Abstract: Background: Knowing the relationships between the soil's physical-chemical properties and herbicide behavior in the soil allows establishing strategies for the efficient control of weeds with less environmental risk. Objective: It carried this study to investigate the role of physical-chemical properties of Brazilian soils in the sorption-desorption and mobility of the herbicide saflufenacil. Methods: We used nine soils from different regions of Brazil in the study of sorption-desorption and mobility of 14C-saflufenacil. The herbicide sorption-desorption estimate was performed using the batch equilibrium method and mobility using soil thin-layer chromatography. Principal component analysis (PCA) and clustering were performed to evaluate the impact of soil properties on the sorption-desorption behavior of saflufenacil. Results: The results indicated that saflufenacil was weakly sorbed in different types of tropical soils, and the sorption process is reversible, with its mobility varied from mobile (Rf = 0.70) to very mobile (Rf = 0.99) in the different soils and indicates that the herbicide has leaching potential in these types of soils. The sorption-desorption capacity and mobility of saflufenacil depend mainly on pH, CEC, clay, and OC content, and therefore it is vital to analyze them to predict the impacts of herbicide application on the environment. The PCA is an essential tool that helps to clarify how the effects of soil properties influence herbicide behavior. Conclusions: The OC content in Brazilian soils has a direct role in saflufenacil sorption and desorption. BR3 soil (soil with highest organic carbon; OC = 2,1%) exhibits greater sorption (Kd = 1,85 L kg−1), value 5.5 times greater than the BR1 (soil with lower sorption; with OC = 0,6%). Therefore, the application of saflufenacil to tropical soils, especially those with low levels of CO (< 1%), may result in a greater potential risk of contamination of surface and groundwater in neighbouring agricultural and non-agricultural areas, particularly those with intensive use and ineffectiveness of saflufenacil. Future investigations could focus on integrating modeling approaches that incorporate soil variability to predict saflufenacil behavior accurately in diverse soil types, aiding in decision-making for sustainable herbicide use. Abstract Background s physicalchemical physical chemical Objective sorptiondesorption desorption Methods 14Csaflufenacil. 14Csaflufenacil Csaflufenacil 14C C 14C-saflufenacil thinlayer thin layer chromatography (PCA Results reversible Rf 0.70 070 0 70 0.99 099 99 pH CEC clay environment Conclusions BR carbon 2,1% 21 2 1 Kd 185 85 1,8 kg−1, kg1 kg kg−1 , kg−1) 55 5 5. 0,6%. 06 0,6% . 6 0,6%) Therefore < ( 1%, 1% 1%) nonagricultural non areas decisionmaking decision making 0.7 07 7 0.9 09 9 2,1 18 8 1, kg− 0,6 0. 2, 0,

Abstract: Background: Weeds pose a significant challenge to Argentine crops, leading to herbicide resistance and environmental concerns. Objective: To identify key weed problems, assess management practices, and herbicide use. Methods: A web-based survey system, with closed questions, was distributed from March to August 2020 among 147 agricultural stakeholders related to soybean, corn, wheat, and sunflower crops in Argentina. Results: Notable troublesome weeds included Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronq., Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop., Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn., Amaranthus hybridus L., and Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. Herbicide usage was as follows: 86% used burndown fallow chemical control, 51% adhered to labeled application rates, 40% applied herbicides at the labeled growth stage, and 37% rotated modes of action. Non-chemical controls were also employed, with 67% favoring crop rotation and 36% focused on preventing weed seed production. Glyphosate was the dominant herbicide, employed by over 90% of respondents. For summer crops, frequently used herbicides included paraquat, 2,4-D (80% of respondents), atrazine (60% of respondents), sulfentrazone, flumioxazin, S-metolachlor (60% of respondents), and clethodim (65% of respondents). In winter cereals, 2,4-D, flurochloridone, flumioxazin, and pyroxasulfone were the top choices. Conclusions: This survey underscores the high reliance on chemical control in Argentina's major crops. The findings provide crucial insights for regional policy planning, emphasizing the importance of integrating diverse weed management tactics. It also highlights the need for proactive integrated management strategies at the field level to mitigate and prevent weed issues in Argentina, offering a valuable approach for analyzing weed problems in extensive crops worldwide. Abstract Background concerns Objective practices use Methods webbased web based system questions 202 14 soybean corn wheat Argentina Results L. L (L. Cronq Cronq. Scop Scop. Gaertn Gaertn. Pers follows 86 51 rates 40 stage 37 action Nonchemical Non 67 36 production 90 respondents paraquat 2,4D 24D D 2,4 2 4 80% 80 (80 respondents, , respondents) 60% 60 (60 sulfentrazone flumioxazin Smetolachlor S metolachlor 65% 65 (65 . cereals 2,4D, D, flurochloridone choices Conclusions Argentinas s planning tactics worldwide 20 1 (L 8 5 3 6 9 4D 24 2, (8 (6 (

