Abstract The present research aimed to identify the intentions and perspectives of young women students of the courses of agricultural sciences and related areas of the Federal Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, in Campus Sertão. The article focused on the discussion of gender, seeking to fill a gap in studies on succession, as it is a dimension that has been little examined. A total of 386 young rural women, students of agricultural science courses, participated in the research, who answered a closed questionnaire, prepared with responses on a Likert scale of 5 points. Data were tabulated and statistically analyzed in the PSPP (Program for Statistical Analysis of Sampled Data) program with descriptive analysis and Chi-Square test. The results showed that young women find an unfavorable family environment to be successors, especially because they receive less encouragement from their parents, especially mothers, to remain in the countryside and be successors and have less opportunity to participate in the operational and managerial activities of the property. Consequently, these young women have less interest in being managers and successors of their parents' rural property. The present research concluded that even when rural young women want to be successors or remain in the countryside, they are not given the equal condition, compared to young men, to prepare themselves and feel welcomed or desired as successors.

Resumo A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo identificar as intenções e perspectivas acerca da sucessão familiar das jovens mulheres estudantes dos cursos das ciências agrárias e áreas afins do Instituto Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (IFRS), no Campus Sertão. O artigo focou na discussão de gênero, buscando suprir uma lacuna em estudos sobre sucessão, já que é uma dimensão pouco examinada. Participaram da pesquisa 386 jovens mulheres rurais estudantes de cursos das ciências agrárias, as quais responderam um questionário fechado, elaborado com respostas em escala Likert de 5 pontos. Os dados foram tabulados e analisados estatisticamente no Programa para Análise Estatística de Dados Amostrados (PSPP), com análises descritiva e teste Chi-Square. Os resultados apontaram que as jovens mulheres encontram um ambiente familiar pouco favorável para serem sucessoras, especialmente por: receberem menos incentivo dos pais, sobretudo das mães, para permanecerem no campo e serem sucessoras; terem menos oportunidade de participação nas atividades operacionais e gerenciais da propriedade. Consequentemente, essas jovens têm menos interesse em serem gestoras e sucessoras da propriedade rural dos pais. A presente pesquisa concluiu que, mesmo que as jovens rurais desejassem ser sucessoras ou permanecer no campo, não é oportunizado a elas a mesma condição de igualdade, comparativamente aos jovens homens, para que se preparem e se sintam acolhidas ou desejadas como sucessoras.

BACKGROUND: Usage of Youth Friendly Health Services (YFHSs) remains unsatisfactory in sub-Saharan Africa despite global agreements on the utilisation of these services among the youths AIM: The aim of the study was to identify factors that influence the utilisation of YFHSs in Blantyre, Malawi SETTING: Four health centres in Blantyre, Malawi METHODS: A descriptive quantitative research design using multistage sampling was used to randomly sample (N = 293) unmarried youths and collect data using a structured questionnaire. Data were analysed using a computerised statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 26. Chi-square (χ²) was used to test the significance of the association between variables, and the p-value (p < 0.05) was considered significant. Regression analysis was used to examine the influence of independent variables on the utilisation of the services RESULTS: Less than half of the respondents have ever accessed YFHSs (43%). The Chi-square test showed that the following variables had a significant association with utilisation of the services (p < 0.05): gender, age, knowledge, signage, printed health education materials, provider attitudes and being shy or fear of being seen at the services CONCLUSION: Age, knowledge, signpost, printed health education materials, provider attitudes and being shy or fear of being seen at the YFHSs are factors that influenced the utilisation of the services. Working on these factors would help to increase utilisation CONTRIBUTION: The study findings will help to fill the gap in the provision of YFHSs and thus increase utilisation of the services

BACKGROUND: The scourge of malnutrition in Africa is a significant obstacle to children's education, impeding their learning ability and perpetuating poor health. AIM: In line with Millennium Development Goals (MDG) 1 and 2 and Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 1 and 4 objectives, the study examined the impact of malnutrition on education inequality before and during development goals, in some selected African countries, based on data availability. SETTING: The analysis covered the period of 1998-2020 and the data for the study were sourced from the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF), World Health Organization (WHO), and World Bank Online Data Base among other sources. METHOD: The authors employ a continuous wavelet coherence analytical tool that considers time-frequency variations in the co-movement to examine the correlation between the series in 28 African countries from 1998 to 2020. RESULTS: Results revealed a positive high-to-low-frequency co-movement between the two series, with malnutrition causing educational inequality from 1998 to 2010, and yet disappearing in subsequent periods. All in all, our findings indicate that malnutrition had a positive effect on educational inequality until the year 2010. CONCLUSION: The authors conclude that high malnutrition rates impeded educational equality in numerous African countries during the 1990s and 2000s. However, efforts to eradicate hunger, policy intervention in education, and other factors may have altered this narrative in the post-2010 era. CONTRIBUTION: While previous African studies focused on child growth, the gender gap in education, and the incidence of poverty, completely neglecting the malnutrition variables, in this study a more profound understanding of education inequality in Africa is provided and the correlation between malnutrition and education inequality is considered which was not covered by previous authors.

