Abstract Careful consideration of cultural elements is required in the transfer of legal texts within the field of specialized translation, according to Borja (2000, p. 163). The translator faces a set of difficulties not only when finding the suitable equivalences between legal systems, but also when mediating between cultures. Last wills constitute a type of legal text that is subjected to a fixed macrostructure (Alcaraz et al., 2006, p. 371) frequently bestrewed with cultural elements. This paper presents a practical perspective on translating five culturally-bound elements in a last will and testament originally drafted in English and translated into Galician by 36 final-year translation students. Furthermore, the proper use of parallel texts will also be dealt with, considering that these ‘authentic texts’ (Nord, 2010, p. 13) provide essential linguistic and cultural information during the translation process. Non-professional translators, undergraduates, in this case, search for and use the parallel texts they need to carry out an in-depth analysis to extract those sections that guide their work (Roiss, 2009, p. 134). Parallel texts were attached to their assignment and later examined to reinforce student’s learning process of legal translation module. The analysis has shown that most students could identify a set of parallel texts, suitable for the transfer of the five cultural items discussed here. By carrying out this practice, students have learnt not only where to find these texts while taking this module but also how to use them as a useful translation tool.

Resumo Graças à globalização, alguns sistemas culturais subalternos ficaram à margem do fluxo internacional do capital económico e cultural. Tal é o caso do sistema galego, dependente do espanhol, situado no topo da hierarquia no Estado espanhol e que recebe a maioria dos investimentos públicos. Apesar da escassez de orçamentos destinados a projetos em galego, alguns estudos (Montero Küpper, 2017, 2020) demonstraram que a tradução desempenha um papel crucial para a construção sociocultural da Galiza e para a normalização da língua. De modo análogo, o crescente desenvolvimento da tecnologia motivou a adoção de recursos e ferramentas digitais para auxiliar/otimizar o processo tradutório. A criação de ferramentas e recursos para línguas como o inglês evidencia mais a carência tecnológica para línguas minoritárias como o galego. Contudo, González (2005) aponta para o surgimento de diferentes ferramentas e recursos de tradução que trabalham com o galego, embora não sejam considerados suficientes. É neste contexto que se enquadra a presente investigação, que visa analisar as atitudes/percepções dos profissionais da tradução galegos relativamente às ferramentas e recursos digitais e investigar o modo como a tecnologia tem afetado o mercado de trabalho em tradução na Galiza. Quanto à metodologia, foi realizado um questionário seguindo uma abordagem da Sociologia da Tradução, tendo em conta que consideramos decisivo definir, em termos sociodemográficos, a amostra de profissionais recolhida. Foram elaboradas questões que permitiram uma análise das atitudes dos profissionais perante as ferramentas e recursos de tradução e sobre as quais nos debruçamos pormenorizadamente neste artigo.

Abstract Globalization has pushed subaltern cultural systems to the margins of the international flow of economic and cultural capital. Such is the case of the Galician system, which is dependent on the Spanish one, situated at the top of the hierarchy in the Spanish state and receiving most of the public investments. Despite the scarcity of budgets allocated to projects in Galician, some studies (Montero Küpper, 2017, 2020) have shown that translation plays a crucial role in the sociocultural establishment of Galicia and in the normalization of the language. Similarly, the increasing development of technology has prompted the adoption of digital resources and tools to assist/optimize the translation process. The creation of tools and resources for languages such as English further highlights the contrasting technological shortcomings for minority languages like Galician. Nevertheless, González (2005) points to the emergence of different translation tools and resources that work with Galician, although they are not considered as sufficient. Our research is framed in this theoretical context, aiming to analyze the attitudes/perceptions of Galician translation professionals towards digital tools and resources and investigate how technology affects their work in Galicia. As for the methodology, we conducted a questionnaire following an approach stemming from the Sociology of Translation, since we considered this to be decisive so as to define, in sociodemographic terms, our sample of professionals. The questions asked allowed us to analyze professionals’ attitudes towards translation tools and resources, the outcomes of which will be discussed in detail in this article.