Abstract: Background: Increased energy consumption in agriculture has led to growing environmental concerns and higher costs. The evolution of herbicide resistance in weeds may affect the herbicide application rate, energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Objective: This study investigated the effect of herbicide resistance in weeds on energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in wheat fields of Golestan province, Iran. Methods: The data were collected from 351 wheat fields in Golestan province with respect to the proper distribution of sampling points. The farms were categorized into four classes according to the previous studies: 1) non-resistant fields; 2) fields with resistance to ACCase (acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase) inhibitors; 3) fields with resistance to ALS (acetolactate synthase) inhibitors; and 4) fields with resistance to both ACCase and ALS inhibitors. Then, input and output energy, energy use efficiency, energy productivity, specific energy, net energy, percentage of direct, indirect, renewable and non-renewable energies, and greenhouse gas emission during wheat production were calculated. Results: Compared to non-resistant fields, evolution of resistance to herbicides led to increased energy consumption (5.7-8.2%) and yield loss (21.8-25.6%) and consequently, there was a decrease in net energy (25.6-31.3%), energy productivity (27.2-31.8%) and energy use efficiency (24.7-30.4%). Also, greenhouse gas emissions from the non-resistant fields were 7.4-10.0% lower than in the fields with herbicide-resistant weeds. Conclusions: Noting the negative effect of herbicide resistance in terms of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emission, efforts to properly manage herbicide-resistant weeds are essential both economically and ecologically. Abstract Background costs rate Objective Iran Methods 35 points studies 1 nonresistant non resistant 2 acetylcoenzyme acetyl coenzyme carboxylase inhibitors 3 acetolactate synthase 4 Then direct indirect nonrenewable energies calculated Results 5.78.2% 5782 5.7 8.2% 5 7 8 (5.7-8.2% 21.825.6% 218256 21.8 25.6% 21 25 6 (21.8-25.6% consequently 25.631.3%, 256313 25.6 31.3% , 31 (25.6-31.3%) 27.231.8% 272318 27.2 31.8% 27 (27.2-31.8% 24.730.4%. 247304 24.7 30.4% . 24 30 (24.7-30.4%) Also 7.410.0% 74100 7.4 10.0% 10 0 7.4-10.0 herbicideresistant Conclusions ecologically 78 5.78.2 578 57 5. 82 8.2 (5.7-8.2 825 21.825.6 21825 218 21. 256 (21.8-25.6 631 25.631.3% 25631 25. 313 31.3 (25.6-31.3% 231 27.231.8 27231 272 27. 318 31.8 (27.2-31.8 730 24.730.4% 24730 247 24. 304 30.4 (24.7-30.4% 410 7.410.0 7410 74 7. 100 10.0 7.4-10. 5.78. 8. (5.7-8. 21.825. 2182 (21.8-25. 63 25.631.3 2563 31. (25.6-31.3 23 27.231. 2723 (27.2-31. 73 24.730.4 2473 30. (24.7-30.4 41 7.410. 741 10. 7.4-10 5.78 (5.7-8 21.825 (21.8-25 25.631. (25.6-31. 27.231 (27.2-31 24.730. (24.7-30. 7.410 7.4-1 (5.7- 21.82 (21.8-2 25.631 (25.6-31 27.23 (27.2-3 24.730 (24.7-30 7.41 7.4- (5.7 (21.8- 25.63 (25.6-3 (27.2- 24.73 (24.7-3 (5. (21.8 (25.6- (27.2 (24.7- (5 (21. (25.6 (27. (24.7 ( (21 (25. (27 (24. (2 (25 (24