Resumen Se investigó el estímulo a la creatividad en función del género en una universidad portuguesa, analizando el conocimiento sobre creatividad, barreras y percepciones relacionadas con las diferencias de género por parte de los/as estudiantes. Participaron en el estudio 6 mujeres y 5 hombres de diferentes áreas del conocimiento. Se realizaron entrevistas y los datos recolectados fueron procesados mediante análisis de contenido. Se encontró que, a pesar de la sensación de igualdad, hombres y mujeres perciben el desarrollo de la creatividad de manera diferente, reconociendo la desigualdad en el éxito profesional. Se identificaron más factores inhibidores entre las mujeres, además de una brecha general en la formación en creatividad de los/as participantes.

Resumo Foi investigado o estímulo à criatividade em função do género numa universidade portuguesa, analisando o conhecimento sobre criatividade, barreiras e perceções relacionadas com diferenças de género, por parte de estudantes. Participaram do estudo 6 mulheres e 5 homens, frequentadores de diferentes áreas do conhecimento. Foram realizadas entrevistas e os dados recolhidos foram processados por meio de análise de conteúdo. Verificou-se que, apesar da sensação de igualdade, homens e mulheres percebem o desenvolvimento da criatividade diferentemente, reconhecendo a desigualdade no sucesso profissional. Foram identificados mais fatores inibidores entre mulheres, além de uma lacuna geral na formação dos/as participantes em criatividade.

Abstract The stimulation of creativity was investigated in relation to gender at a Portuguese university, analyzing knowledge about creativity, barriers, and perceptions related to gender differences among students. The study included 6 women and 5 men from various fields of knowledge. Interviews were conducted, and the collected data were processed through content analysis. It was found that, despite the sense of equality, men and women perceive the development of creativity differently, recognizing inequality in professional success. More inhibiting factors were identified among women, along with a general gap in participants' education regarding creativity.

Resumo Em linha com a própria génese da Análise Social, este texto reflete a valorização do diálogo interdisciplinar entre a economia e a sociologia na compreensão das desigualdades de género no mercado de trabalho, centrando-se fundamentalmente no diferencial remuneratório em desfavor das mulheres. A elevada expressão da parcela não explicada desse diferencial confere sustentação à tese segundo a qual o “valor” do trabalho não é neutro do ponto de vista do género. Esta constatação eleva a necessidade de implementação de metodologias de avaliação de funções e de políticas remuneratórias que, a nível organizacional, garantam a não discriminação (direta e indireta) em função do género, sem perder de vista uma abordagem coerente e articulada de desconstrução de estereótipos de género em todas as políticas públicas.

Abstract Keeping in line with the very origins of Análise Social, this text acknowledges the importance of an interdisciplinary dialogue between Economics and Sociology to the understanding of gender inequalities in the labour market, while mainly focusing on the gender pay gap. The particular magnitude of the unexplained fraction of such gap supports the thesis that the ‘value’ of work is not gender-neutral. This finding calls for the need of job evaluation methodologies and pay policies that, at an organisational level, fully ensure non-discrimination (both direct and indirect) on the grounds of gender, along with a consistent and well-articulated approach towards the deconstruction of gender stereotypes in all fields of public policies.

Resumen El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar el efecto del género y la etnicidad en la brecha salarial entre jornaleros agrícolas de la región noroeste de México, con base en la muestra censal de 2020. Mediante estimaciones de pareamiento (matching) y modelos de probabilidad inversa ponderada ajustada por regresión (IPWRA), se estudian los efectos en la media y a lo largo de la distribución de los salarios de la muestra. Se observa que, en relación con el género y la etnicidad, estos son negativos, especialmente cuando se consideran de manera simultánea, ya que entre los trabajadores indígenas, son las mujeres quienes presentan los peores salarios. Para ellas se presentan condiciones tanto de “piso pegajoso” como de “techo de cristal”, y para los hombres solo la segunda. Los resultados indican que parte de esta diferencia puede interpretarse como discriminación.