Abstract This paper examines the potential of cloud technologies in audiovisual translator education with a particular emphasis on cloud subtitling. The fast-growing global demand for multimedia content has recently led to the significant growth of audiovisual translation (AVT) as both a professional avenue and an academic discipline (Díaz-Cintas, 2019). Developments in cloud computing have profoundly altered work in the language and translation industries in general and media localisation workflows in particular (Díaz-Cintas & Massidda, 2019). The market’s leading stakeholders are currently exploiting cloud technologies in an attempt to maximise resources, extend freelance networks and enhance efficiency. Access to most of these technologies, however, remains restricted to the largest media-streaming and translation service providers, meaning that they cannot be utilised by the public, not least would-be translators and trainers. The umbilical connection between translator education and new technologies, such as cloud computing, calls for a more detailed examination of how cloud subtitling is being integrated into the AVT classroom. Indeed, to be fully employable in an ever-changing market, AVT trainees need to be fully conversant in the latest technologies (Cerezo-Merchán, 2018) and adapt to new ecosystems quickly. The ubiquitous cloud-based revoicing and subtitling editors used in the industry are becoming timidly, albeit steadily, more manifest in higher education. This paper thus examines the uses of cloud subtitling systems in audiovisual translator education following instances of action research (AR) experimentation. It presents the results from a pilot AR study conducted at a translator training institution and ultimately proposes ways to further explore cloud technologies in higher education while fostering academia-industry partnerships.

Resumo El comercio de las frutas frescas y hortalizas ha sufrido una gran transformación en los últimos años. Los hábitos de compra de los consumidores están muy condicionados por la oferta online, al proporcionar Internet una herramienta eficaz de comunicación y transacción. Las páginas Web de venta online de estos productos, además de incluir información precisa sobre sus características nutricionales, hacen especial hincapié en presentarlos de una forma atractiva, en base a las sensaciones gratas que producen al ser ingeridos. Este estudio analiza el lenguaje persuasivo, así como las colocaciones más frecuentes, en las referencias utilizadas para describir los aspectos gustativos en fichas descriptivas de peras y manzanas procedentes de páginas web de empresas hortofrutícolas. Hemos partido de un análisis contrastivo inglés-español de un corpus ad hoc comparable bilingüe. Observamos que se utiliza una terminología variada con una finalidad persuasiva, además de fraseología valorativa relativa al sabor. Éstas hacen referencia a cuatro aspectos fundamentalmente: (1) el placer que se experimenta al comer esta fruta; (2) las menciones a su sabor inconfundible, característico y único; (3) las alusiones al carácter divertido o festivo de su sabor; y (4) los comentarios sobre su grado de sabor, intensidad o autenticidad.

Abstract The fresh fruit and vegetable trade has undergone a major transformation in recent years. Consumers' purchasing habits are highly conditioned by the online offer, as the Internet provides an efficient communication and transaction tool. In addition to including precise information on their nutritional characteristics, the online sales websites for these products place special emphasis on presenting them in an attractive way, based on the pleasant sensations they produce when ingested. This study analyzes persuasive language and the most frequent collocations in references used to describe the gustatory aspects in descriptive profiles of pears and apples found on websites of fruit companies. We conducted an English-Spanish contrastive analysis of a comparable bilingual ad hoc corpus. We observed that a varied terminology is used with a persuasive purpose, along with evaluative phraseology related to taste. These refer primarily to four aspects: (1) the pleasure experienced when consuming this fruit; (2) mentions of its unmistakable, characteristic and unique taste; (3) allusions to the enjoyable or festive nature of its flavor; and (4) comments regarding its level of taste, intensity or authenticity.

Resumen En este artículo se han analizado respuestas a un cuestionario, que tenía como objetivo conocer la situación y las necesidades de intérpretes que trabajan con víctimas de violencia de género sordas, migrantes, refugiadas y solicitantes de asilo, en el marco del proyecto europeo JUSTISIGNS2. El análisis se ha focalizado en el caso de la interpretación de lengua de signos en España. Se ha hecho una selección de ítems del cuestionario que contribuye a una mejor comprensión del contexto en que se producen los intercambios mediados por intérprete en el caso de víctimas sordas. Los datos se han presentado estableciendo un contraste entre los obtenidos del total de respuestas recibidas y los que se refieren específicamente a la interpretación de la lengua de signos española en la mayoría de las preguntas. Las y los intérpretes, tanto de lenguas orales como signadas, destacan la necesidad de formación específica como un instrumento fundamental para la mejor atención a las víctimas de violencia de género.

