ABSTRACT Climate change continues to influence global ecosystems, raising concerns for livestock. This study assesses the impacts of climate change on broiler chickens in northern Tunisia, focusing on well-being and mortality rates during summer. Historical data from the NRMCM5.1 and MPIESM1.2 models, were utilized, covering 1970 to 1997. Projections for 2041-2070 under the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 emissions scenarios were examined, providing insight into future challenges. The Temperature-Humidity Index (THI) and Temperature-Humidity-Velocity Index (THVI) served as thermal comfort indicators. The research utilized temperature and relative air humidity data from two models and scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) as inputs for the DCP system, thus evaluating comfort parameters (THI and THVI). The analysis involved calculating annual temperature and humidity averages at the system’s output for each grid and region. Historical and projected data were employed to assess mortality levels by identifying heatwave periods, which had an average duration of 2.7 consecutive days with THI exceeding 30.6°C. The analysis showed significant increases in THI and THVI in the RCP8.5 pessimistic scenario, indicating a risk of heat stress. Mortality rates were used as a measure of the vulnerability of the poultry industry to climate change, and the projections showed substantial average increases of 2.2°C for THI and 1.5°C for THVI.. The RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios predicted an increase in mortality for the period 2041-2070, with averages increasing from 0.8 to 1.3 for RCP8.5 and from 0.6 to 1.1 for RCP4.5, highlighting the need for adaptation strategies to ensure sustainability in poultry farming. ecosystems livestock Tunisia wellbeing well being summer NRMCM51 NRMCM NRMCM5 1 NRMCM5. MPIESM12 MPIESM MPIESM1 2 MPIESM1. 197 1997 20412070 2041 2070 2041-207 RCP45 RCP RCP4 5 RCP4. RCP85 RCP8 RCP8. examined challenges TemperatureHumidity Temperature Humidity TemperatureHumidityVelocity Velocity (THVI indicators (RCP4. system THVI. . THVI) systems s region periods 27 7 2. 306C C 30 6 30.6°C scenario stress 22C 15C 20412070, 2070, 08 0 8 0. 13 3 1. 06 11 farming 19 199 2041207 204 207 2041-20 (RCP4 204120 20 2041-2 (RCP 20412 2041-

ABSTRACT Viral inactivated vaccines play a fundamental role in animal heath, both for individual protection and for the induction of antibodies that will be passively transmitted to the progeny. Depending on the field challenges, it is eventually necessary to combine more than one etiology. Inactivated polyvalent vaccines with appropriate combinations to ensure adequate and balanced responses may induce a satisfactory and long-lasting immune response. This study aimed to evaluate the antibody responses of a new oil-based inactivated pentavalent viral vaccine for intramuscular administration containing a newly developed immunomodulator, and compare it with conventional vaccines through antibody responses to the same antigens by ELISA in successive weeks after administration. Mortality rate, weight gain, egg production and hatching were also determined to evaluate safety. The results obtained revealed significant differences (p<0.05) between the group that received the new vaccine and the control group, presenting persistent and long-lasting IgG (IgY) antibodies in specific pathogen free (SPF) chickens for 146 days. In addition, there was a statistically significant (p<0.05) difference in the serological response of the new pentavalent vaccine in commercial poultry in relation to the monovalent commercial vaccines for infectious bronchitis, avian metapneumovirus, Newcastle disease, Gumboro, and reovirus fractions. There was no change in the productive parameters evaluated when compared to the conventional vaccine or the control. heath progeny challenges etiology longlasting long lasting oilbased oil based immunomodulator rate gain safety p<0.05 p005 p 0 05 (p<0.05 IgY (IgY SPF (SPF 14 days addition bronchitis metapneumovirus disease Gumboro fractions p<0.0 p00 (p<0.0 1 p<0. p0 (p<0. p<0 (p<0 p< (p< (p