Abstract The objective of this research is to analyze the effect of gender and ethnicity on the gender wage gap among farmworkers in the northwest region of Mexico, based on the 2020 census sample. By employing matching estimates and Inverse Probability Weighted Regression Adjustment (IPWRA) models, the effects on the mean and throughout the wage distribution of the sample are studied. It is observed that, in relation to gender and ethnicity, these are negative, especially when considered simultaneously, since among indigenous farmworkers, it is women who have the worst salaries. For women there are conditions of both a “sticky floor” and a “glass ceiling,” and for men only the second. The results indicate that part of this difference can be interpreted as a result of discrimination.

Resumen Introducción: En América Latina se han implementado una variedad de políticas y programas que dan respuesta a la demanda de cuidados de la población dependiente, principalmente a la niñez y a las personas mayores, aunque no todas al mismo ritmo ni con la misma importancia. Objetivo: Realizar un recorrido por las políticas de cuidado infantil y población mayor en México, para identificar las presencias y las ausencias en cada una de estas y reflexionar críticamente sobre las desigualdades sociales en torno al cuidado. Método: Se realizó una amplia revisión documental tanto de investigaciones aplicadas, aportes teóricos y fuentes oficiales acerca del tema. Así mismo, se consultaron documentos legislativos y programas institucionales realizando un ejercicio de análisis de la información recabada y posteriormente, plantear preguntas y objetivos que dieron lugar a la discusión y conclusiones sobre el tema abordado. Resultados: La respuesta del Estado ante la demanda de cuidado infantil y de la población mayor es insuficiente, ante lo cual se clarifica que son las familias y en especial las mujeres las que asumen esta responsabilidad social. Además, existen más servicios de cuidado infantil, lo cual no sucede para el caso del cuidado de las personas mayores, campo en el que se aprecia un vacío importante, sobre todo en los cuidados de largo plazo. Conclusión: Se requiere implementar políticas de cuidado que tengan en cuenta las transformaciones familiares y ponderen la igualdad de género, para que no recaiga sobre las mujeres el peso del cuidado de la población dependiente; por otra parte, se creó consciencia sobre la importancia de valorar los cambios demográficos que muestran el rápido incremento de las personas mayores y equilibrar la puesta en marcha de políticas de cuidado en la vejez en igualdad de importancia que las políticas de cuidado infantil.

Abstract Introduction: In Latin America, a variety of policies and programs have been implemented that are responding to the demand for care of the dependent population, mainly children and the elderly, although not all at the same pace or with the same importance. Objective: Take a tour of child care policies and the elderly population in Mexico, identifying the presences and absences in each of these and critically reflect on social inequalities around care. Method: An extensive documentary review of both applied research, theoretical contributions and official sources on the subject was carried out. Likewise, legislative documents and institutional programs were consulted, carrying out an exercise of analysis of the information collected and subsequently, raising questions and objectives that gave rise to the discussion and conclusions on the subject addressed. Results: The State's response to the demand for childcare and the elderly population is insufficient, before which it is clarified that it is the families and especially the women who assume this social responsibility. In addition, there are more child care services, which is not the case in the case of care for the elderly, a field in which a significant gap can be seen, especially in long-term care. Conclusion: It is necessary to implement care policies that take into account family transformations and weigh gender equality, so that the burden of caring for the dependent population does not fall on women; On the other hand, awareness was created about the importance of assessing the demographic changes that show the rapid increase in the number of older people and balancing the implementation of old-age care policies with equal importance to child care policies.

Abstract The pandemic increased poverty worldwide. However, the mechanisms affecting its determinants still need to be clarified. This paper studies thisproblem using a probabilistic model of poverty extended with pandemic incidence variables and applying logistic regression on a household level. Forthe case of Ecuador, we use the December rounds of the 2019 and 2020 National Survey for Employment, Underemployment and Unemployment(ENEMDU), the administrative record of the Covid-19 epidemiological report, and the administrative record of deaths. The results show that thepandemic’s impact on poverty was through the gender gap and labor market structure.

Resumen La pandemia incrementó la pobreza a nivel mundial. Sin embargo, no se tiene claridad sobre los mecanismos de afectación en sus determinantes. En el presente artículo se estudia este problema utilizando un modelo probabilístico de la pobreza extendido con variables de incidencia de la pandemia, y aplicando una regresión logística a nivel de hogar. Para el caso de Ecuador se utiliza las rondas de diciembre de la Encuesta Nacional de Empleo, Subempleo y Desempleo (ENEMDU) de 2019 y 2020, el registro administrativo del reporte epidemiológico de Covid-19 y el registro administrativo de defunciones. Los resultados muestran que los canales de impacto de la pandemia en pobreza se dieron a través de la brecha de género y la estructura del mercado laboral.