Abstract: Background: RNA interference (RNAi) is a natural post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) system of eukaryotic cells and can be used as spray-induced gene silencing (SIGS) to target genes. Due to the complexity of plant cell structure and genome, using SIGS in plants has faced many barriers. Objective: We aimed to develop a delivery strategy and appropriate siRNA design to induce PTGS by SIGS. Methods: The rice Phytoene desaturase (OsPDS) gene was used as a model to test our SIGS. Three siRNAs (siPDS1, siPDS2, and siPDS3) targeting different regions of the OsPDS transcript were applied individually or mixed siPDS2+siPDS3 in solution with SilwetTM adjuvant. Treatments were applied using a micropipette in rice seedlings (V2-stage), with the addition of proper control treatments: untreated-check and adjuvant-check. Seedlings were accessed phenotypically, physiologically, and molecularly. Results: The most prominent phenotype was observed for siPDS1 and siPDS2+siPDS3. Reduction in plant growth, chlorophyll index and shoot dry mass were reduced after siPDS2+siPDS3 application, while increasing anthocyanin content. OsPDS was downregulated after siPDS1 application with no change in the non-treated upper leaf. Conclusions: Our siRNA design and delivery strategy efficiently delivered the siRNA inside the plant and promoted target PTGS and compatible phenotype. The system used in this experiment did not show systematicity in the plant, probably due to the fast oxidative stress that hindered the systematic effect. This is an advance on the SIGS and can be a valuable tool for PTGS to find new targets for RNAi. Abstract Background RNAi (RNAi posttranscriptional post transcriptional (PTGS sprayinduced spray induced (SIGS genes genome barriers Objective Methods (OsPDS siPDS1, siPDS (siPDS1 siPDS2 siPDS3 siPDS2siPDS3 siPDSsiPDS siPDS2+siPDS adjuvant V2stage, V2stage Vstage V2 stage , V (V2-stage) treatments untreatedcheck untreated check adjuvantcheck. adjuvantcheck check. adjuvant-check phenotypically physiologically molecularly Results growth content nontreated non treated leaf Conclusions effect (siPDS siPDS2siPDS (V2-stage

Abstract: Background: Chickpeas (Cicer arietinum) are an important type of pulse whose production is hindered by poor weed control. Objective: To assess lactofen selectivity levels and to uncover tolerance mechanisms in commercial genotypes. Methods: Four genotypes and weed species were grown under controlled-environment conditions and subjected to lactofen dose-response assays (11.2–2,880 g a.i. ha−1). Visual evaluations performed until 35 days after application, when biomass was quantified and selectivity indexes obtained using regression analysis. Following 14C-lactofen application, absorption and translocation were assessed until 168h after treatment (HAT), when chickpea plants were washed to remove the unabsorbed herbicide or subjected to autoradiography and tissue combustion. Lastly, 14C-lactofen was applied and metabolites extracted at 96 HAT, and their retention factors (Rf) determined by thin layer chromatography and radioscanner reading. Results: Tridax procumbens and Amaranthus spinosus were highly susceptible to lactofen. Chickpea genotypes tolerated lactofen at the highest labelled used rate in soybeans (180 g a.i. ha−1). Lactofen absorption was high (88.1%–94.6%) and translocation was limited (< 2.5%) across genotypes - a similar trend observed in susceptible species, and hence are not implicated in lactofen tolerance. One main metabolite was found in chickpea genotypes, accounting for 12.5%–19.4% of applied radioactivity; the chickpea genotype with the highest tolerance level (BRS Cicero) was the only one in which two metabolites were quantified. Altogether, these results suggest that lactofen tolerance in chickpeas could be conferred by enhanced herbicide metabolism. Conclusions: Lactofen could become an option for selective, post-emergence weed control in chickpeas. Abstract Background Cicer arietinum Objective Methods controlledenvironment controlled environment doseresponse dose response 11.2–2,880 1122880 11 2 880 (11.2–2,88 ai i a.i ha−1. ha1 ha ha−1 . 1 ha−1) 3 application analysis 14Clactofen Clactofen 14C C h HAT , (HAT) combustion Lastly 9 Rf (Rf reading Results 180 (18 88.1%–94.6% 881946 88 94 6 (88.1%–94.6% < ( 2.5% 25 5 125194 12 19 4 12.5%–19.4 radioactivity BRS Cicero Altogether metabolism Conclusions selective postemergence post emergence 11.2–2,88 112288 (11.2–2,8 ha− (HAT 18 (1 88.1%–94.6 88194 8 (88.1%–94.6 2.5 12519 12.5%–19. 11.2–2,8 11228 (11.2–2, 88.1%–94. 8819 (88.1%–94. 2. 1251 12.5%–19 11.2–2, 1122 (11.2–2 88.1%–94 881 (88.1%–94 125 12.5%–1 11.2–2 112 (11.2– 88.1%–9 (88.1%–9 12.5%– 11.2– (11.2 88.1%– (88.1%– 12.5% 11.2 (11. 88.1% (88.1% 12.5 11. (11 88.1 (88.1 12. 88. (88. (88 (8

