ABSTRACT Background: The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality indicators for wood and charcoal from the Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis hybrid (Clone GG 100) in different planting spacings. The study was conducted with the hybrid using the spacings of 2×1, 2×2, 3×2, and 3×3 m. The chemical properties of wood and charcoal were analyzed, and dry wood mass and energy per hectare were estimated. The data were subjected to the t test for comparison of means. Moreover, principal component analysis was conducted to assess the relationships between wood and charcoal indicators as a function of spacing. Results: The 2×2 m spacing showed the highest values for dry wood mass, lignin mass, mass of charcoal, and energy. The wider spacings of 3×2 and 3×3 m resulted in wood and charcoal of increased quality by showing wood of greater resistance to thermal degradation and charcoal of higher yield. Conclusion: Spacing between trees influenced wood quality indicators. The 2×2 m spacing showed higher estimates of mass and energy per hectare. However, wide spacings with an area greater than 6 m2 are more suitable for charcoal production due to their superior wood properties, especially basic density and total lignin, which influence gravimetric yields and bulk density. Background Clone 100 21 2 1 2×1 22 32 3 33 3× analyzed estimated means Moreover Results 2× yield Conclusion However 10

ABSTRACT Background: Today, the biggest threat to mammalian predators with wide distribution areas is habitats fragmentation or changing climate conditions. We aimed to reveal the habitat suitability modeling and mapping of the Brown bear, which is an important large mammal in Turkey’s borders, under change climate. The habitat suitability modelling was determined using the present (2010) and future (2040-2070-2100) chelsa climate scenarios (IPSL-CM6A-LR SSP126-SSP370-SSP585) Maxent method with the present data obtained by examining all studies on Brown bear. Then, the mapping result values for the different years and scenarios were classified as 0.5 unsuitable habitats, 0.51-0.8 suitable habitats and 0.81-1.0 most suitable habitats. Results: We determined that the variables contributing to the habitat suitability model of Brown bear are annual precipitation amount, the average annual air temperature, the precipitation amount of the wettest month, the ruggedness and elevation. According to the mapping results for different years and scenarios; Brown bear have suitable habitat a minimum of 14.87% of the study area in today, 12.56% in 2040 year, 10.93% in 2070 year and 8.24% in 2100 year. According to the SSP585 climate scenario of 2100 year, the habitat suitability of the Brown bear decreases by approximately 45%. Also, the climate envelope model created with MaxEnt revealed, the change climate in the 2100 year endangered the Brown bear. Conclusion: Therefore, these results will be a source of information for the sustainability of the extinction of the Brown bear, for the pre-protection of existing and potential habitats and for reducing the impact of change climate conditions. Background Today conditions Turkeys Turkey s borders 2010 (2010 204020702100 (2040-2070-2100 IPSLCM6ALR IPSLCMALR IPSL CM6A LR CM A SSP126SSP370SSP585 SSPSSPSSP SSP126 SSP370 SSP SSP126-SSP370-SSP585 Then 05 0 5 0. 0.510.8 05108 0.51 0.8 51 8 0.51-0. 0.811.0 08110 0.81 1.0 81 1 0.81-1. Results temperature month elevation 1487 14 87 14.87 today 1256 12 56 12.56 204 1093 10 93 10.93 207 824 24 8.24 210 SSP58 45 45% Also revealed Conclusion Therefore preprotection pre protection 201 (201 20402070210 (2040-2070-210 IPSLCM ALR CMA SSP126SSP370SSP58 SSP12 SSP37 SSP126-SSP370-SSP58 510 0.510. 0510 051 08 0.51-0 811 0.811. 0811 081 1. 0.81-1 148 14.8 125 12.5 20 109 9 10.9 82 2 8.2 21 SSP5 4 (20 2040207021 (2040-2070-21 SSP126SSP370SSP5 SSP1 SSP3 SSP126-SSP370-SSP5 0.510 0.51- 0.811 0.81- 14. 12. 10. 8. (2 204020702 (2040-2070-2 SSP126SSP370SSP SSP126-SSP370-SSP ( 20402070 (2040-2070- 2040207 (2040-2070 204020 (2040-207 20402 (2040-20 (2040-2 (2040- (2040 (204