Abstract This article analyses some of the responses to a questionnaire developed in the framework of the JUSTISIGNS2 European project, which aimed to understand the situation and needs of interpreters working with deaf, migrant, refugee and asylum seeking victims of gender-based violence. The analysis has particularly focused on the case of Sign Language interpreting in Spain. In this regard, a selection of items from the questionnaire has been made which, in the opinion of the authors, can best contribute to the understanding of the context in which interpreter-mediated exchanges take place in the case of deaf victims. The data have been presented, for most of the questions, contrasting those obtained from the total number of responses with those referring specifically to Spanish Sign Language interpreting. Both oral and sign language interpreters highlight the need for specific training as a fundamental tool for better assistance to gender-based violence victims.

Resumen El presente estudio se centra en un aspecto concreto de la interpretación telefónica (IT), una forma de interpretación remota que está ganando gran popularidad en el mercado de la interpretación. El principal objetivo de este artículo se centra en el análisis de las principales diferencias entre las aperturas de llamadas de teléfonos fijos y móviles, y más concretamente las llamadas a móviles de un servicio de interpretación telefónica en la toma de contacto de la operadora de la empresa proveedora de servicios (OP) telefónicos con el intérprete antes de pasar a prestar el servicio al cliente. Los datos provienen de 23 conversaciones reales realizadas por los intérpretes de chino y español en una empresa que presta servicios de IT. El estudio sigue una metodología cualitativa, basada en el análisis de esos primeros contactos en dichas conversaciones grabadas y transcritas. Los sujetos de estudio son intérpretes profesionales con experiencia en ambas modalidades de interpretación, presencial y telefónica, y la temática de las conversaciones se limita en nuestro estudio a la asistencia en carretera. A partir de los resultados se pretende establecer información para diseñar acciones formativas.

Abstract The present study focuses on a specific aspect of telephone interpreting (TI), a form of remote interpreting that is gaining popularity in the interpreting market. The article focuses on the analysis of mobile phone call openings, and more specifically on the interactions between the service provider's operator and the interpreter before providing the service to the client. The study follows a qualitative methodology, based on the analysis of this first contact in 23 real conversations carried out by Chinese and Spanish interpreters in a company providing IT services. The subjects of the study are professional interpreters with experience in both face-to-face and telephone interpreting, and the subject matter of the conversations is limited in our study to roadside assistance. The results are intended to provide information for the design of training actions.

Abstract Didactic audio description (DAD) refers to the use of active audio description (AD) tasks where students generate the AD text themselves. In foreign language teaching, DAD has been used to improve linguistic and oral competences, integrated and intercultural skills, media literacy, mediation, or accessibility awareness, with positive results. This article explores students’ perceptions about active AD to promote transferable skills development through data gathered from a series of two experiments implemented at the University of Manchester between 2018 and 2020. Specifically, it explores (i) whether participants perceived an improvement in their transferable skills, and (ii) in which specific skills sub-sets they did so. Quantitative data show high perceptions of transferable skills development (especially decision making, summarizing, and communicative skills) even when perceptions of the usefulness of AD to foster linguistic skills were low. Qualitative data show that the skills range where participants perceived improvement was broader than predicted, as responses to open-ended questions mentioned skills not foregrounded in closed questions, such as integrated skills, metalinguistic skills, mediation, and accessibility awareness. This suggests that active DAD tasks could be useful in diverse settings to promote a holistic learning experience where students simultaneously develop linguistic and non-linguistic abilities, and where accessibility and inclusion are at the forefront.