ABSTRACT The study aimed to investigate the effect of methionine deficiency on conventional nutrient composition, NO and NOS activity in the liver and kidney, and expression of genes related to the NF-κB signal pathway. One hundred 1-day-old broilers were divided into control and methionine deficiency group, and provided with a standard diet. The methionine-deficient group was fed with a methionine-deficient diet for 42 days. Moisture content, protein content, and crude lipid content were determined by freeze drying, the Kjeldahl method, and the ether extraction method. The concentration of NO was measured using the nitrate reductase method, and the activity of NOS was measured using colorimetry. mRNA expression of related genes in the NF-κB signal pathway was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The results showed the contents of crude protein and crude lipid in the liver and kidney of the methionine-deficient group were significantly higher than those in the control group (p<0.05 or p<0.01). There was no significant change in dry matter (p>0.05). Methionine deficiency resulted in significantly increased NO concentration and total nitric oxide synthase (TNOS) activities in the liver and kidney (p<0.01). In contrast, cNOS and inducible iNOS activities significantly decreased (p<0.01). The expression of NF-κB, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1, and IL-6 mRNA, which are related to the NF-κB signal pathway of the methionine-deficient group, were significantly higher than those in the control group (p<0.05 or p<0.01). It is concluded that long-term feeding diets lacking methionine will lead to changes in nutrient composition and inflammatory injury of the liver and kidney. NFκB NF κB 1dayold dayold 1 day old methioninedeficient deficient 4 days drying method colorimetry transcriptionpolymerase transcription polymerase RTPCR. RTPCR RT PCR . (RT-PCR) p<0.05 p005 p 0 05 (p<0.0 p<0.01. p001 p<0.01 01 p<0.01) p>0.05. p>0.05 (p>0.05) TNOS (TNOS (p<0.01) contrast NFκB, κB, TNFα, TNFα TNF α, α TNF-α IFNγ, IFNγ IFN γ, γ IFN-γ IL1, IL1 IL 1, IL-1 IL6 6 IL- longterm long term (RT-PCR p<0.0 p00 (p<0. p>0.0 (p>0.05 (p<0.01 p<0. p0 (p<0 p>0. (p>0.0 p<0 (p< p>0 (p>0. p< (p p> (p>0 (p>

ABSTRACT Poultry slaughterhouse wastewater (PSW) has substantial organic load and nutrient contents, which must be removed before discharge due to being sanitary and environmental hazards. The present study is the first to analyze the individual and synergistic influences of combined hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), different ultraviolet lights (UV-A/UV-C), inorganic compound catalysts of titanium and zinc oxides (TiO2/ZnO), and ultrasound (US) processes on ammonia and phosphorus elimination from PSW using a Taguchi L36 orthogonal array. The results showed that, compared to other processes in isolation, the integrated process of H2O2, US, and heterogeneous photocatalysis (HPC) is significantly more effective at treating PSW in terms of N4 + -N removal (52.0%) and PO4-P elimination (59.5%). Furthermore, electrical energy consumption at 2.67 g-1 N4 + -N US$ and 2.14 g-1 PO4-P US$ was determined to be the most significant factor in the operating cost of the system, while the average chemical cost under optimal conditions was 0.34 US$/g. In general, the results indicate that the effectiveness of removing pollutants is directly influenced by the pH, catalyst concentration, and duration of the operation. Additionally, the presence of different types of pollutants in real wastewater might lead to reduced nutrient removal efficiencies. (PSW contents hazards H2O2 HO , H O (H2O2) UVA/UVC, UVAUVC UV A/UV C A (UV-A/UV-C) TiO2/ZnO, TiO2ZnO TiOZnO TiO2/ZnO TiO2 ZnO TiO (TiO2/ZnO) US (US L L3 array isolation HPC (HPC N 52.0% 520 52 0 (52.0% PO4P POP PO4 P PO 59.5%. 595 59.5% . 59 5 (59.5%) Furthermore 267 2 67 2.6 g1 g 1 g- 214 14 2.1 system 034 34 0.3 USg US$/g general pH concentration operation Additionally efficiencies H2O (H2O2 UVA UVC UVA/UVC AUV (UV-A/UV-C (TiO2/ZnO 52.0 (52.0 59.5 (59.5% 26 6 2. 21 03 3 0. (H2O 52. (52. 59. (59.5 (52 (59. (5 (59 (