ABSTRACT Background: Hancornia speciosa is a species known for its medicinal and nutritional properties. Despite being a plant native to several regions of Brazil, some aspects of its production system are not yet well defined. Large-scale asexual propagation stands out, making it difficult to establish commercial orchards with materials with superior characteristics. In this context, this article aimed to investigate the scientific production related to the propagation and conservation of the mangabeira, using a mixed methodology of bibliometric analysis and literature review. The Scopus and Web of Science databases were consulted and the VOSviewer software was used to map the cooperation network between authors, institutions, and keywords. Results: The study included 72 articles and found a significant increase in scientific production on mangabeira propagation and conservation since 2009. Most studies focused on seed technology, seedling production, in vitro propagation and conservation, and cryopreservation. Additionally, it was observed that mangabeira seeds do not tolerate a reduction in moisture content, and the combination of materials for the composition of the substrate, such as coconut fiber, manure, and sand, can provide an adequate basis for developing seedlings. It was also observed that MS culture medium, complete or with half saline concentration, or WPM medium can be used for in vitro germination and initial seedling growth. Conclusion: Through this review, we concluded that the mangabeira presents substantial potential for the development of innovative propagation techniques, with a special focus on methods that facilitate the clonal propagation of the species, such as grafting, rooting cuttings, and micropropagation. It is expected that future research will expand knowledge about the in vitro and ex vitro propagation of this species, contributing to the expansion of commercial plantations with a focus on adding to the processing of its fruits. Background properties Brazil defined Largescale Large scale out characteristics context review authors institutions keywords Results 7 2009 technology cryopreservation Additionally content substrate fiber manure sand seedlings concentration growth Conclusion techniques grafting cuttings micropropagation fruits 200 20 2

ABSTRACT Background: The objective of this study is to characterize the diversity and genetic structure of A. colubrina in three Atlantic Forest fragments in the south of Espírito Santo state, using Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) molecular markers. Genomic DNA from 85 trees was analyzed using 12 ISSR primers, generating 147 fragments, of which 109 were polymorphic (74%). Markers were characterized as moderately informative, with a mean polymorphic informational content of 0.34. Results: Low genetic diversity was found for the three fragments and in the total sample, based on Nei’s diversity parameters (H* = 0.26) and Shannon’s index (I* = 0.38). In the dissimilarity analysis, four groups were observed in the dendrogram with an exclusive clustering trend by location. The analysis of molecular variance confirmed that most of the genetic variation is found within populations (73.50%), however, with high genetic differentiation between them (Φ ST = 0.26). This result was supported by the Bayesian approach that indicated genetically structured populations. Conclusion: The data obtained reveal that forest fragmentation affected the diversity and genetic structure of A. colubrina and allow expanding knowledge for the development of effective strategies for the conservation and management of the species. Background A state (ISSR markers 8 1 primers 14 10 74%. 74 74% . (74%) informative 034 0 34 0.34 Results sample Neis Nei s H* H (H 0.26 026 26 Shannons Shannon I* I (I 0.38. 038 0.38 38 0.38) location 73.50%, 7350 73.50% , 73 50 (73.50%) however Φ 0.26. Conclusion species 7 (74% 03 3 0.3 0.2 02 2 735 73.50 5 (73.50% (74 0. 73.5 (73.50 (7 73. (73.5 ( (73. (73