Resumen Pretende-se analisar o uso de perífrases verbais portuguesas na tradução de textos alemães, observando os elementos do texto de partida que levam a essa decisão tradutiva. Com base num corpus de tradução de texto literário alemão-português, foram analisadas as ocorrências de acabar de, parar de, deixar de e acabar por + Infinitivo, observando-se a sua frequência e o seu significado. Em seguida, identificaram-se os elementos do texto de partida que desencadeiam o uso da perífrase ou lhe estão associados. Os resultados da análise foram comparados com as descrições de significado das perífrases verbais presentes em estudos linguísticos e gramáticas, verificando-se até que ponto eram compatíveis ou complementares dos estudos existentes. Por fim, compararam-se os dados relativos às perífrases que remetem para o final das situações com os resultados de estudos anteriores sobre o uso tradutivo das perífrases aspetuais de início e parte intermédia das situações.

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to analyse the use of Portuguese verbal periphrases in the translation of German texts, by examining the elements of the source text that lead to this translation decision. Based on a German-Portuguese translation corpus of literary text, the occurrences of acabar de, parar de, deixar de and acabar por+Infinitive were collected and analysed regarding frequency and meaning. The elements of the source text that trigger or are associated with the use of the periphrases were then identified. The results of the analysis were compared with the descriptions of the meaning of verbal periphrases found in linguistic studies and grammars, verifying to what extent they were compatible with or complementary to existing studies. Finally, the data concerning periphrases referring to the end of situations were compared with the results of previous studies on the translational use of aspectual periphrases that focus on the beginning and middle part of situations.

Resumen Los avances científicos y la complejidad del contexto sociológico en el cual se practica la medicina en un mundo cada día más globalizado e interconectado plantean nuevos interrogantes éticos y legales sobre los derechos y obligaciones de los pacientes, los profesionales de la salud y los servicios públicos de atención sanitaria. A pesar del avance significativo e innegable que supone el cambio de paradigma en la relación médico-paciente y el gran desarrollo que ha conocido el derecho médico y la bioética en los últimos años, la población sigue encontrando serios obstáculos lingüísticos y culturales para ejercer su derecho a la información y a la toma de decisiones en relación con su salud. En este trabajo presentamos parte de los resultados del proyecto de investigación HIPÓCRATES del grupo español GENTT, dirigido a humanizar la atención sanitaria mediante la mejora de la comunicación médico-paciente en entornos multilingües. En concreto, nos centraremos en los avances realizados en la investigación de los aspectos textuales del Consentimiento Informado (CI), un género médico cuya redacción y traducción tiene un gran impacto en contextos clínicos debido a sus implicaciones éticas y legales. La complejidad léxico-sintáctica de este género y la falta de patrones estandarizados en su redacción dificultan la comprensibilidad, así como la identificación de las secuencias retóricas en las que se plasman la funciones comunicativa y legal, especialmente cuando emisor y receptor tienen idiomas y culturas médicas diferentes. Presentaremos la herramienta de análisis textual ProText GENTT, desarrollada en el contexto del proyecto, que utiliza técnicas tradicionales de explotación de corpus combinadas con aprendizaje automático e inteligencia artificial. Con la ayuda de esta herramienta hemos realizado un análisis del corpus multilingüe (español, catalán e inglés) de textos de CI compilado por nuestro equipo (GENTT_Corpus), que nos ha permitido identificar los principales elementos lingüístico-textuales y retóricos que dificultan su comprensión. A partir de estos resultados, nuestro grupo trabaja actualmente en la propuesta de modelos optimizados con distintos niveles de complejidad tanto en formato tradicional como digital (e-consent).

Abstract Scientific advances and the complexity of the sociological context in which medicine is practised in an increasingly globalised and interconnected world raise new ethical and legal questions about the rights and obligations of patients, health professionals and public health care services. Despite the significant and undeniable progress brought about by the paradigm shift in the doctor-patient relationship and the great development of medical law and bioethics in recent years, patients continue to encounter serious linguistic and cultural obstacles to exercising their right to information and decision-making in relation to their health. In this paper we present part of the results of the HIPOCRATES research project of the Spanish GENTT group, aimed at humanising health care by improving doctor-patient communication in multilingual environments. Specifically, we will focus on the advances made in the textual analysis of the Informed Consent (IC), a medical genre of great relevance in clinical translation and writing due to its ethical and legal implications. Its lexical-syntactic complexity and the lack of standardised patterns in its writing hinder its comprehensibility and makes it difficult to identify the rhetorical sequences in which the communicative and legal functions of this genre are embodied. We present a textual analysis tool (ProText GENTT), which uses machine learning to exploit corpora with traditional techniques and artificial intelligence and with which we have analysed a multilingual (Spanish, Catalan and English) corpus of IC texts compiled by our research group (GENTT_Corpus). This analysis has allowed us to identify the linguistic-textual and rhetorical elements that hinder comprehension. From these results, our team is currently working on proposing optimized models with different levels of complexity both in printed and digital formats (e-consent).

