender equality and women's empowerment and water and sanitation. Not much scholarly attention has been paid to the agency of women in Chimanimani in enhancing Zimbabwe's sustainable development. This gap in literature might be influenced by the fact that African women, particularly women in rural areas, are perceived as beneficiaries or recipients of aid or development initiatives. As such, most programmes mainstreamed by aid or donor agencies in Africa have a specific focus on distributing aid to women and girl-children. Unfortunately, such programmes rarely seek to capacitate or empower their beneficiaries; hence, their interventions eventually disempower the intended beneficiaries

There is a general consensus among religious scholars that Pentecostalism has risen phenomenally in Africa and Zimbabwe is no exception. In most cases, Pentecostalism has been presented as a sophisticated brand of Christianity while members of African Independent churches are shown to be gullible. The newly founded Pentecostal churches are more focused on gospreneurship while the media is busy with cases of cheating, dishonesty and the sexual abuse of women in these churches. Thus, academic scholars have begun to pay their attention on gullibility in Pentecostalism. Unfortunately, not many scholarly works have looked at literary texts that bring out the gullibility of members of Pentecostal churches in Zimbabwe. This article seeks to bridge this gap by analysing Aaron Chiundura Moyo's Kereke Inofa [The Church Can die]. The main purpose is to bring out the significance of literary texts in projecting societal ills, specifically the gender power dynamics in Zimbabwean Pentecostal churches that may be difficult to deal with directly. The focus is on how women and some men are victims of the whims of some Pentecostal church leaders. The article is informed by the socio-historical approach, which states that artists derive the material for their works of art, subject matter, images and artistic languages from the life experiences of their societies. The socio-historical approach enables the researcher to understand the prevalence of gullibility in Pentecostal churches in Zimbabwe. The article relies heavily on content analysis of Moyo's Kereke Inofa's presentation of deception, and infidelity in Pentecostal Churches being performed on members who are projected in this play as 'gullible'. CONTRIBUTION: This article's contribution lies in its critical analysis of gender and gullibility in African Pentecostalism in Zimbabwe. It is significant as it utilises a literary text to project the ills in Pentecostal churches and women's sexual vulnerabilities

University campuses are framed as sexualised spaces marked by high sexual risk-taking behaviour and toxic masculinities that often fuel abusive relationships and sexual violence. More often, the most vulnerable groups, to this violence include sexual minorities, girls and students with disabilities. Drawing on qualitative ethnographic research and semi-structured interviews with students and staff from two universities in Zimbabwe, this article examines how toxic campus 'cultures' and campus sexual economies can be transformed and made more inclusive and safer for all students. The study uses Pierre Bourdieu's theory of practice, especially the field and habitus to understand how toxic masculinities are produced and reproduced on campus, as well as how everyday practice on campus can be instrumentalised to reconfigure coercive sexual practices and toxic masculinities. Although there is a huge body of research on sexual violence in Zimbabwe, very little of this has focused on the prevalence and experiences of this phenomenon within university campus spaces. Therefore, little is known about how students experience, perceive, and navigate sexual violence on campus, as well as institutional responses to sexual violence. Consequently, this study seeks to fill this gap and contribute to the burgeoning scholarship and debates on sexual violence, including coercive sexual practices and heteronormativity in university campus spaces. We seek to contribute to three sustainable development goals, that is goal 3 (good health and well-being), goal 5 (gender quality) and finally goal 10 (reduced inequalities). CONTRIBUTION: This article foregrounds the ways in which institutions of higher learning respond to sexual violence within the university campus. The key contribution of this article relates to how students' religious and socio-cultural subjectivities shaped or mediated experiences of and perceptions on sexual violence on campus. Consequently, we assert that the campus religious 'field' and students' spiritual 'habitus' had a huge influence on the campus sexual economies.The research contributes to the field of Biblical Theology engaged with Gender Justice, Health and Human Development.

Abstract: This work analyzes the discourses on gender socialization among female teachers of basic education in public schools in Tijuana, México. The study is theoretically guided by the gender perspective and a qualitative-interpretive research approach. It is based on information obtained through the technique of focus groups. Research findings indicate a gap between the teachers’ speeches about gender categories and their behaviors and/or attitudes toward the gender roles and identities that their students manifest. On one side, there is an acceptance speech towards gender diversity that do not corresponds to what is socially expected about gender roles associated to sex. On the other, the exercise of gender diversity is rejected both among the student population and among the teaching staff. Evidently, there is a need of creating and implementing new strategies in the professional training and development growth programs on gender aim to educators in Baja California.