ABSTRACT This study investigated the effect of adding Origanum syriacum L. essential oil and Rosmarinus officinalis L. extract incorporated with 5 % of Aloe barbadensis miller gel on the quality and storage stability of cooked chicken meat. The experiment included five treatments: 1) Control (No additives); 2) 600 ppm of Rosemary Extract (RE); 3) 500 ppm of Oregano essential oil (OE); 4) Combination of 600 RE and 500 ppm OE (CM); and 5) 200 ppm Sodium nitrite (E-250). Lipid and protein oxidation, sensory panel assessment, and other related parameters were evaluated at different storage times. No significant differences (p>0.05) were found among treatments regarding both ultimate pH and cooking loss %. All additives showed significant (p<0.05) effect at decreasing both TBARS and total carbonyl values. However, the combination of RE and OE showed the highest significant (p<0.05) preservative effect compared to the other treatments. Moreover, the CM treatment showed the highest antioxidant effect, decreasing total aldehydes (TA) formation. The sensory panel also showed that the CM treatment was the most effective additive at improving meat shelf life regarding the selected sensorial attributes. The OE effect was higher than the RE during storage time, and comparable to the E-250 regarding TBARS, DNPH, TA values, and current sensory attributes. The combination OE and RE incorporated with Aloe carrier gel was a successful replacement that could be used in the meat industry. In addition, the gel was a promising natural carrier for both OE and RE during storage. L 1 additives) 2 60 (RE) 3 50 (OE) 4 (CM) 20 E250. E250 E 250 . (E-250) oxidation assessment times p>0.05 p005 p 0 05 (p>0.05 p<0.05 (p<0.05 values However Moreover (TA formation attributes time E-25 DNPH industry addition 6 (RE (OE (CM E25 25 (E-250 p>0.0 p00 (p>0.0 p<0.0 (p<0.0 E-2 E2 (E-25 p>0. p0 (p>0. p<0. (p<0. E- (E-2 p>0 (p>0 p<0 (p<0 (E- p> (p> p< (p< (E (p

ABSTRACT This study was conducted to investigate the impact of a diet supplemented with almond hulls on growth performance, nutrient utilization, cecum microbiota, noxious gas emissions, and the organ weight of broilers. A total of 540, one-day-old Ross-308 broilers were used in this 35-day-long feeding trial. All birds were divided into 3 treatment groups of 10 replicates, each with 18 chicks (18 birds/replication), according to a completely randomized design. The Tukey’s test was used to compare the differences among the 3 treatments. The dietary treatments were a basal diet supplemented with 0%, 1%, and 2% almond hull, respectively. The body weight gain (BWG) of broilers supplemented with almond hull improved (p<0.05) during days 1-7 and in the overall period, whereas it tended to increase (p<0.10) during days 22-35. Additionally, feed intake (FI) tended to increase (p<0.10) during days 1-7 and in the overall experiment period. However, the feed conversion ratio (FCR) remained unchanged (p>0.05) through the supplementation of almond hull up to 2%. The nutrient digestibility of nitrogen and energy tended to increase (p<0.10), whereas the digestibility of dry matter was unchanged (p>0.05). Inclusion of almond hull in broiler diets showed a tendency to decrease (p<0.10) caecal Salmonella count. Moreover, broilers fed a diet supplemented with almond hull decreased (p<0.05) their excreted NH3 emissions. Similar (p>0.05) organ weights were found in broilers with a 2% almond hull-supplemented diet as compared to the control diet. In summary, incorporating up to 2% of almond hulls into broiler diets can enhance growth performance, increase nutrient digestibility, and reduce both microbial count and noxious gas emissions, thereby establishing almond hulls as a promising ingredient for broiler feed. performance utilization microbiota emissions 540 onedayold one day old Ross308 Ross 308 Ross-30 35daylong daylong 35 long trial 1 replicates (1 birds/replication, birdsreplication birds/replication , replication birds/replication) design Tukeys Tukey s 0 0% 1% 2 respectively BWG (BWG p<0.05 p005 p 05 (p<0.05 17 7 1- period p<0.10 p010 (p<0.10 2235. 2235 22 35. 22-35 Additionally FI (FI However FCR (FCR p>0.05 (p>0.05 p<0.10, p>0.05. . Moreover NH hullsupplemented summary 54 Ross30 30 Ross-3 ( p<0.0 p00 (p<0.0 p<0.1 p01 (p<0.1 223 22-3 p>0.0 (p>0.0 5 Ross3 Ross- p<0. p0 (p<0. 22- p>0. (p>0. p<0 (p<0 p>0 (p>0 p< (p< p> (p> (p