Resumen Introducción: En América Latina se han implementado una variedad de políticas y programas que dan respuesta a la demanda de cuidados de la población dependiente, principalmente a la niñez y a las personas mayores, aunque no todas al mismo ritmo ni con la misma importancia. Objetivo: Realizar un recorrido por las políticas de cuidado infantil y población mayor en México, para identificar las presencias y las ausencias en cada una de estas y reflexionar críticamente sobre las desigualdades sociales en torno al cuidado. Método: Se realizó una amplia revisión documental tanto de investigaciones aplicadas, aportes teóricos y fuentes oficiales acerca del tema. Así mismo, se consultaron documentos legislativos y programas institucionales realizando un ejercicio de análisis de la información recabada y posteriormente, plantear preguntas y objetivos que dieron lugar a la discusión y conclusiones sobre el tema abordado. Resultados: La respuesta del Estado ante la demanda de cuidado infantil y de la población mayor es insuficiente, ante lo cual se clarifica que son las familias y en especial las mujeres las que asumen esta responsabilidad social. Además, existen más servicios de cuidado infantil, lo cual no sucede para el caso del cuidado de las personas mayores, campo en el que se aprecia un vacío importante, sobre todo en los cuidados de largo plazo. Conclusión: Se requiere implementar políticas de cuidado que tengan en cuenta las transformaciones familiares y ponderen la igualdad de género, para que no recaiga sobre las mujeres el peso del cuidado de la población dependiente; por otra parte, se creó consciencia sobre la importancia de valorar los cambios demográficos que muestran el rápido incremento de las personas mayores y equilibrar la puesta en marcha de políticas de cuidado en la vejez en igualdad de importancia que las políticas de cuidado infantil.

Abstract Introduction: In Latin America, a variety of policies and programs have been implemented that are responding to the demand for care of the dependent population, mainly children and the elderly, although not all at the same pace or with the same importance. Objective: Take a tour of child care policies and the elderly population in Mexico, identifying the presences and absences in each of these and critically reflect on social inequalities around care. Method: An extensive documentary review of both applied research, theoretical contributions and official sources on the subject was carried out. Likewise, legislative documents and institutional programs were consulted, carrying out an exercise of analysis of the information collected and subsequently, raising questions and objectives that gave rise to the discussion and conclusions on the subject addressed. Results: The State's response to the demand for childcare and the elderly population is insufficient, before which it is clarified that it is the families and especially the women who assume this social responsibility. In addition, there are more child care services, which is not the case in the case of care for the elderly, a field in which a significant gap can be seen, especially in long-term care. Conclusion: It is necessary to implement care policies that take into account family transformations and weigh gender equality, so that the burden of caring for the dependent population does not fall on women; On the other hand, awareness was created about the importance of assessing the demographic changes that show the rapid increase in the number of older people and balancing the implementation of old-age care policies with equal importance to child care policies.

Abstract This study analyzed the prevalence of lectures involving esthetics in the scientific program of Brazilian dental conferences and the gender distribution of speakers. All lectures presented in three dental conferences (Bahia, São Paulo, and Goiás states) held from 2016 to 2020 were evaluated. Three investigators individually divided the lectures according to the specialties recognized by the Brazilian Federal Council of Dentistry (FCD) based on their titles. The lectures were also classified as involving or not esthetics, and the speaker`s gender was recorded. Descriptive statistical analyses were performed, and Chi-square tests assessed possible associations between factors. The words most cited in the titles of the lectures were “esthetic” (13.6%), “dentistry” (9.9%), and “treatment” (8.1%). Oral diseases were barely mentioned in the titles (up to 1.3%). The highest number of lectures was observed for the specialty of Restorative Dentistry (22.3%), followed by Prosthodontics (18.5%). Approximately one-third of lectures involved some aesthetic aspect, but this percentage ranged from 71.9 to 78.6% for the two specialties with more lectures. Regarding the speaker`s gender, the inequity was higher for lectures involving esthetics (81.6% of males) than for topics unrelated to esthetics (66.7%). More male speakers than females were observed for all specialties. The highest gender gap was observed for Pediatric Dentistry with 62.4% male speakers, although only 10.6% of FCD registered specialists were men. In conclusion, the Brazilian dental conferences analyzed seemed to favor offering lectures dealing with esthetic topics and male speakers.