Resumen En este trabajo se presentan las características y potencialidades de uso de la última versión del portal de recursos lingüísticos multilingües sobre enfermedades raras que estamos desarrollando: RERCOR (3.1.2). Las enfermedades raras son un amplio grupo de dolencias que afectan a unos 30 millones de personas en la UE y a unos 47 millones en Iberoamérica. En estos momentos buscan mayor visibilidad y prioridad en las políticas de salud pública. El portal tiene como objetivo proporcionar herramientas multilingües que permitan conocer mejor los usos lingüísticos propios de este subdominio médico, especialmente su terminología y colocaciones. El gran número de enfermedades raras (más de 6000) y sus diversas consecuencias hacen que en este ámbito confluyan numerosas especialidades médicas y muchas otras áreas relacionadas con el ámbito de la salud en su sentido más amplio. Esta multidisciplinariedad confiere a RERCOR utilidad para la traducción, revisión y redacción de textos de todo el ámbito biomédico, así como para la investigación y la docencia. RERCOR está constituido por tres aplicaciones disponibles a través de una interfaz web de libre acceso: aplicación de consulta de corpus, aplicación de consulta de vocabularios y asistente para la redacción de textos. La primera facilita la búsqueda de concordancias e información morfosintáctica, colocacional y contextual en seis corpus —tres bilingües (francés y español) y dos trilingües (inglés, francés y español)—, comparables y paralelos, lematizados y etiquetados. La segunda permite consultar un glosario trilingüe y tres vocabularios bilingües que incluyen equivalencias en otras lenguas e información adicional como definición, sinónimos u otras denominaciones. La tercera aplicación consiste en un prototipo para facilitar la redacción de textos sobre este subdominio médico. El diseño del portal permite una consulta completa, dinámica e intuitiva sin requerir conocimientos informáticos específicos.

Abstract This paper presents the features and potential of use of the latest version of the portal of multilingual linguistic resources on rare diseases that we are developing: RERCOR (3.1.2). Rare diseases are a large group of diseases that affect about 30 million people in the EU and about 47 million in Latin America. They are currently seeking greater visibility and priority in public health policies. The portal aims to provide multilingual tools to better understand the linguistic uses of this medical subdomain, especially its terminology and collocations. The large number of rare diseases (more than 6000) and their diverse consequences mean that this field brings together numerous medical specialties and many other areas related to the field of health in its broadest sense. This multidisciplinary nature makes RERCOR useful for the translation, revision and editing of texts from the entire biomedical field, as well as for research and teaching purposes. RERCOR consists of three applications available through a freely accessible web interface: a corpus query application, a vocabularies query application and an assistant for writing texts. The first facilitates the search for concordances and morphosyntactic, collocational and contextual information in six corpora — three bilingual (French and Spanish) and two trilingual (English, French and Spanish) —, comparable and parallel, lemmatized and labeled. The second allows consultation of a trilingual glossary and three bilingual vocabularies that include equivalents in other languages and additional information such as definition, synonyms or other names. The third application consists of a prototype to facilitate the writing of texts on this medical subdomain. The design of the portal allows a complete, dynamic and intuitive consultation without requiring specific computer knowledge.