Resumen: Este trabajo analiza los discursos relacionados con la socialización en género entre maestras de educación básica en escuelas públicas de Tijuana, México. Se recurre al enfoque teórico de la perspectiva de género bajo el paradigma de investigación cualitativo-interpretativo y se utiliza información obtenida mediante la técnica de grupos focales. Los hallazgos indican un desfase entre los discursos de las docentes sobre las categorías de género y las conductas y/o actitudes de estas hacia los roles de género que sus estudiantes manifiestan. Por un lado, se presenta un discurso de aceptación hacia la diversidad de género que no corresponden con lo socialmente esperado con los roles asociados al sexo y, por otro, se rechaza el ejercicio de la diversidad tanto entre la población estudiantil como entre el personal docente. Se requieren nuevas estrategias en los programas de formación y actualización docente en materia de género en Baja California.

The gender gap remains an issue in the biological education community. This study explores the extent to which an egalitarian gender ideology, encapsulated in five biological science textbooks for upper secondary schools in China, manifests through representational, interactive and compositional meanings of social semiotic theory. The findings reveal that females in the textbooks tend to be depicted as passive and inferior to males. More males are represented as playing pioneering and leading roles, as opposed to females, who are cast in assistant and subordinate roles in professional activities. The gendered messages delivered have the potential to disempower female students' career aspirations and adversely regulate their perceptions and projections of gender identities in biological science.

Abstract The clinical histories of women’s asylums allow us to deepen the gap between the positivist illusion of psychiatry during the first half of the 20th century in Spain and the subjective experience of the psychiatric internment of doubly subaltern crazy women. Diagnostic classifications were key in this attempt at positivization. This paper aims to point out which subjectifying elements participated in the application of diagnoses such as schizophrenia, psychopathy, and oligophrenia in the women’s wards of the Manicomio Provincial de Málaga, and to show how the hegemonic ideal of femininity established a permeable limit between sanity and madness of women, between assimilations and resistances.

Resumen Las historias clínicas de manicomios de mujeres permiten ahondar en la brecha que se abre entre la ilusión positivista de la psiquiatría durante la primera mitad del siglo XX en España y la vivencia subjetiva del internamiento psiquiátrico de las mujeres-locas doblemente subalternas. Las clasificaciones diagnósticas fueron claves en este intento de positivización. El objetivo de este trabajo es señalar qué elementos subjetivantes participaron en la aplicación de diagnósticos como esquizofrenia, psicopatía y oligofrenia en la sala de mujeres del Manicomio Provincial de Málaga, y mostrar cómo el ideal hegemónico de feminidad estableció un límite permeable entre la cordura y la locura de las mujeres, entre asimilaciones y resistencias.

Abstract The paper analyzes the gender gap in mathematics (quantitative reasoning) among Colombian university students, based on the results of the State higher education exit tests Saber Pro, 2018; including the regional factor. Based on a quantile modeling and a Juhn-Murphy-Pierce decomposition, the study identifies the existence and persistence of a gender gap in the evaluated area and differences between the Andean and Caribbean regions. The most remarkable points include: favouring men; importance of educational and institutional characteristics; importance of secondary mathematics (accounting for about 25% of the differential); widening of the gap in the highest quartiles; and regional heterogeneity of the gap, widened by gender-region interaction.

Resumen Se analiza la brecha por sexo en matemáticas (razonamiento cuantitativo) en universitarios de Colombia, con base en los resultados de las pruebas estatales de salida de la educación superior Saber Pro, 2018; incluyendo el factor regional. A partir de una modelación cuantílica y una descomposición Juhn-Murphy-Pierce; se identifica la existencia y persistencia de una brecha por sexo en el área evaluada, y diferencias entre las regiones Andina y Caribe. Se destaca: favorabilidad hacia los hombres; importancia de las características educativas e institucionales; importancia de las matemáticas de secundaria (explican cerca del 25% del diferencial); ampliación de la brecha en los cuartiles más altos; v) heterogeneidad regional de la brecha, ampliada por la interacción sexo-región.

Resumo A diferença de gênero em matemática (raciocínio quantitativo) entre estudantes universitários na Colômbia é analisada, com base nos resultados dos exames de saída do ensino superior estadual Saber Pro 2018, incluindo o fator regional. Com base na modelização de quantis e numa decomposição Juhn-Murphy-Pierce, identificamos a existência e persistência de uma diferença de gênero na área avaliada, bem como diferenças entre as regiões andinas e das Caraíbas. Destacam-se: favorabilidade em relação aos homens; importância das características educacionais e institucionais; importância da matemática secundária (explicando cerca de 25% do diferencial); alargamento da lacuna nos quartis mais altos; e heterogeneidade regional da lacuna, amplificada pela interação gênero-região.