ABSTRACT Background: The restricted dispersibility of cellulose in water has grown to be a significant problem which is a key step in making cellulose soluble in water and common solvent. To overcome the obstacle, cellulose structure is being modified to improve the surface properties and the utilization of the cellulose itself. In this study, cellulose I and cellulose II were examined after treated with water-soluble 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical (TEMPO). The hydrogen bond between chains and the crystallinity of the cotton linter (cellulose I) was first broken by NaOH/urea. Then, cellulose I and NaOH/urea-treated cellulose (cellulose II) were oxidized with sodium chlorite, sodium bromide, and TEMPO in a catalytic amount. Results: The success of oxidation is achieved when both cellulose I and II treated with TEMPO had preferentially converted the hydroxyl groups to carboxylate groups through Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR). Besides, through X-ray diffraction analysis, cellulose I and II exhibited a decreased in the crystallinity. The scattered structure revealed through morphology analysis proved that cellulose treated with TEMPO had resulted in a more dispersed and separated cellulose fibre structure. Conclusion: The result showed, cellulose has been successfully modified using TEMPO-mediated oxidation with improved dispersion properties. The scattered structure revealed through morphology analysis proved that cellulose treated with TEMPO had resulted in a more dispersed and separated cellulose fibre structure. High cellulose dispersion ability will allow the manufacturing process of hydrogel, film and fibre to be much easier and faster. This is necessary for creating novel, environmentally friendly materials for various applications across numerous industries and future research anticipated to increase. Background solvent obstacle itself study watersoluble 2,2,6,6tetramethylpiperidine1oxyl 2266tetramethylpiperidine1oxyl tetramethylpiperidineoxyl 2,2,6,6 tetramethylpiperidine 1 oxyl 2 6 TEMPO. . (TEMPO) NaOHurea NaOH urea NaOH/urea Then NaOH/ureatreated NaOHureatreated chlorite bromide amount Results FTIR. FTIR (FTIR) Besides Xray X ray Conclusion showed TEMPOmediated mediated hydrogel faster novel increase 6tetramethylpiperidine1oxyl 2266 2,2,6, (TEMPO ureatreated (FTIR 226 2,2,6 22 2,2, 2,2 2,

ABSTRACT Background: The macauba (Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq.) Lodd. ex Mart.) is a palm tree native to tropical regions and occurs in much of the Brazilian territory. Current studies are focused on the extraction and exploitation of vegetable oil from this fruit. However, there are few studies on the residue, the endocarp, which represents approximately 25% of the total mass of the fruit. Studies that search for solutions for using residue, thus adding value, and generating environmentally friendly products, are of fundamental importance. Thus, this research aimed to evaluate the physical and mechanical properties of reconstituted wood panels produced with different proportions of macauba endocarp particles to replace pine wood particles, in addition to characterize the physical and chemical properties of macauba endocarp. The chemical characterization tests were performed according to applicable standards. The basic density was determined according to the NBR 11941 standard. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were also performed. The particleboards panels were produced with a nominal density of 0.70g/cm³ and dimensions of 25x25x1.5cm. Five different treatments were evaluated with variations in the proportion of macauba endocarp particles in the core of the panel. For particle agglutination, phenol-formaldehyde adhesive was used at a proportion of 9% for the core and 12% for the faces, based on the dry mass of each panel. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to analyze the panel surfaces. Results: The endocarp of Acrocomia aculeata has low extractive content, high lignin content and high densification, 1.23g/cm³, when compared to Pinus oocarpa wood, 0.43g/cm³. All panels were classified as low density according to CS 236-66 and had an average apparent density between treatments of 0.586g/cm³. A greater dimensional stability and a decrease in the static bending properties of the panels was observed as the proportion of macauba endocarp particles increased. The internal bonding of the panels showed a positive result with the increase in the use of particles of the residue. Conclusion: The panels produced have potential for use for non-structural purposes. Background Jacq. Jacq (Jacq. Lodd Mart. Mart territory fruit However residue 25 value products importance Thus standards 1194 standard TGA, TGA , (TGA) Xray X ray XRD (XRD FTIR (FTIR 070gcm³ gcm 0 70g cm³ g cm 0.70g/cm 25x25x15cm xxcm 25x25x1 5cm x 25x25x1.5cm agglutination phenolformaldehyde phenol formaldehyde 9 12 faces SEM (SEM surfaces Results densification 123gcm³ 1 23g 1.23g/cm³ 043gcm³ 43g 0.43g/cm³ 23666 236 66 236-6 0586gcm³ 586g 0.586g/cm³ increased Conclusion nonstructural non structural purposes (Jacq 2 119 (TGA 070gcm xx 25x25x 123gcm 1.23g/cm 043gcm 0.43g/cm 2366 23 6 236- 0586gcm 0.586g/cm 11