Resumo Este estudo analisou a prevalência de palestras envolvendo estética na programação científica de congressos de Odontologia brasileiros, e a distribuição do gênero dos palestrantes. Todas as palestras apresentadas em três congressos de Odontologia (CIOBA, CIOGO, and CIOSP) entre 2016 e 2020 foram avaliadas. Três avaliadores utilizaram os títulos das palestras para dividi-las entre as especialidades reconhecidas pelo Conselho Federal de Odontologia (CFO) do Brasil. As palestras foram também classificadas como envolvendo ou não estética, e o gênero do palestrante foi registrado. Análises estatísticas descritivas foram realizadas, e testes de Qui-quadrado avaliaram possíveis interações entre fatores. A palavra mais citada nos títulos das palestras foi “estética” (13,6%), seguido por “odontologia” (9,9%) e “tratamento” (8,1%). Doenças orais foram raramente mencionadas nos títulos (até 1,3%). O maior número de palestras foi observado para a especialidade de Dentística (22,3%), seguido por Prótese Dental (18,3%). Aproximadamente um terço das palestras envolviam algum aspecto estético, com porcentagens entre 71,9 a 78,6% para as duas especialidades com mais palestras. Em relação ao gênero do palestrante, a inequidade foi maior para palestras envolvendo estética (81,6% de homens) que para tópicos não relacionadas à estética (66,7%). Mais palestrantes do sexo masculino que feminino foram observados para todas as especialidades. A maior discrepância entre os gêneros foi observada para Odontopediatria, uma especialidade com 62,4% dos palestrantes do sexo masculino, embora apenas 10,6% dos especialistas registrados no CFO eram homens. Como conclusão, os congressos de Odontologia Brasileiros parecem preferir palestras abordando tópicos de estética e palestrantes do sexo masculino.

Resumen El consumo se ha instaurado en las sociedades posmodernas como un medio regulador de las relaciones sociales. En este contexto, la compra compulsiva se establece como patológica y genera un malestar psicológico significativo en las personas, al punto de deteriorar el funcionamiento social y profesional. A esto se suman graves problemas económicos como producto del endeudamiento. Bajo este escenario, los jóvenes son particularmente sensibles, ya que con el consumo acceden a objetos simbólicos que forman parte de su construcción de identidad. Una dimensión relacionada con la compra compulsiva y el acceso al consumo bajo elementos simbólicos es la discrepancia del yo, la cual establece la distancia entre quién soy y quién me gustaría ser de acuerdo a patrones sociales que motivan el consumo como extensión del sujeto y materialización de la propia identidad. En base a lo anterior, la presente investigación tiene por objetivo determinar el efecto de la discrepancia del yo sobre las actitudes hacia la compra compulsiva en estudiantes universitarios chilenos. A través de una regresión lineal múltiple se aprecia que la discrepancia del yo físico (belleza), económico y el sexo son predictores significativos de la compra compulsiva. De igual manera, se observa que las mujeres son un grupo con mayores puntuaciones en cuanto a las compras compulsivas que los hombres, las cuales pueden verse mayormente afectadas por el contexto, y las campañas de marketing pueden influir en una mayor brecha entre el yo real y el yo ideal.

