Abstract Riverine forests have high floristic diversity and are heterogeneous, even when they are near each other. Therefore, we aimed to compare three riverine forest remnants of Southern Brazil located in the Pampa biome regarding floristic and structural biodiversity, to: i) check whether the studied forest fragments maintain heterogeneity and high floristic richness as seen in riverine forests, even when close to each other, and ii) indicate the predominant successional groups in each remnant. A total of 81 sampling units were established, and all trees with diameter at breast height ≥ 15 cm were measured. We sampled 1,659 individuals, 67 species, and 34 families. The richness and structure of the three communities differed, confirming the high heterogeneity of riverine forests. One of the remnants had a higher predominance of pioneer species and individuals, which differentiated it from the other two. The latter, in turn, showed higher similarity in floristic and structural composition, with a predominance of secondary and late successional individuals and species. Differences in soil moisture, in the size and shape of fragments may be factors that contributed to the floristic and structural diversity observed. The remnants, although small and surrounded by monocultures, are heterogeneous and important for biodiversity conservation. Therefore i ii remnant 8 established 1 measured 1659 659 1,65 6 3 families differed two latter turn composition moisture observed monocultures conservation 165 65 1,6 16 1,

ABSTRACT The literature reveals difficulties in taxonomic and phylogenetic delimitations of Miconia Ruiz & Pav. and Leandra Raddi (Melastomataceae), it’s suggested that leaf anatomical characters, particularly the trichomes, can be useful within the genera. Characters related to the trichomes and leaf blade structure of 15 species of Miconieae (five species of Leandra and ten species of Miconia) were evaluated as a taxonomic criterion to separate the selected species. In addition, some considerations were made about the structure of the leaves, which can be affected by environmental factors. Leaf samples were obtained from herbaria and anatomically investigated using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Leaves are hypostomatous, dorsiventral or isobilateral, and exhibit epidermis in general with non- glandular and glandular trichomes. A hypodermis has been found only in Miconia theaezans. Conical trichomes and mixed trichomes (non-glandular and glandular) are present only in the five species of Leandra. Dendritic trichomes have been found in species of both genera. Leaf features of potential taxonomic significance are the trichome types, presence of hypodermis, number of layer palisade parenchyma, occurrence of gelatinous fibers, midrib structure, and margin structure. Xeromorphic and sclerophyllous features are present in Leandra and Miconia species, and Leandra microphylla may be considered a xerophyte. Pav Melastomataceae, Melastomataceae , (Melastomataceae) its it s characters genera 1 addition leaves factors hypostomatous isobilateral non theaezans nonglandular types parenchyma fibers xerophyte (Melastomataceae

Abstract Seed dispersal is a process that can drive the spatial distribution of the community and subsequent plant-to-plant interaction and the study of these processes provides information for biodiversity management. Seed dispersal has been scarcely studied for Tamaulipan thornscrub, but dispersal syndromes based on fruit and seed characteristics are helpful to predict sites of seed deposition. In the present work, we determine the spatial relationships between seedlings and saplings around adult trees with different dispersal syndromes and infer the interactions through the community with spatial point pattern analysis using univariate and bivariate pair correlation functions, as well as multivariate Spatially explicit Simpson index β(r) and Individual species-area relationship (ISAR). We found a clustered distribution pattern of animal-dispersed seedlings and saplings at 1 m around adult trees, regardless of the dispersal syndrome. We also observed a repulsion of these seedlings at 7-9 m from the stems. Non-animal dispersed adult trees, seedlings, and saplings exhibited a random distribution. Species with animal dispersal syndrome are clumped and have mainly interspecific interactions at a small scale. Using dispersal syndromes, our findings illustrate the influence that seed dispersion might have on the spatial organization and intra- and interspecific interactions of species of Tamaulipan thornscrub. planttoplant plant management thornscrub deposition work functions βr β r β(r speciesarea area ISAR. ISAR . (ISAR) animaldispersed 79 7 9 7- stems Nonanimal Non scale intra (ISAR