ABSTRACT Background: Climate change, which has mainly manifested in Iran in the form of intensifying periods of drought, can have profound effects on the valuable forest ecosystems of Zagros in the west of Iran. In this study, the drought trend in the period from 2000 to 2020 was investigated on the spatio-temporal dynamics of greenness of Zagros oak forests in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad province in the west of Iran. SPI, PDSI, NDVI and EVI with modeling their relationship based on GWR was used. Also, based on two climate change scenarios RCP2.6 and RCP8.5, the simulation of drought conditions and changes in forest greenness until 2050 were studied. Results: The results showed that the peak greenness of the oak forests has a significant sensitivity to changes in rainfall and drought at the end of the cold period of the year and in the spring season. The negative phases of the drought have been completely consistent with the periods of greenness loss. Also, both the greenness and the area of the oak forests have decreased. The EVI index showed the highest sensitivity to the PDSI, and the developed model based on these two indices had a spatial explanation coefficient between 40 and 70%. Conclusion: The implementation of the developed model under two scenarios showed that the forest greenness will face a decrease of about 25% in the RCP8.5 scenario and about 15% in the RCP2.6 scenario until 2050. The relationship between drought and forest decline was proven in this study. Background study 200 202 spatiotemporal spatio temporal SPI PDSI used Also RCP26 RCP RCP2 6 RCP2. RCP85 RCP8 5 205 studied Results season loss decreased 4 70 70% Conclusion 25 RCP8. 15 20 7 2 1

ABSTRACT Backgrounds: Urban and peri-urban fragments are vital for biodiversity conservation, requiring genetic assessment of tree species in fragmented forests. The aim of this study was to analyze the genetic variability and diversity for adult individuals of J. micrantha along an urban-rural gradient in the Araucaria Forest. Fifteen individuals were sampled, with five from each remaining forest type. Initially, 10 ISRR primers were tested. Five mother trees were chosen from each site (urban, peri-urban, and rural) with a minimum distance of 100 m. The experimental design was a RCBD with 15 progenies, three provenances, three blocks, and 20 plants per plot, totaling 900 seedlings. Results: The average percentage of polymorphic loci was 93.33%. The urban population showed a greater loss of genetic diversity (H=0.1806). 79% of the genetic diversity was found within populations. The observed gene flow value (Nm) was 1.8790, indicating that there were no random losses of alleles within populations. The fragments did not exhibit significant differences, but there were significant differences among the progenies. The stem diameter (SD) and the height-diameter relationship (H/SD) emerged as the key traits for selecting new individuals due to their higher heritability (< 0.50), accuracy (< 0.70), and relative coefficient of variation (< 7%). Conclusion: The urban fragment is the most affected, but gene flow between fragments prevents the random loss of alleles. The analysis suggests that these fragments form a unique population, despite geographic barriers. Thus, the three fragments can be considered when choosing superior individuals for future progeny tests in genetic improvement programs for the species. Backgrounds periurban peri conservation forests J urbanrural rural Forest sampled type Initially 1 tested urban, (urban periurban, m progenies provenances blocks 2 plot 90 seedlings Results 9333 93 33 93.33% H=0.1806. H01806 H H=0.1806 . 0 1806 (H=0.1806) 79 populations Nm (Nm 18790 8790 1.8790 SD (SD heightdiameter height H/SD HSD (H/SD < ( 0.50, 050 0.50 , 50 0.50) 0.70, 070 0.70 70 0.70) 7%. 7 7% 7%) Conclusion affected barriers Thus 9 933 3 93.33 H0180 H=0.180 180 (H=0.1806 1879 879 1.879 05 0.5 5 07 0.7 93.3 H018 H=0.18 18 (H=0.180 187 87 1.87 0. 93. H01 H=0.1 (H=0.18 8 1.8 H0 H=0. (H=0.1 1. H=0 (H=0. H= (H=0 (H= (H