Abstract Consumption has been established in postmodern societies as a means of regulating social relations. In this context, compulsive buying could be established as pathological, creating significant psychological discomfort in people, to the point of impairing social and professional functioning, coupled with serious economic problems resulting from indebtedness. Along the same lines, in the construction of a social identity and a socially shared reality, consumption patterns arise that are linked to what the public should be and what they want to be. Therefore, while compulsive buying has been conceptualized for decades, it is a substantial threat to psychological and financial well-being. Few studies have explored the link between self-discrepancy and compulsive buying within an identity construction context. In this scenario, it is young people who become particularly sensitive, since with consumption they access symbolic objects that are part of their identity construction and a dimension related to compulsive buying. Therefore, it can be hypothesized that access to the consumption of symbolic elements is self-discrepancy. That is why this research aims at determining the effect of the self-discrepancy on attitudes towards compulsive buying in Chilean university students. The study uses a quantitative, correlational, and non-experimental cross-sectional design. Study sample was comprised of 1 229 Chilean university students, who responded to the scale of attitudes towards consumption, the self-discrepancy scale, and answered questions for sociodemographic characterization including: gender (male/female), age, geographical area of residence (rural/urban), people with whom they live, and whether they have any bank credit cards. Prior to data collection, a letter was sent to Faculty Deans and Program Directors of all the universities associated with the Council of Rectors of Chile; these letters described the aims of the study, and requested information and authorization for the distribution of the instrument previously described. It is important to indicate that, after this, a random sampling process was initiated, after which each participant was contacted, so that they could sign an informed consent form, thus ensuring the anonymity ethical guidelines of the study. The data was processed through SPSS version 22 software, looking for the presence of univariate and multivariate outliers through Z-scores and Mahalanobis distance. A descriptive analysis of the variables was then carried out based on the dispersion, central trend and shape measurements. Subsequently, the data was analysed through bivariate statistics through Pearson correlations, to indicate into empirical relationships between compulsive purchase as a dependent variable and sociodemographic variables (sex and bank credit card holding) and the dimensions associated with the self-discrepancy (intellectual, physical, physical beauty, personal, social, emotional and economic) as independent variables. Once the behaviour of the variables was observed, a hierarchical multiple linear regression was performed. Regarding the results of this research, multiple linear regression shows that physical self-discrepancy (beauty), economic self-discrepancy and gender are significant predictors of compulsive buying. Similarly, it is noted that women are a group with higher scores in terms of compulsive purchases than men, which may be mostly affected by the context, where marketing campaigns can influence a greater gap between the real self and the ideal self.

Resumen En tiempos recientes, la literatura en psicología sobre orientación sexual ha pasado de centrarse en aspectos negativos experimentados por personas no heterosexuales a examinar factores que potencien el bienestar de estas. Estos estudios se han enfocado mayoritariamente en lesbianas y hombres gay (orientación hacia un único género o monosexual), mientras la inclusión de otras orientaciones, como bisexual y pansexual (orientaciones hacia más de un género o plurisexual) es un interés emergente. En Latinoamérica, un tema poco explorado en este sentido es la satisfacción vital y las variables asociadas, como el apoyo social y el revelar la orientación sexual, y cómo estas pueden variar entre personas de distintas orientaciones no heterosexuales. Por ello, el objetivo general de este estudio fue comparar el grado de revelación de la orientación sexual, el apoyo social percibido, la conexión con la comunidad LGBTIQ+ (sigla que incluye a lesbianas, gay, bisexual, transgénero, transexual, travesti, intersexual y queer) y la satisfacción vital entre estudiantes universitarios lesbianas y gays (LG), y bisexuales y pansexuales (BP). La muestra fue tomada entre 82 estudiantes universitarios LGBP, quienes respondieron un cuestionario en línea que incluía datos sociodemográficos y escalas destinadas a evaluar las variables en estudio. Los resultados mostraron que estudiantes universitarios LG revelan más su orientación sexual que estudiantes BP. Igualmente, se destaca la asociación positiva entre el apoyo social percibido y satisfacción vital, y entre la conexión con la comunidad LGBTIQ+ y la revelación de la orientación sexual. Este estudio contribuye al conocimiento sobre variables asociadas a la satisfacción vital según la orientación sexual, diferenciando entre estudiantes universitarios lesbianas y gays y estudiantes bisexuales y pansexuales.

Abstract In recent years, there has been a growing shift in research on sexual orientation. This focus has moved from centering on negative experiences, related to psychopathology and stigmatization, to examining subjective well-being factors in individuals belonging to these populations. In Latin American countries such as Chile, a scarcely explored link in this regard is satisfaction with life –the cognitive component of subjective well-being– and associated variables. The minority stress model indicates that individuals who belong to minority groups are exposed to additional stressors to which the general population is not exposed. These specific stressors are related to the marginalization, prejudice and exclusion suffered by the minority group of belonging. Researchers have shown that these stressors and their consequences may result in lower life satisfaction in non-heterosexual people compared to their heterosexual peers. Furthermore, different non-heterosexual orientations face specific forms of prejudice and, therefore, could experience a different impact on their life satisfaction. In this paper, the distinction is made between individuals with a monosexual orientation (towards one gender) and those with a plurisexual orientation, (towards more than one gender or independently of gender); namely, lesbians and gay men (LG) on the one hand, and bisexuals and pansexuals (BP) on the other. Research indicates that BP people experience lower levels of well-being than LG individuals. Compared to the latter, BP individuals tend to disclose their sexual orientation to a lesser extent, perceive less social support, and experience greater exclusion from community spaces destined to the general community of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex, and other queer identities (LGBTIQ+). Moreover, these differences between non-heterosexual orientations in terms of life satisfaction have been little explored in Latin American university students. To fill this gap in the literature, the general objective of this study was to compare the levels of disclosure of sexual orientation, perceived social support, connectedness with the LGBTIQ+ community, and life satisfaction among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and pansexual university students. Four hypotheses were proposed that addressed the comparisons between LG and BP participants for these variables. A non-probability sample of 82 LGBP university students was recruited to answer an online questionnaire. Of the sample, 32.9 % were lesbian or gay, and 67.1 % were bisexual or pansexual. Most participants were women (67.1 %), compared to 29.3 % men and 3.7 % of another gender. The questionnaire consisted of a section of sociodemographic data, a sexual orientation disclosure scale, the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, the LGBTIQ + Community Connectedness Scale, and the Life Satisfaction Scale. Analyses included comparisons of means between groups. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted for the Connectedness Scale to test its validity. Results showed that LG and BP students reported similar levels of perceived social support, community connectedness, and life satisfaction, while LG students tended to disclose their sexual orientation to more people than BP students. A positive association was also found between perceived social support and life satisfaction, and between connectedness and disclosure of sexual orientation. The CFA showed that the Connectedness Scale is valid for its use in university samples in Chile and other Latin American populations. Limitations regarding sample size and recommendations for future research are discussed. This study contributes to the knowledge about variables associated with life satisfaction in non-heterosexual university students, highlighting the differential needs for support of those with a monosexual orientation (lesbians and gays) and those with a plurisexual orientation (bisexual and pansexual).