ABSTRACT This study aimed to compare the egg quality between the bluish-shelled (BSh) and whitish-shelled (WSh) eggs of Taiwanese Tsaiya ducks. Experiments were conducted to determine eggshell thickness and strength, heat absorption capability, and egg yolk lipid peroxidation. Our results showed that the eggshell thickness and strength of BSh eggs were higher than that of WSh eggs during both the autumn and winter seasons (p<0.05). The egg surface temperature in either indoors and outdoors conditions was higher in the BSh group than in the WSh group. The extent of lipid peroxidation was determined to analyze the anti-oxidative ability of egg yolk. When eggs were stored at room temperature in autumn for 0 day and 7 days, the levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in BSh eggs (1.21±1.04 and 1.49±0.69, respectively) were lower than those of WSh eggs (3.42±1.32 and 3.74±1.86, respectively) (p<0.05). Moreover, TBARs in the BSh group stored at 4°C for 14 days were also lower than those of the WSh group, indicating that despite the heat absorption capability of BSh eggs being higher, the anti-oxidative ability remained sound. Then, we determined serum red blood cells, which are the original source of the anti-oxidant component biliverdin in the egg shell. The results showed that the levels of red blood cells and packed cell volume in the BSh group were higher than those of the WSh group (p<0.05). All in all, we suggest that BSh eggs with higher eggshell thickness and strength and antioxidant capacity may possess greater quality and shelf life. bluishshelled bluish shelled (BSh whitishshelled whitish (WSh ducks p<0.05. p005 p p<0.05 . 05 (p<0.05) antioxidative anti oxidative TBARS (TBARS 1.21±1.04 121104 1 21 04 (1.21±1.0 149069 49 69 1.49±0.69 respectively 3.42±1.32 342132 3 42 32 (3.42±1.3 374186 74 86 3.74±1.86 Moreover 4C C 4 sound Then oxidant shell all life p00 p<0.0 (p<0.05 1.21±1.0 12110 2 (1.21±1. 14906 6 1.49±0.6 3.42±1.3 34213 (3.42±1. 37418 8 3.74±1.8 p0 p<0. (p<0.0 1.21±1. 1211 (1.21±1 1490 1.49±0. 3.42±1. 3421 (3.42±1 3741 3.74±1. p<0 (p<0. 1.21±1 121 (1.21± 149 1.49±0 3.42±1 342 (3.42± 374 3.74±1 p< (p<0 1.21± 12 (1.21 1.49± 3.42± 34 (3.42 37 3.74± (p< 1.21 (1.2 1.49 3.42 (3.4 3.74 (p 1.2 (1. 1.4 3.4 (3. 3.7 1. (1 3. (3 (

ABSTRACT This study was conducted to investigate the influence of two different production systems on the welfare of a new Turkish egg-laying hybrid known as Akbay. A total of 180 Akbay hens at the 80th week of production either reared in a free-range system or conventional cages were used. Live body weight at the 80th week of production was recorded, as well as the weight of immune organs and liver. Plumage damage, foot lesions, stress, and fear were examined. It was observed that the live body weight at the 80th week of production was significantly (p<0.05) higher in the free-range birds as compared to those housed in cages. The rectal temperature was statistically higher (p<0.05) in hens reared in the free-range systems than in those housed in the conventional cages. The percentage of hens with mild to severe foot lesions was higher in the free-range system than in the conventional cages. Plumage damages were more common and severe among hens in cages than among free-range hens. No significant differences were recorded for tonic immobility (TI), the duration of the first head movement, and the number of inductions during TI. The fluctuating asymmetry of the leg and the weight of immune organs and liver were also not significantly different between the housing systems. The housing of laying hens in free range systems improved live body weight with a reduction in stress and feather damage. However, it is suggested that further research should aim at improving the foot lesion issues associated with this housing system. egglaying egg 18 th freerange used damage examined p<0.05 p005 p 0 05 (p<0.05 TI, TI , (TI) movement However 1 p<0.0 p00 (p<0.0 (TI p<0. p0 (p<0. p<0 (p<0 p< (p< (p