ABSTRACT Background: Bamboo species have a high potential to produce biomass and stock carbon. However, biometric tools are not available to estimate biomass production for most giant bamboo taxa. The aim was to develop an additive equation system to estimate the aboveground biomass by structural component and the total of the three bamboo species. Destructive sampling was applied, and a sample of 101 mature bamboo specimens was collected. The nonlinear power allometric model was used to integrate two additive equations systems, which were formed by the structural components of biomass: culm, branches and leaves as well as aboveground biomass total. The predictor variables were: diameter at breast height (D) for the S1 system, and D in combination with the total height (D2H) for the S2 system. Results: It was determined that the SUR method in combination with the dummy variables technique and the correction of heteroscedasticity is an adequate fit strategy. Given that the additivity property is fulfilled, specific values of the parameters of each system and by taxon are identified. In addition, the variance of the error stabilizes. The aboveground biomass of the culm constitutes 86.40%, 90.48%, and 93.94% for Bambusa oldhamii Munro, Guadua aculeata Rupr., and Guadua angustifolia Kunth, respectively. The S1 system was selected, and its statistics regarding the total aboveground biomass were 0.92, 4.9 kg, -0.35 kg, and 0.05 for the fit statistics R 2 adj , RMSE, S, and E, respectively. Conclusion: This biometric tool will easier to carry out aboveground biomass inventories, as well as to infer the carbon content and CO2 equivalent at the specimen level. Background However taxa applied 10 collected systems (D S D2H DH H (D2H Results strategy fulfilled identified addition stabilizes 8640 86 40 86.40% 9048 90 48 90.48% 9394 93 94 93.94 Munro Rupr Rupr. Kunth respectively selected 092 0 92 0.92 49 4 9 4. kg 0.35 035 35 -0.3 005 05 0.0 RMSE E Conclusion inventories CO level 1 864 8 86.40 904 90.48 939 93.9 09 0.9 0.3 03 3 -0. 00 0. 86.4 90.4 93. -0 86. 90. -

ABSTRACT Background: Direct sowing technique is considered a promising tool for reducing costs and increasing species diversity in restoration projects. However, several factors can limit its success, making it necessary for methodological adjustments to be made in order to maximize the emergence, establishment and initial growth of plants. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of the use of fungus Trichoderma asperelloides and hydrogel in the enrichment direct sowing as a strategy to enrich the area in the initial restoration process. The forest species studied were Balfourodendron riedelianum, Cedrela fissilis, Luehea divaricata, Enterolobium contortisiliquum and Parapiptadenia rigida. The experiment was conducted in a factorial design testing absence or presence of the T. asperelloides and absence or presence of hydrogel. Two experiments were established: in the nursery, we evaluations of the emergence of the seedlings were carried out; in the field, we evaluated emergence, survival, height and stem diameter. Results: Under nursery conditions, inoculation and the use of hydrogel did not influence the emergence of species tested. Direct sowing proved to be a promising technique for the enrichment of young restoration plantations in subtropical regions with E. contortisiliquum, P. rigida and C. fissilis. B. riedelianum and L. divaricata seeds did not germinate in the field. Conclusion: The use of T. asperelloides is an efficient strategy to enhance the results of direct sowing, capable of providing higher rates of emergence for E. contortisiliqumm and P. rigida and maximizing the growth in height of E. contortisiliqumm. Under high pluviometric intensity, the use of the hydrogel does not influence the emergence and morphological attributes of the species studied. Background projects However success plants process fissilis T established out field survival diameter Results conditions tested E P C B L Conclusion intensity