Abstract Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the psychological well-being of the population, with young people being a particularly vulnerable group. Aim: The present study examines help-seeking intention for mental health problems and associated variables among male and female university students in La Araucanía Region during the COVI-19 pandemic. Method: A sample of 500 students aged 18 to 29 was recruited through non-probabilistic convenience sampling. Help-seeking levels and facilitating or hindering variables were compared by gender. Multiple linear regression models were estimated separately by gender to predict the criterion variable of informal help-seeking. Results: The results indicate that both men and women are reluctant to seek help (formal and informal). Women reported higher levels of psychological distress and greater knowledge about mental health than men. Differences in predictors of informal help-seeking between men and women are evidenced, with social support and negative emotions in pandemic being the only common predictors between genders. Conclusion: The low levels of help-seeking evidenced, and the differences observed in associated variables based on the gender gap in mental health, are discussed.

Resumen: Introducción: La pandemia por COVID-19 ha tenido un impacto negativo en el bienestar psicológico de la población, siendo los jóvenes un grupo especialmente vulnerable. Objetivo: El presente estudio se propuso examinar los niveles de búsqueda de ayuda (formal e informal) para problemas en salud mental y sus variables asociadas en una muestra de estudiantes universitarios de la Región de La Araucanía, en el contexto de la pandemia por COVID-19. Método: A través de un muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia, se reclutó a 500 estudiantes de entre 18 y 29 años. Se describió y comparó su nivel de búsqueda de ayuda, así como variables que podrían obstaculizarla o facilitarla, según género. Adicionalmente, se estimaron modelos de regresión lineal múltiple diferenciados por género, con la búsqueda de ayuda informal como variable criterio. Resultados: Se evidenció una renuencia general a buscar ayuda (formal e informal) tanto en hombres como mujeres, una mayor experimentación de malestar psicológico y mayor conocimiento sobre salud mental en mujeres. Finalmente, se observaron diferencias en los predictores de la búsqueda de ayuda informal entre hombres y mujeres, siendo el apoyo social y las emociones negativas en pandemia los únicos comunes entre géneros. Conclusión: Se discuten los bajos niveles de búsqueda de ayuda evidenciados, y las diferencias observadas en variables asociadas, en función de la brecha de género en salud mental.

Abstract In the last 15 years, Brazil has considerably reduced the employment gap between men and women: while formal male employment increased by 46% between 2003 and 2018, female employment grew by 74%, showing greater participation of women in the labor market. This trend is also shared in the Latin American region. Part of this can be explained by sectoral segregation (segregation hypothesis), specifically an exit of women from jobs in the agricultural and industrial sectors and an increase in female employment in services. The objective of this article is to decompose the sources of variation in female employment in Brazil during 2003 to 2018. The analysis is based on the shift-share method, which makes is possible to measure, by the decomposition of employment growth, the aggregate, sectoral, and gender contribution. The calculations are presented for three sub periods: 2003-2011, 2011-2014, and 2014-2018, which correspond to different dynamic phases of the Brazilian labor market. The results show that the components that most boosted female employment were the aggregate, followed by gender.