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of adding symbiotics to the diet of laying hens in the post-peak laying period on performance variables, egg quality, and nutrient digestibility. One hundred and ninety-eight 70-week-old Dekalb White laying hens were distributed in a completely randomized design with 6 treatments, each with 6 replications of 5 and 6 birds. The treatments were: corn and soybean meal (CSM); CSM + meat and bone meal (MBM); MBM + 0.05% zinc bacitracin additive (ZnBac); MBM + 0.1% Symbiotics in three phases: layer-type chick, pullet, and laying hen (Symb-S; Symb-G and Symb-L). Data were compared by Orthogonal Contrast. The CSM treatment showed better shell thickness when compared to MBM, and a better percentage of albumen. RF and BacZn showed better yolk coloration. ZnBac showed better yolk weight when compared to Symb-S. CSM and ZnBac increased red and yellow yolk colors and Symb-G had an effect for luminosity. The gross energy apparent metabolizability coefficient (GEAMC) was better for CSM and Simb-G. The crude protein apparent metabolizability coefficient (CPAMC) was better with MBM. The dry matter apparent metabolizability coefficient (DMAMC) was better for MBM, Symb-S, and Symb-L. Thus, it is possible to replace antibiotics with symbiotics for laying hens in the post-peak phase. postpeak post peak variables quality digestibility ninetyeight ninety eight 70weekold weekold 70 week old birds (CSM) (MBM) 005 0 05 0.05 (ZnBac) 01 1 0.1 phases layertype layer type chick pullet SymbS Symb S (Symb-S SymbG G SymbL. SymbL L . Symb-L) Contrast albumen coloration SymbS. S. Symb-S luminosity GEAMC (GEAMC SimbG. SimbG Simb G. Simb-G CPAMC (CPAMC DMAMC (DMAMC SymbS, S, L. Symb-L Thus phase 7 (CSM (MBM 00 0.0 (ZnBac 0.

ABSTRACT Caatinga is a biome unique to Brazil, where degradation caused by anthropogenic actions has led to loss of biodiversity and put many species at risk of extinction. The Ceará state is located within the Caatinga and has a rich avifauna. It comprises 433 species, including 13 species that are in danger of extinction, which are found in the Baturité Massif. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency and diversity of enterobacteria in wild birds and determine their susceptibility to antimicrobials. Cloacal swab samples were collected from 50 individuals of 28 different species, including the Ceara Gnatheter (Conopophaga cearae) and the Red-necked Tanager (Tangara cyanocephala), which are classified as vulnerable (VU) by the Brazilian Ministry of the Environment. A total of 55 isolates belonging to 14 different species of Enterobacteriaceae were identified. Among them, Pantoea agglomerans and Escherichia coli were the most prevalent species with isolation rates of 36% and 26%, respectively. The highest rate of antimicrobial resistance found was to ampicillin (41.8%), followed by nalidixic acid (36.3%) and amoxicillin associated with clavulanic acid (32.7%). Drugs that presented best efficacy were tobramycin (96.4%), ciprofloxacin (92.6%), and tetracycline (90.9%). Multidrug resistance was observed in 23.5% of the analyzed strains. This research provides important information about the composition of the cloacal microbiota of wild birds in Mulungu, Brazil, as well as their health status. Additionally, these results demonstrate that they harbor multidrug-resistant strains of Enterobacteriaceae. Brazil extinction avifauna 43 1 Massif antimicrobials 5 2 Conopophaga cearae Rednecked Red necked Tangara cyanocephala, cyanocephala , cyanocephala) VU (VU Environment identified them 36 26 26% respectively 41.8%, 418 41.8% 41 8 (41.8%) 36.3% 363 3 (36.3% 32.7%. 327 32.7% . 32 7 (32.7%) 96.4%, 964 96.4% 96 4 (96.4%) 92.6%, 926 92.6% 92 6 (92.6%) 90.9%. 909 90.9% 90 9 (90.9%) 235 23 23.5 Mulungu status Additionally multidrugresistant multidrug resistant 41.8 (41.8% 36.3 (36.3 32.7 (32.7% 96.4 (96.4% 92.6 (92.6% 90.9 (90.9% 23. 41. (41.8 36. (36. 32. (32.7 96. (96.4 92. (92.6 90. (90.9 (41. (36 (32. (96. (92. (90. (41 (3 (32 (96 (92 (90 (4 ( (9