ABSTRACT Background: The aim of this research was to investigate the efficiency of methods to overcome primary dormancy and biochemical processes associated with germination of Erythrina falcata Benth seeds. Seeds were submitted to dormancy overcoming treatments and the water uptake pattern was analysed. We then evaluated the activity of the antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT, and APX, and quantified lipid peroxidation levels, hydrogen peroxide content and total protein content. The experiments were performed in a completely randomized design and the statistical analysis used was Scott-Knott test at 5% probability. Results: Mechanical scarification with sandpaper leads to approximately 94% of germination in E. falcata, while control non-scarified seeds show only approximately 37% of germination. Treatments with hot water led to high mortality in E. falcata seeds. Rapid water absorption was observed in the first 18 hours of imbition when the seeds were scarified with sandpaper, and radicle emergence was observed after 36 hours. During imbibition there was an increase of antioxidant enzyme activity and a decrease in lipid peroxidation and H2O2 production, suggesting an efficient mechanism for regulating imbibition damage. A decrease in the total protein content was observed during germination of E. falcata seeds. Conclusions: Mechanical scarification is an efficient method for breaking dormancy of E. falcata seeds. During germination of E. falcata seeds there is a reduction in the production of H2O2 and lipid peroxidation, and an increase in the activity of antioxidant enzymes. The total protein content decreased along the germination time. Background analysed SOD CAT APX levels ScottKnott Scott Knott 5 probability Results 94 E nonscarified non 37 1 3 HO H O H2O damage Conclusions time 9

ABSTRACT Background: The increase in agricultural production requires sustainable alternatives development for reusing the waste generated, such as bovine manure, to obtain ecological, environmental, and economic benefits. In addition, proper fertilization is one of the main steps in the production of forest species seedlings. Thus, this study aimed to characterize the effect of different substrates formulations based on bovine manure and types of fertilizers on the quality of C. montevidense seedlings and verify if the field confirms the nurseries’ responses. The treatments consisted of three BM-based substrates combinations (S0 - control, no manure; S30 - 30% BM; and S60 - 60% BM) and four types of base fertilizers [Control: no fertilizer, FRF - Fast Release Fertilizer (NPK + fritted trace elements), FRF2 - twice as used in FRF and CRF - Controlled Release Fertilizer]. The substrates quality and the seedlings’ morphophysiological attributes were determined 160 days after sowing, then conducting the best treatments to the field. Results: We verified that the use of bovine manure improved the physical and chemical properties of the substrates. For the C. montevidense cultivation, 30% BM plus CRF provided the best seedling development. The substrate used in the seedlings production influenced the post-planting performance of C. montevidense, and the bovine manure use allows for more significant plant growth in the field. Conclusion: For the cultivation of Citharexylum montevidense, it is recommended to use substrates composed of 30% of bovine manure, associated with 6 g L-1 of controlled-release fertilizer, as it provides higher quality seedlings in shorter production time in the nursery. Background generated ecological environmental benefits addition Thus C nurseries responses BMbased S0 S (S control S3 30 S6 60 Control [Control fertilizer NPK elements, elements , elements) Fertilizer. . Fertilizer] 16 sowing Results postplanting post planting Conclusion L1 L 1 L- controlledrelease controlled release nursery 3

ABSTRACT Background: The objective of this study was to estimate the wood volume of a Pinus taeda L. plantation using variables extracted from the Sentinel-1 active sensor and the Sentinel-2 passive sensor. To do so, data from a forest inventory with rectangular plots of 550 m² were used to estimate the stand volume. We derived and adapted average vegetation indices per plot from images obtained by Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 sensors. The data were then correlated with the volume per plot based on the forest inventory. The Modified Radar Forest Degradation Index (mRDFI) showed the highest correlation for Sentinel-1 data, while the Difference Vegetation-Index (DVI) performed best for Sentinel-2. Results: The regression models were built using Stepwise modeling, demonstrating that the models fit with only the Sentinel-2 indices performed better than the others (indices adapted for Sentinel-1 and a combination of Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 data), with an R² adjusted between 0.51 to 0.40 and a standard error (Syx%) of 3.66 to 8.97. According to the statistical analyses, we found no significant differences between the volume estimated by the forest inventory (12.56±1.17) and the remote sensing techniques used (Sentinel-2 with 12.56±1.03 and Sentinel-1 with 12.56±0.94). However, further tests should be conducted with other active sensors operating in different spectral bands and polarization modes for other forest species. Conclusion: We found no significant differences between the volumetric estimates derived from remote sensing data and forest inventory techniques. Background L Sentinel1 Sentinel 1 Sentinel- Sentinel2 2 so 55 m mRDFI (mRDFI VegetationIndex Vegetation DVI (DVI Sentinel2. 2. Results modeling , data) R 051 0 51 0.5 040 40 0.4 Syx% Syx (Syx% 366 3 66 3.6 897 8 97 8.97 analyses 12.56±1.17 1256117 12 56 17 (12.56±1.17 (Sentinel- 1256103 03 12.56±1.0 12.56±0.94. 1256094 12.56±0.94 . 94 12.56±0.94) However species Conclusion 5 05 0. 04 4 (Syx 36 6 3. 89 9 8.9 12.56±1.1 125611 (12.56±1.1 (Sentinel 125610 12.56±1. 125609 12.56±0.9 8. 12561 (12.56±1. 12.56±1 12560 12.56±0. 1256 (12.56±1 12.56± 12.56±0 125 (12.56± 12.56 (12.56 12.5 (12.5 12. (12. (12 (1 (