Resumo Nos últimos três quinquênios, o Brasil reduziu consideravelmente o gap de emprego entre homens e mulheres: enquanto o emprego formal masculino aumentou 46% entre 2003 e 2018, o feminino cresceu 74%, constatando maior participação das mulheres no mercado de trabalho. Essa tendência é compartilhada na região da América Latina. Parte disso pode ser explicado por fatores setoriais (hipótese de segregação), especificamente a saída das mulheres dos empregos nos setores agrícola e industrial e o aumento do emprego feminino nos serviços. O objetivo deste artigo é decompor as fontes de variação do emprego feminino no Brasil no período de 2003-2018. A análise é baseada no método shift-share, que permite mensurar, por meio da decomposição do crescimento do emprego, a contribuição agregada, setorial e de gênero. Os cálculos são apresentados para três subperíodos: 2003-2011, 2011-2014 e 2014-2018, os quais correspondem a diferentes fases dinâmicas do mercado de trabalho brasileiro. Os resultados mostraram que os componentes que mais impulsionaram o emprego feminino foi o agregado, seguido de gênero.

Abstract: This research paper presents a queer feminist analysis of gendered discourses in South Africa’s (SA) (2020-2025) National Action Plan (NAP) on Women, Peace, and Security (WPS). It builds on an extensive field of WPS scholarship by using the case study of SA’s NAP to illustrate how policy can be used to harness critical gendered language and create possibilities for radical (re)imaginings of gendered peace. While a considerable knowledge base that explores the gendered discourses of NAPs on WPS already exists, a key gap in the literature -that has only more recently begun to be explored with greater rigor- is the bridging of queer and feminist theories to further push the boundaries of discursive policy analysis. Against this backdrop, feminist critical discourse analysis (CDA) was applied to the NAP case study to surface dominant and counter-discourses on gender and their possible inclusionary/exclusionary effects. Key findings centre the potential value of policy discourses which, in their fragmentation, ruptures, continuities and ambivalences, can facilitate opportunities for queer peace at the instrumental level and beyond.

Resumo: Este artigo de pesquisa apresenta uma análise feminista cuir dos discursos de gênero do Plano Nacional de Ação (PNA) sobre Mulheres, Paz e Segurança (MPS) da África do Sul (2020-2025). Está baseado num amplo campo acadêmico sobre MPS e usa o estudo de caso do PNA da África do Sul para ilustrar como podem ser utilizadas as políticas para aproveitar a linguagem crítica de gênero e criar possibilidades para (re)imaginar radicalmente a paz de gênero. Embora já exista uma base de conhecimento considerável que explora os discursos de gênero dos PNA sobre MPS, uma lacuna importante na literatura - que somente começou a explorar com maior rigor recentemente - é a da união das teorias queer e feministas para ampliar ainda mais o escopo da análise discursiva de políticas. Nesse contexto, foi aplicada uma análise crítica do discurso feminista ao estudo de caso do PNA para trazer à luz os discursos dominantes e os contradiscursos sobre gênero, bem como seus possíveis efeitos inclusivos e exclusivos. Os achados principais salientam o valor potencial dos discursos sobre políticas que, em sua fragmentação, rupturas, continuidades e ambivalências, podem facilitar oportunidades para uma paz queer no âmbito instrumental e mais além disso.

Resumen: Este artículo de investigación presenta un análisis feminista queer de los discursos de género del Plan Nacional de Acción (PNA) sobre Mujeres, Paz y Seguridad (MPS) de Sudáfrica (2020-2025). Se basa en un amplio campo académico sobre MPS y usa el estudio de caso del PNA de Sudáfrica para ilustrar cómo se pueden emplear las políticas para aprovechar el lenguaje crítico de género y crear posibilidades para (re)imaginar radicalmente la paz de género. Si bien ya existe una base de conocimiento considerable que explora los discursos de género de los PNA sobre MPS, una brecha importante en la literatura -que solo se ha empezado a explorar con mayor rigor recientemente- es el de la unión de las teorías queer y feministas para ampliar todavía más el alcance del análisis discursivo de políticas. En este contexto, se aplicó un análisis crítico del discurso (ACD) feminista al estudio de caso del PNA para sacar a la luz los discursos dominantes y los contradiscursos sobre género, así como sus posibles efectos incluyentes/excluyentes. Los hallazgos clave resaltan el valor potencial de los discursos sobre políticas que, en su fragmentación, rupturas, continuidades y ambivalencias, pueden facilitar oportunidades para una paz queer a nivel instrumental y más allá.