ABSTRACT Blue eggshells have become economically valuable due to their higher popularity among consumers when compared with eggs of other colors, particularly in East Asia. However, eggshell colors vary widely and gradually become lighter with the increase of age. Therefore, to determine the association between DNA methylation and gene expression on the molecular mechanism of eggshell color variation in Xuefeng Black-bone chickens, we collected the shell glands from chickens that produced dark blue eggshells and light blue eggshells, respectively, and performed whole genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) and RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) on them. The results showed that in the context of CG, DNA methylation levels were the highest compared to CHG and CHH contexts, and were negatively correlated with gene expression levels in three different gene regions in all samples, while there was no significant correlation in the contexts of CHG and CHH. Furthermore, when disregarding the location of coding genes, a total of 55 genes will show differences not only in expression levels but also in DNA methylation levels, and among the majority of differential expression genes (n=50), the DNA methylation levels in the gene body region were the highest. GO analysis and KEGG pathway analysis were performed in these genes and the results showed that the genes NR1H4 and HEPHL1, ABCA4 and ABCA12, and the pathways, cell adhesion molecular, ABC transporters, ECM-receptor interaction, and neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, may affect the color variation of the blue eggshell of Xuefeng Black-bone chickens. Asia However age Therefore Blackbone Black bone respectively WGBS (WGBS RNASeq Seq (RNA-Seq them CG samples Furthermore 5 n=50, n50 n n=50 , 50 (n=50) NRH NR H NR1H HEPHL1 HEPHL ABCA ABCA12 pathways transporters ECMreceptor ECM receptor interaction ligandreceptor ligand n5 n=5 (n=50 ABCA1 n= (n=5 (n= (n

ABSTRACT Livestock and poultry production are critical agricultural industries. Intelligence in the poultry industry has received increasing attention in recent years. An intelligent monitoring system was implemented to manage the poultry house and improve its feeding conditions. Experts can remotely diagnose the health of chickens using a monitor screen. An intelligent video surveillance system was used in this study to evaluate the physical appearance of broilers in a poultry house. Comb color was studied during the long chicken growth phase, and color changes were statistically analyzed. The video surveillance system includes meticulously color-calibrated cameras with an additional YOLOv4 algorithm for comb detection and color recovery. The image data was stored for up to 90 days and then analyzed to understand comb color behavior during growth. This study develops a technique for automatically extracting comb colors that can assist professionals in making color-related broiler health diagnoses in the future. industries years conditions screen phase colorcalibrated calibrated YOLOv recovery 9 colorrelated related future

ABSTRACT This exploratory study aimed to investigate the effects of breed and body mass index (BMI) on arrested-laying (AL) associated with polycystic ovarian syndrome (AL-PCOS) in geese. Moreover, detailed pathological assessments in geese with AL were also performed. Mast geese and Large gray geese were reared under intensive feeding conditions. Observations during the laying season showed that all AL cases (n:8) (7.84%) were in Mast geese (n:102) fed with energy and protein-dense feeds. Necropsy revealed that all Mast geese with AL also had PCOS (8/8). In Mast geese, a significant difference was observed in body weight (BW) (p<0.0001) and BMI (p<0.0001) between the AL-PCOS group and the regular laying group. Follicle classifications detected by necropsy in AL-PCOS geese showed that among the Mast geese with AL-PCOS (n=8), two had atretic and cystic follicles (25%), four had type-1 and type-2 follicles (50%), and two had necrotic type-3 follicles (25%). The research data revealed that AL-PCOS might be correlated with breed and BMI, and that overfeeding and high BMI might increase AL- PCOS in breeds with high egg production, such as Mast geese. Therefore, it is crucial for farms raising high-yielding breeds such as Mast geese to strictly follow the laying periods and feeding regimes for high profitability. No previous reports had ever investigated AL-PCOS in geese, making this study the first of its kind. Moreover, the current study is also among the few presenting data on geese reproductive physiology and pathology. (BMI arrestedlaying arrested (AL ALPCOS (AL-PCOS Moreover performed conditions n8 n 8 (n:8 7.84% 784 7 84 (7.84% n102 102 (n:102 proteindense protein dense feeds 8/8. 88 8/8 . (8/8) BW (BW p<0.0001 p00001 p 0 0001 (p<0.0001 n=8, n=8 , (n=8) 25%, 25 25% (25%) type1 type 1 type- type2 2 50%, 50 50% (50%) type3 3 25%. production Therefore highyielding yielding profitability kind pathology (n: 7.84 78 (7.84 n10 10 (n:10 8/ (8/8 p<0.000 p0000 000 (p<0.000 n= (n=8 (25% 5 (50% (n 7.8 (7.8 n1 (n:1 (8/ p<0.00 p000 00 (p<0.00 (n= (25 (50 7. (7. (8 p<0.0 p00 (p<0.0 (2 (5 (7 ( p<0. p0 (p<0. p<0 (p<0 p< (p< (p