Abstract This study aimed to identify fusarioid fungi in the soils of sustainably managed agricultural areas and a fragment of the Brazilian Caatinga, both in a semi-arid region of Brazil. We provide a survey of peer-reviewed papers reporting the substrates, hosts, and geographic regions in Brazil in which the identified species were of agricultural interest. Soil samples were collected in July 2019, February 2020, and July 2020 from different agroecosystems and a fragment of the Brazilian Caatinga in rural Triunfo, Brazil. Fusarioid fungi were obtained by serial dilution of soil and colony purification using single-conidial culturing. Maximum likelihood evaluation (ML) based on sequences from the tef1-α gene was used to identify fusarioid fungi. The distribution of these species in other agroecosystems and the natural environment in Brazil was assessed by an extensive search of the literature available in public databases. Fusarium annulatum, F. verticillioides, F. lacertarum, and Neocosmospora vasinfecta were identified. These species are distributed throughout Brazil and are registered as plant pathogens, mainly in areas with conventional agriculture. These data reinforce the importance of sustainable soil management in agricultural areas and expand our knowledge of the behavior of these microorganisms in environments without human interference. semiarid semi arid peerreviewed peer reviewed substrates hosts interest 2019 202 Triunfo singleconidial single conidial culturing ML (ML tef1α tefα tef1 α tef databases annulatum F verticillioides lacertarum pathogens agriculture interference 201 20 2

Abstract Grangea maderaspatana is a valuable medicinal plant growing in salt-affected areas, but its tolerance capability, physiological and biochemical responses to salinity is still unclear. To understand these traits, this study examined effects of salinity at different levels (50-400 mM NaCl) on plant growth and its responses. The results shown that the plant’s dry biomass decreased with increasing salinity levels of 100-400 mM NaCl, but its growth was maintained at 400 mM NaCl level with a dry biomass equal to 0.45 times that of the control, indicating that G. maderaspatana had a tolerance ability to high salinity. The plant also had adaptive responses to the salinity. The content of leaf chlorophylls and carotenoids were retained, even enhanced by 50-200 mM NaCl, suggesting a high adaptation of photosynthesis. Proline, Na+, and Cl- was highly accumulated while the accumulation of K+ and NO3 - was maintained with 200-400 mM NaCl, indicating that the plant had adaptive mechanisms for osmotic adjustment and ion homeostasis. Antioxidative activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, and peroxidase were enhanced by the salinity. These findings are useful information for understanding salt tolerance mechanisms and for utilization of this medicinal plant in saline agriculture. saltaffected affected areas capability unclear traits 50400 50 (50-40 plants s 100400 100 100-40 40 045 0 45 0.4 control G retained 50200 200 50-20 photosynthesis Proline Na Na+ Cl K NO 200400 200-40 homeostasis catalase dismutase agriculture 5040 5 (50-4 10040 10 100-4 4 04 0. 5020 20 50-2 20040 200-4 504 (50- 1004 1 100- 502 2 50- 2004 200- (50 (5 (

ABSTRACT This was the first study conducted on the diversity and abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) species and quantification of glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) fractions, as well as on their relationship with environmental and soil chemical and physical properties along an elevation gradient above 1000 m in a Brazilian Atlantic cloud forest. AMF diversity was assessed by examining spores extracted from soil samples collected near the roots of the 18 most common plant species in permanent plots established in the field at altitudes of 1500, 1700, 1900, and 2100 meters above sea level. Fifteen AMF species were found, most of them belonging to the families Acaulosporaceae, Glomeraeceae, and Gigasporaceae. Compositions of the AMF community varied among the altitudes; Acaulospora was the predominant genus, with six species. The total Bradford-reactive soil protein (BRSP) and the easily extractable BRSP (EE-BRSP) soil glomalin were the highest at the altitude of 2100 m (5.7 and 3.8 mg.g soil-1, respectively). Altitude and environment and soil characteristics affected the composition and diversity (Shannon index) of the AMF communities. However, the effect of altitude on AMF diversity can be estimated, indirectly, through its effect on plant diversity. (AMF glomalinrelated related GRSP (GRSP fractions 100 forest 1 1500 1700 1900 210 level found Acaulosporaceae Glomeraeceae Gigasporaceae genus Bradfordreactive Bradford reactive (BRSP EEBRSP EE (EE-BRSP 5.7 57 5 7 (5. 38 3 8 3. mgg mg g soil1, soil1 1, soil-1 respectively. respectively . respectively) Shannon index communities However estimated indirectly 10 150 170 190 21 5. (5 soil- 15 17 19 2 (

Abstract During a taxonomic investigation of the names classified under Scleria subgenus Scleria section Hymenolytrum, it was necessary to replace the lectotype of S. macrogyne, as the specimen does not agree with the original description. In addition, we propose S. ramosa as a new synonym of S. macrogyne and discuss the reestablishment of S. cyperinoides as an accepted name. Hymenolytrum S description addition name