Resumen Más de un 70 % de los socios de ATRAE (Asociación de Traducción y Adaptación Audiovisual de España) son mujeres. DAMA (Derechos de Autor de Medios Audiovisuales) parece moverse en cifras similares (Mariani, 2021). Además, según Pérez Escudero (2021, p. 423-424) a partir de su estudio doctoral en la base de datos BITRA (Franco Aixelá, 2001-2024), Pilar Orero era la autora más prolífica de la investigación en traducción audiovisual (TAV) en el mundo y, de los 20 autores con más publicaciones en este campo, 12 eran mujeres. A pesar de estos datos, que de por sí nos muestran un claro papel protagonista de la mujer en este ámbito especializado de la traducción, el número de premios otorgados a sus traducciones, o incluso la presencia de mujeres como ponentes plenarias en conferencias de este campo, no siempre se corresponde con estas cifras. De hecho, de esos 20 autores más productivos en TAV, a la hora de citar se observa justo todo lo contrario, ya que solo hay 8 mujeres entre los 20 autores más citados. Ante esta situación, han surgido publicaciones recientes, como las de Botella Tejera y Agulló García (2021, 2022a), que dan voz a mujeres, académicas y profesionales, que, a partir de las diferentes modalidades de la TAV, nos descubren cómo viene siendo la situación de la mujer en la academia y en el mundo profesional, y nos dejan ciertas pistas sobre el futuro que nos espera. Este artículo recoge datos bibliométricos y estadísticos que tratan de ayudarnos a entender la evolución de investigadoras y profesionales de la TAV en España, así como descubrir qué autoras son las más influyentes y las más prometedoras. Además, se plantean diversas hipótesis y se ofrecen respuestas sobre la situación y las perspectivas de futuro de la mujer en la TAV.

Abstract More than 70% of ATRAE's (Asociación de Traducción y Adaptación Audiovisual de España) members are women. DAMA (Derechos de Autor de Medios Audiovisuales) seems to have similar figures (Mariani, 2021). Furthermore, according to Pérez Escudero’s (2021, p. 423-424) doctoral study within the BITRA database (Franco Aixelá, 2001-2024), Pilar Orero was the most prolific author in audiovisual translation research (AVT) in the world, and of the 20 authors with the most publications in this field, 12 were women. Despite these figures, which in themselves show a clear leading role for women in this specialized field of translation, the number of prizes awarded to their translations, or even the presence of women as plenary speakers at conferences in this field, does not always correspond to these figures. In fact, when it comes to citations, of those 20 most productive authors in AVT, there are only 8 women among the 20 most cited authors. In view of this situation, recent publications have emerged, such as those of Botella Tejera and Agulló García (2021, 2022a), which give voice to women, academics and professionals, who, based on the different modalities of AVT, depict the situation of women in academia and the professional world, and give us some clues about the future to come. This article gathers bibliometric and statistical data that try to help us understand the evolution of women researchers and professionals in AVT in Spain, as well as to discover which authors are the most influential and the most promising ones. In addition, various hypotheses will be studied, and answers will be sought about the situation and future prospects of women in AVT.

Resumen A concentração de pessoas em ambiente familiar e as viagens internacionais são duas das principais formas de contágio do coronavírus, responsável pela grande pandemia da nossa história recente, e foi uma mistura destes dois aceleradores da propagação do vírus que esteve na origem do caso crítico que queremos apresentar. No final de outubro de 2020, uma família ucraniana-portuguesa viu-se impossibilitada de se reunir em Portugal, quando um dos membros da família apresentou sintomas graves compatíveis com a covid-19 em território espanhol e precisou de internamento hospitalar urgente. Este acontecimento levou ao isolamento de outro dos viajantes com sintomas leves num hotel na Espanha, enquanto os restantes seguiram a sua viagem para Portugal. Nenhum dos integrantes da unidade familiar falava espanhol e foram atendidos pelo Osakidetza (Serviço de Saúde do País Basco), usando o serviço de interpretação telefônica contratado à empresa Dualia Teletraducciones, que operou nas combinações português-espanhol e ucraniano-espanhol. Neste artigo, aprofundamos a análise das conversas realizadas através de interpretação telefônica entre pacientes e enfermeiras, médicas, rastreadoras e intérpretes profissionais de português e ucraniano, com base na metodologia de estudo do Incidente Crítico (Lian, 2001; Page & Meerabeau, 2000; Perry, 1997); da hospitalização e isolamento dos membros do núcleo familiar até terem alta médica e regressarem a Portugal. Abordamos especificamente os elementos culturais, reflexos da assimetria entre os interlocutores e o impacto que estes dois blocos de elementos tiveram na transferência de informação por parte dos intérpretes telefônicos.