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of acidifier on broilers’ performance. A total of 648-day-old broilers were assigned to four treatments (0, 1, 2, and 3 g/kg acidifier in the diet). In the grower period, the acidifier inclusion resulted in a higher average daily weight gain (ADWG) than in the control. On the 40th day of age, 3 g/kg of acidifier increased ADWG and average daily feed intake (ADFI). The highest ADWG was observed in the 3 g/kg of acidifier treatment for the whole period. Orthogonal contrast between acidifier and control indicated that cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) concentration in the serum was lower in the acidifier-fed broilers. Inclusion of 2 and 3 g/kg of acidifier reduced Salmonella population in the ileum. Adding 2 and 3 g/kg acidifier to the diet increased crypt depth compared to other treatments. Weight and length of the tibia were also significantly increased by acidifier. The quadratic effect showed that the acidifier had a significant effect on the tibio-tarsal index. The mRNA expression of PPARγ and Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) genes in the ileum of broilers that were fed 3 g/kg acidifier was significantly higher than in other treatments. Fatty Acid-Binding Protein 1 gene showed a significant enhancement effect by the acidifier: with increasing levels of acidifier, its expression also increased. In conclusion, the acidifier improved the performance, upregulated the expression of ileal fatty acid-binding protein 1 (FABP1), TLR4, and PPARγ genes, as well as increased the tibia length, and reduced the Salmonella population in the ileum. performance 648dayold dayold 648 old 0, 0 (0 gkg g kg diet. . diet) period (ADWG th age ADFI. ADFI (ADFI) highdensity high density HDL (HDL acidifierfed tibiotarsal tibio tarsal index TollLike Toll Like TLR4 TLR (TLR4 AcidBinding Acid Binding conclusion acidbinding acid binding FABP1, FABP1 FABP , (FABP1) 64 ( (ADFI (TLR (FABP1 6 (FABP

ABSTRACT The selection of an appropriate production system plays a crucial role in ensuring the health, welfare, and productivity of American Pekin ducks. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of various rearing production systems on the performance of American Pekin Ducks. A total of 180 straight run ducklings (10 days old) were randomly allocated into three experimental groups: intensive production system (IPS), free-range production system (FRPS), and pool with yard production system (PYPS). The distribution was carried out following a completely randomized design. We investigated the morphological parameters, growth performance, serum chemistry, meat cholesterol and triacylglycerol, cellular immunity, intestinal morphology, and carcass traits of Pekin ducks. The results indicate that PYPS birds exhibited significantly better morphometric parameters compared to IPS and FRPS ones. Ducks raised in PYPS had the highest growth rate till the 75th day as compared to those reared in IPS and FRPS. Triacylglycerol, total lipids, blood and meat fat and triacylglycerol were higher in IPS; whereas albumin, AG ratio, total proteins, glucose, and globulin were higher in PYPS. Similarly, cellular immunity (phagocytic activity, eosinophils, basophils, and monocytes) was increased in PYPS. Intestinal morphology and overall carcass traits were better in birds reared under PYPS than in those of IPS and FRPS. American Pekin ducks raised in PYPS showed improved growth, serum chemistry, cellular immunity, and carcass traits. These results suggest that the PYPS could be a promising production system for raising ducks in sub-tropical regions. health welfare 18 10 (1 old groups IPS, , (IPS) freerange free range FRPS, (FRPS) . (PYPS) design chemistry ones th Triacylglycerol lipids albumin ratio proteins glucose Similarly phagocytic activity eosinophils basophils monocytes subtropical sub tropical regions 1 ( (IPS (FRPS (PYPS