ABSTRACT In ecotonal Cerrado areas, the addition of Amazonian and Atlantic Forest species mainly occurs through connections between forest areas and forest physiognomies. In this context, the biome is a unique region for research on the influence of geographical and historical factors on its biota. In tropical ecotonal regions, integrated communities can exist on soils that present variations in fertility, physical properties and depth, which results in heterogeneity of physiognomies. It was tested the hypothesis that edaphic conditions related to calcium availability are significantly related to species composition and structural parameters in two physiognomies. The study was conducted in the Cerrado of the Chapada das Mesas National Park (CMNP) in the city of Carolina, Northeast Brazil, and the sample universe consisted of 18 areas in two physiognomies. The initial hypothesis was confirmed. The results and inferences about the vegetation structure and physical-chemical parameters of the soil, suggest that the management for conservation of the CMNP must consider the particularities of the Cerrado physiognomies and the vegetation responses to environmental filters, such as edaphic conditions and associations with other organisms. context biota regions fertility depth (CMNP Carolina Brazil 1 confirmed physicalchemical chemical soil filters organisms

Abstract Sambucus australis (Viburnaceae) is a wild and native species from South America used in traditional medicine. The objective of this review is to collect information on geographic distribution, systematics and phylogeny, morphological and anatomical characteristics, biochemical composition, and biological and ethnobotanical activity for its valorization as a wild food plant with edible and medicinal properties. S. australis grows naturally in Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia, Uruguay, and Argentina. It is a shrub or small dioecious tree. Leaves are imparipinnate, generally with 11 opposite leaflets. Flowers with a 1-cm diameter are presented in inflorescences as terminal corymbs, with an inferior, pentacarpellate and pentalocular ovary. Leaves and flowers have a high content of total phenols. The following secondary metabolites were found: quercetin, isoquercetrin, quercetin, Kaempferol, hyperoside, rutin, and di-O-caffeoylquinic, chlorogenic, gallic, caffeic, and ellagic acids. Its biological activity was described as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, allelopathic, antiproliferative, antigenotoxic, antiparasitic, hypoglycemic, lipid-lowering, antibacterial and synergizing. Ethnobotanical studies have shown that its flowers, leaves, fruits, bark and roots are used to treat asthma, colds, flu, diabetes, measles, etc. Knowledge about the characteristics, properties, and uses of S. australis is an important contribution for its valorization, conservation, sustainable use and domestication Viburnaceae (Viburnaceae medicine distribution phylogeny characteristics composition properties S Brazil Paraguay Bolivia Uruguay Argentina tree imparipinnate 1 leaflets 1cm cm corymbs inferior ovary phenols found quercetin isoquercetrin Kaempferol hyperoside rutin diOcaffeoylquinic, diOcaffeoylquinic di O caffeoylquinic, caffeoylquinic di-O-caffeoylquinic chlorogenic gallic caffeic acids antiinflammatory, antiinflammatory anti inflammatory, inflammatory anti-inflammatory antioxidant allelopathic antiproliferative antigenotoxic antiparasitic hypoglycemic lipidlowering, lipidlowering lipid lowering, lowering lipid-lowering synergizing leaves fruits asthma colds flu diabetes measles etc conservation

ABSTRACT We discuss the importance of fern and lycophyte species in the Atlantic Forest ecosystem as well as the need for floristic inventories to understand their distribution and conservation status. We focus on the Serra do Papagaio region in southeastern Brazil, which is known for its high plant diversity but lacks comprehensive inventories of ferns and lycophytes. In this study, we conducted a floristic inventory of Serra do Papagaio and identified 172 fern and 29 lycophyte species. Our findings reveal 21 threatened species and two new records for Minas Gerais State. Additionally, we compared the floristic composition of Serra do Papagaio with that of other areas within the Atlantic Forest using non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) and generalized dissimilarity modeling (GDM) analyses. The results highlight distinct clusters of areas based on elevation and geographic location. We emphasize the need for further sampling and conservation efforts in Serra do Papagaio as well as provide valuable insights into the drivers of fern and lycophyte diversity in the Atlantic Forest. status Brazil lycophytes study 17 2 State Additionally nonmetric non metric NMDS (NMDS GDM (GDM analyses location 1