ABSTRACT Background: One of the biggest challenges for breeders, especially for perennial plants, is to have strategies to reduce the risk of recommending new clones. One of the alternatives would be to use a mixture of clones, clonal compounds (CC), instead of monoclones (MC). This strategy has not yet been properly proven from experiments involving CC and MC simultaneously in different environments. Results: The CC’s contribution to the interaction was significant, although associated with a high MAI estimate (m³. ha-1. year-1). The CC’s took better advantage of environmental stimuli than most MC’s. The rick estimates in the CC recommendation were, in most situations, lower than those of the different monoclones. Conclusion: The use of CC proved to be more efficient than the use of MC in mitigating the effects of the interaction of genotypes by environments, in recommending clones for forest exploitation. Background breeders plants CC, , (CC) MC. . (MC) environments Results CCs s significant m³. m³ m (m³ ha1. ha1 ha 1. 1 ha-1 year1. year1 year year-1) MCs. MCs s. MC’s were situations Conclusion exploitation (CC (MC (m ha- year-1 year-

ABSTRACT Background: In spite of important functions the ground vegetation performs, the research on global change and human impact on forests has traditionally focused on tree layer. We have analyzed the influence of clear-cuttings on ground vegetation biomass (GVB), fractional structure and annual increment of dwarf shrubs (bilberry and cowberry) shoots. The investigation was carried out at clear-cut areas of the Scots pine forests in the European North-East of Russia. Results: The GVB value after clear-cutting increased by 1.9−2.4 times. The GVB values at particular technological elements of clear-cuts (apiaries, skidding tracks) were obtained. On skidding tracks, the biomass was by 1.2-1.7 time less than that on apiaries. Among individual species, Vaccinium vitis-idaea L., Pleurozium schreberi (Willd. ex Brid.) and Dicranum polysetum Sw. demonstrated a positive reaction to clear-cutting but mosses of the Sphagnum L. genus reacted negatively. Invasion of Epilobium angustifolium L. and Avenella flexuosa (L.) Drejer increased the grass biomass, especially on skidding tracks. The linear model was applied for describing the relationship between above- and underground dwarf shrub biomass. The clear-cutting had a negative effect on shoot age and mass of both bilberry and cowberry. However, comfortable light conditions raised the role of foliage in biomass and heightened the increments of studied dwarf shrubs by 1.2-1.3 time. Conclusion: Clear-cutting had a positive effect both on GVB and increment of dwarf shrubs in Scots pine forests on the European North-East. Background performs layer clearcuttings clear cuttings GVB, , (GVB) cowberry shoots clearcut cut NorthEast North East Russia Results clearcutting cutting 1924 1 9 2 4 1.9−2. times clearcuts cuts apiaries, apiaries (apiaries tracks obtained 1.21.7 1217 1.2 1.7 7 1.2-1. species vitisidaea vitis idaea L Willd. Willd (Willd Brid. Brid Sw negatively (L. above However 1.21.3 1213 1.3 3 Conclusion Clearcutting Clear NorthEast. East. (GVB 192 1.9−2 21 1.21. 121 12 1. 17 1.2-1 (L 13 19 1.9− 1.21 1.2- 1.9