Abstract The concentration of people in a family environment and international travel are two of the main ways in which the coronavirus, responsible for the great pandemic of our recent history, can spread, and it was a mixture of these two accelerators of the spread of the virus that led to the critical case that we want to present. At the end of October 2020, a Ukrainian-Portuguese family was unable to get together in Portugal when one of the family members presented severe symptoms compatible with covid-19 in Spain and required urgent hospitalization. This led to the isolation of another of the travelers with mild symptoms in a hotel in Spain, while the rest continued their journey to Portugal. None of the members of the family unit spoke Spanish and they were attended to by Osakidetza (the Basque Country Health Service), using the telephone interpreting service contracted from Dualia Teletraducciones, which operated in Portuguese-Spanish and Ukrainian-Spanish combinations. In this article, we analyze in depth the conversations held via telephone interpreting between patients and nurses, doctors, trackers and professional interpreters of Portuguese and Ukrainian, based on the critical case study methodology (Lian, 2001; Page & Meerabeau, 2000; Perry, 1997); from the hospitalization and isolation of family members until they were discharged and returned to Portugal. We specifically address the cultural elements, reflecting the asymmetry between the speakers and the impact that these two blocks of elements had on the transfer of information by the telephone interpreters.

Abstract It is common knowledge that the publication of translation projects carried out by students is a very motivating factor for training. Since the second semester of 2015-2016, undergraduate translation students of the Faculty of Arts and Humanities of the University of Porto have participated in the development of the French and English versions of the digital encyclopaedia Ulyssei@s, created by the Institute for Comparative Literature Margarida Losa (ILCML) in the early 2010s. Besides motivating students, this translation project published on the Internet allows us to develop translation skills, foster teamwork, consolidate the three-phase methodology proposed by Gouadec (2002, 2007), and experiment with several essential tasks in language services: collaborative glossary-making, translation, revision of human translation and post-editing neural machine translation (NMT). Some of the challenges posed by the translation of Ulyssei@s are common to all types of translation, while others are specific to the translation of entries of this sui generis encyclopaedia, such as a variety of textual genres (biography, literary criticism, prose, poetry, theatre, essay) in hybrid texts and the need to find the original or the official translation of the works cited. This paper focuses on the data collected in the spring semester of 2022 and is based on the results of a survey submitted to students at the end of the project. It aims to share the experience of developing an inevitably unfinished project and adapting training and learning to the latest advances in Human Language Technology, since NMT has become a valuable tool for human translators, and Ulyssei@s is a digital encyclopaedia regularly enriched by ILCML collaborators with new entries.

Abstract This article examines the translation of Kazakh cultural objects in literary works, which holds significant importance for Kazakh language and culture. The article analyzes the significance of national hair ornaments and belts in the works of Kazakh writers and their translation into Russian and English. Kazakh people believe that the hair ornament sholpy protects a girl or a young woman from evil forces. This type of hair ornament has both material and spiritual significance in Kazakh culture. In Kazakh literary works, the value of the analyzed jewelry is connected with its affiliation to a person and social status. It is presented as a symbol of female beauty. The belt is a valuable piece of nomadic clothing and a highly valued sacred object in Kazakh culture. Specific functional and semantic meanings as well as translation in literary works have been considered. The importance of translation as a “golden bridge” between different cultures is on the rise. As in other spheres, the requirements for translation are updated depending on the purpose and stage. The anthropocentric trend in modern linguistics raises the question of the relationship between language, man and culture, and poses the task of being able to convey the world view of one nation in the language of another, preserving all cultural and spiritual characteristics, taking into account deep information about people’s background knowledge. The article also analyzes the problem of background knowledge and the peculiarities of translating Kazakh culture-specific elements with spiritual significance for the people. These elements should be taken into account when translating literary works.