Abstract Seaweeds have been used by several industrial sectors, such as the food, feed, pharmaceutical and biofuel industries. Thereby, techniques to increase seaweed production are needed due to the rising global demand for biomass. Thus, we investigated the effects of different weekly nutrient pulses [N and P at ratios of 10:1 (T1), 20:2 (T2), and 50:5 (T3)] on the biomass, relative growth rate (RGR) and biochemical composition of Gracilaria domingensis. A control without nutrient pulses was also established. The highest biomass values were recorded in T1. The RGR was more constant in T1 and T2 than in T3 throughout the cultivation. Significant decreases in RGR were observed in the control compared to the other treatments, and null RGR was recorded in T3. Regarding the seaweed biochemical composition, the lowest carbohydrate and lipid content and the highest ash content were recorded in T1. In our study, G. domingensis showed nutritional values similar or even superior to those reported for other seaweeds used as food. We concluded that T1 is the most suitable treatment to increase G. domingensis production. In addition to being the least expensive treatment, in T1, G. domingensis exhibited the highest biomass values, constant RGR, and nutritional composition suitable for human consumption. sectors food feed industries Thereby Thus N 101 10 1 10: T , (T1) 202 20 2 20: T2, (T2) 505 50 5 50: (T3) (RGR established cultivation treatments study G consumption (T1 (T2 (T3 (T

Abstract We describe, discuss and illustrate Alstroemeria maranhensis, a new species from the Cerrado domain in south-central Maranhão State, Brazil. We also provide a distribution map, a photographic plate and taxonomic comments. The new species is morphologically similar to A. viridiflora, though differs by having predominantly white flowers (vs. reddish or yellowish in A. viridiflora), falcate lower outer tepals (vs. not falcate) and obovate-spatulate lower inner tepal with attenuate and flat base (vs. spatulate without attenuate and/or flat base). describe maranhensis southcentral south central State Brazil map comments A viridiflora vs. vs (vs , viridiflora) obovatespatulate obovate andor base. . base)

Abstract This article delves into the evolving landscape of ethnobiology, mainly focusing on integrating quantitative approaches and the hypothetical-deductive method. We highlight the challenges associated with adopting quantitative tools, such as the potential for oversimplification and lack of critical reflection on the principles guiding these methods. We also examine ecological diversity indices, cultural importance indices, sample sufficiency, replication in studies, and the importance of spatial-temporal context in ethnobiological research. We conclude with practical tips to enhance research's validity, reliability, and generalizability, proposing a path forward for the discipline that respects its essence while adapting to the demands of scientific evolution. While this paper broadly addresses ethnobiology, it primarily focuses on Ethnobotany literature, highlighting the field's rapid advancements and its relevance to other areas within ethnobiology. ethnobiology hypotheticaldeductive hypothetical deductive method tools methods indices sufficiency studies spatialtemporal spatial temporal research researchs s validity reliability generalizability evolution literature fields field

ABSTRACT Freshwater habitats are among the most degraded environments, with organisms living in multi-stressor conditions. We tested the photosynthetic performance of Oedogonium sp., a freshwater green alga, after exposure to an herbicide combined with temperature increases related to climate change. Treatments were designed by combining nominal concentrations (0.00 or control, 0.05, 0.6 and 1.2 mg/L) of tebuthiuron with temperature increases projected by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change for the scenarios RCP 4.5 (+2.3 ºC) and RCP 8.5 (+3.4 ºC). Treatment concentrations were determined based on i) the maximum concentration allowed by the US Environmental Protection Agency in water bodies, ii) the recommended application dosage by the manufacturer and iii) a worst-case scenario. Chlorophyll a fluorescence analysis showed that tebuthiuron concentrations of 0.6 mg/L or higher, regardless of temperature, negatively affected the photosynthetic performance of the alga, with reduced quantum photosynthetic yield associated with increased non-regulated, non-photochemical energy loss. Oxygen evolution curve analyses revealed a significant drop in the photosynthetic rate of Oedogonium sp. under both RCP scenarios in comparison to the scenario without temperature increase, with decreases ranging from 13% to 70% among treatments. Despite the clear negative effects of exposure to both stressors individually, no combined effect was observed. environments multistressor multi stressor conditions sp alga change 0.00 000 0 00 (0.0 control 005 05 0.05 06 6 0. 12 1 2 1. mgL mg L 45 4 5 4. +2.3 23 3 (+2. ºC 85 8 8. +3.4 34 (+3. ºC. . i bodies ii iii worstcase worst case higher nonregulated, nonregulated non regulated, regulated non-regulated nonphotochemical photochemical loss increase 13 70 treatments individually observed 0.0 (0. +2. (+2 +3. (+3 7 (0 +2 (+ +3 ( +