ABSTRACT Vocational guidance has long been considered an essential task in the training process; the psychological, educational and pedagogical sciences have shed much light on this subject. A documentary study was carried out, using the historical-logical, historical comparative, analysis and synthesis, theoretical systematization method, with the purpose of analyzing the situation of the subject of vocational guidance in Latin America and in turn, in Ecuador to see how it would be possible from these theoretical references to configure a process of comprehensive vocational guidance in students of Naturopathy in the Higher University Institutes of Ecuador.

RESUMEN La orientación profesional es considerada desde hace mucho tiempo una tarea consustancial del proceso formativo, las ciencias psicológicas, de la educación y pedagógicas han arrojado mucha luz sobre este particular. Se realizó un estudio documental, con la utilización del método histórico-lógico, histórico-comparativo, análisis y síntesis, sistematización teórica, se tiene como finalidad analizar la situación de la temática de la orientación profesional en América Latina y a su vez, en Ecuador para ver cómo sería posible desde esos referentes teóricos configurar un proceso de orientación profesional vocacional integral en estudiantes de Naturopatía en los Institutos Superiores universitarios de Ecuador.

Abstract: The Kallawaya are a Bolivian ethnic group well known for ritualism and naturopathy. This paper explores the ‘making’ of the Kallawaya as a polity emerging, modifying, and adapting over time according to its political and economic needs, at the intersection of local conditions and of global developments. The case of the Kallawaya shows how processes of ethnicization unfold through the interplay of primordialist and of instrumentalist logics. An important vehicle for ethnicization is resilience as expressed by the cultural memory.

Resumen: Los Kallawaya son un grupo étnico que se hizo famoso por su ritualismo y su naturopatía. Este artículo explora el desarrollo de los Kallawaya como una entidad política que, a lo largo del tiempo, se formaba, se modificaba y se adaptaba conforme a sus necesidades políticas y económicas y en la intersección de condiciones locales y de desarrollos globales. El caso de los Kallawaya muestra como los procesos de etnicización se despliegan mediante la interacción de lógicas primordialistas e instrumentalistas. Un importante vehículo para la etnicización es la resiliencia manifestándose en la memoria cultural.

BACKGROUND: Naturopathy has been taught at tertiary level in South Africa (SA) for 18 years. This research paper examines the naturopathic curriculum to determine whether it is benchmarked to international standards and meets the needs of graduates in practice. It is the first research paper that critically reviews the curriculum of a complementary alternative medicine profession taught at a higher education institution (HEI) in SAOBJECTIVE: To critically review the naturopathy curriculum taught at an SA HEIMETHODS: This research used a sequential two-stage qualitative methodology. In stage one, a comparative document analysis was conducted using the curriculum recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO), the World Naturopathic Federation (WNF) and the University of the Western Cape. Stage two consisted of a graduate review of the curriculum. Eighteen graduates participated in the review by providing input on all the subjects in the curriculum via email. The responses were summarised and thematically analysedRESULTS: It was found that the SA curriculum is aligned to international curricula. Graduate inputs suggest a restructuring of the curriculum so that subjects which are core to naturopathic training can be taught in greater depth over a longer period of timeCONCLUSION: The subjects offered in the SA naturopathic curriculum are on par with international standards. Concerns raised by graduates suggest a need for a restructuring of the curriculum to develop a deeper understanding of the curriculum to ensure that graduates are competent to meet the changing healthcare needs of the population

Resumo A naturologia está pautada no cuidado à saúde humana por meio de práticas integrativas, sobretudo com elementos da natureza, visando manter e recuperar a saúde em processo humanizado. Este artigo objetiva conhecer problemas éticos vivenciados por naturólogos na prática assistencial e saber como esses profissionais buscam solucioná-los, à luz da ética do cuidado. Trata-se de pesquisa qualitativa com entrevistas semiestruturadas cujas respostas foram tratadas por análise de conteúdo. A partir dessas entrevistas foram criadas as seguintes categorias de análise: “limites do cuidar”; “relações interprofissionais”; e “limites da atuação profissional”. Verificou-se ocorrência de conflitos éticos tanto na relação direta do cuidado quanto em situações indiretas, como aquelas que envolvem outros profissionais, colegas de profissão e sociedade. Os entrevistados destacaram que o campo da naturologia ainda não está bem definido e que, muitas vezes, conflitos éticos aparecem por falta de limites claros de atuação.

Abstract Naturopathy is based on human health care through integrative practices, especially with elements of nature, aiming to maintain and recover health in a humanized process. This article aims to know the ethical problems experienced by naturopaths in the care practice and to know how these professionals seek to solve them, in the light of the ethics of care. It is a qualitative research with semi-structured interviews of which the responses were treated by content analysis. From these interviews the following categories of analysis were created: “limits of care”, “inter-professional relations” and “limits of professional practice”. Ethical conflicts have occurred both in the direct relationship of care and in indirect situations, such as those involving other professionals, colleagues in the profession and the society. The interviewees emphasized that the field of naturopathy is still not well defined and that, often, ethical conflicts appear due to lack of clear limits to the practice.

Resumen La naturología está basada en el cuidado de la salud humana por medio de prácticas integrativas, sobre todo con elementos de la naturaleza, con el objetivo de mantener y recuperar la salud en un proceso humanizado. Este artículo tiene como objetivo conocer los problemas éticos vivenciados por naturólogos en la práctica asistencial y saber cómo estos profesionales buscan solucionarlos, a la luz de la ética del cuidado. Se trata de una investigación cualitativa con entrevistas semiestructuradas cuyas respuestas fueron tratadas mediante análisis de contenido. A partir de estas entrevistas se crearon las siguientes categorías de análisis: “límites del cuidar”; “relaciones interprofesionales”; y “límites de la actuación profesional”. Se verificó la presencia de conflictos éticos tanto en la relación directa del cuidado como en situaciones indirectas, como aquellas que involucran a otros profesionales, colegas de profesión y a la sociedad. Los entrevistados destacaron que el campo de la naturología aún no está bien definido y que, muchas veces, los conflictos éticos aparecen por falta de límites claros de actuación.

BACKGROUND: A huge growth in complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) took place in South Africa in the 1960s which paralleled what was happening in other parts of the western world. Naturopathy has been practised in South Africa for over 60 years, and the history of naturopathy is entwined with the broader history of CAM. No laws existed at that stage to regulate the curriculum, education and training of CAM practitioners. With the passage of time, various statutes were introduced which eventually led to changes in legislation and the establishment of a recognised training programme. Naturopathy became a legally regulated profession, the full history of which has never been documented. OBJECTIVE: This article explores the history of naturopathy in South Africa. METHOD: A two-phase qualitative research design was used, consisting of a document search and semi-structured interviews with key informants who were identified through a process of snowballing. Information collected from the naturopaths who participated in the interviews was triangulated with documentation uncovered in the archives of the Allied Health Professions Council of South Africa (AHPCSA) and other literature available. RESULTS: The result is a history of events which took place and reveals the effect of various legislations on the profession. CONCLUSION: Changes in the political system paved the way for changes in legislation which allowed for the registration and training of naturopathic practitioners. However, the lack of a functioning association and the small number of naturopathic graduates have hampered the growth of the profession, preventing it from becoming a significant contributor to the health care system.

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o potencial irritativo de própolis, Casearia sylvestris, Otosporin e soro fisiológico (controle). Foram utilizados 28 ratos machos da linhagem Wistar. Os animais foram anestesiados e, em seguida, receberam a injeção do corante azul de Evans (2%) por via intravenosa na veia caudal. Em quatro pontos predeterminados e depilados da região dorsal de cada animal, foram injetados 0,1 ml das substâncias teste. Os animais foram sacrificados meia, uma, três e seis horas após a injeção das substâncias, e cada pedaço de pele contendo a lesão foi colocado em frascos contendo formamida, que foram incubados a 45ºC por 72 h. Após esse período, as amostras foram filtradas e submetidas à análise em espectrofotômetro. Os dados foram submetidos ao teste estatístico não-paramétrico de medidas repetidas. No período de 3 h, foram observados os maiores valores de corante extraído, caracterizando, assim, o pico do processo inflamatório. A própolis foi a substância que apresentou menor potencial irritativo. Os produtos naturais testados neste trabalho podem ser uma alternativa para o tratamento endodôntico.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the irritant potential of propolis, Casearia sylvestris, Otosporin and saline solution (control). Twenty-eight male Wistar rats were selected, anesthetized and four experimental sites were designed on their backs. Injections of 2% Evans blue were intravenously administered in the lateral caudal vein and 0.1 ml of the tested solutions was injected intradermally into the experimental sites. The animals were killed 1/2, 1, 3 and 6 hours after the injection of the solutions. Each piece of skin containing the lesion was immersed in formamide and incubated at 45ºC for 72 h. After filtration, optical density was measured in a spectrophotometer. Data were statistically analyzed by a 2-way non-parametric test. The highest values of extracted dye were observed at 3 hours characterizing a peak in the inflammatory process. Propolis was the least irritant solution. The natural medicaments tested in this study may be a valuable alternative for endodontic treatment.