Abstract: Background: Atrazine, a pre-emergent weed control, can be mixed with paraforce or 2,4-D, however, the efficiency of the mixture nor the growth and yield performance of maize varieties under this treatment in the tropics is well establihsed. Objective: To determine efficacy of atrazine mixed with paraforce or 2,4-D as weed control method and yield performance of four yellow maize varieties (PVASYN8F2, BR9928-5R-Y, DSTRSYN2-Y and PVASYN2F2). Methods: In two years, four yellow maize varieties (PVASYN8F2, BR9928-5R-Y, DSTRSYN2-Y and PVASYN2F2.) and atrazine (1.5kg ha-1) mixed with paraforce, atrazine mixed with 2,4-D (1.5 L ha-1 in equal ratio; hand weeding and weedy (check) plots were arranged in split-plot using randomized complete block design with three replications. Fertilizers and pest control were done as practiced in the Teaching and Research Farm. Data were collected on maize vegetative and reproductive characters and analyzed using SAS ver 9.4 and Microsoft Excel. Results: Weed control efficiency (80%) and number of leaves per plant recorded for atrazine + paraforce plot were the highest. No significant grain yield difference was recorded among the varieties, but maximum grain loss was observed in no weeding field and the lowest was found in field treated atrazine + paraforce followed by Atrazine + 2,4-D. BR-9928-5R-Y among the varieties showed the least 44% grain loss while PVA SYN 2 F2 had the highest 53%. Conclusions: Atrazine + paraforce outperformed atrazine + 2,4-D as a pre-emergent weedicide and BR-9928-5R-Y variety produced the highest grain yield and minimum grain loss across all the treatments. Abstract Background preemergent pre emergent 2,4D, 24D D 2,4 D, 4 however establihsed Objective 2,4D PVASYN8F2, PVASYN8F2 PVASYNF PVASYN F (PVASYN8F2 BR99285RY, BR99285RY BRRY BR9928 5R Y, Y BR R BR9928-5R-Y DSTRSYN2Y DSTRSYNY DSTRSYN2 DSTRSYN PVASYN2F2. PVASYN2F2 . PVASYN2F2) Methods years 1.5kg 15kg kg 1 5kg ha1 ha 1.5 15 5 (1. ha- ratio check (check splitplot split replications Farm 94 9 9. Excel Results 80% 80 (80% 2,4D. D. 9928 44 53 53% Conclusions treatments 4D 24 2, PVASYN8F (PVASYN8F RY BR992 PVASYN2F 1. (1 8 (80 992 BR99 ( (8 99 BR9

Abstract Background drones for pesticide application have become more popular due to their practicality and reduction in cost. Accessing drone efficacy in herbicide application is needed. Objective This work aimed to determine the efficiency of drones in applying glyphosate and glufosinate to control ryegrass and oilseed radish compared to electrostatic and conventional ground herbicide applications. Methods The experiments were conducted in a factorial arrangement with five replications and repeated in time. Factor A consisted of spraying methods [drone, electrostatic ground spraying (electrostatic), and conventional ground spraying (conventional)], and factor B consisted of eight doses of glyphosate and glufosinate. A CO2 pressurized backpack was equipped with XR TeeJet® 11001VS spray nozzles for electrostatic and conventional applications, adjusted to a spray volume of 100 L ha-1. The drone, Pelicano® 2022 model (Skydrones), was equipped with the same spray nozzles but was regulated to a spray volume of 10 L ha-1. Results: The results demonstrated that glyphosate application via drones provided superior control of ryegrass and oilseed radish compared to terrestrial methods, whereas glufosinate’s effectiveness was comparable to that of ground-based applications. Conclusions drone application of glyphosate and glufosinate was efficient in controlling ryegrass and oilseed radish, being as good as ground spraying, even demonstrating that low spray volume does not significantly interfere with weed control in this study. cost needed applications time [drone electrostatic, , (electrostatic) conventional, (conventional)] CO TeeJet VS ha1. ha1 ha 1. 1 ha-1 Pelicano 202 Skydrones, Skydrones (Skydrones) Results glufosinates s groundbased based study (electrostatic (conventional) ha- 20 (Skydrones (conventional 2

Abstract: Background: Glyphosate-resistant Amaranthus hybridus biotypes have been observed in Rio Grande do Sul (RS) crops. Their impact on soybean yield is high due to rapid growth and competitiveness. Investigating the resistance mechanism guides management strategies. Objective: To confirm the evolution of glyphosate-resistant A. hybridus biotypes in southern RS, identifying the resistance mechanism and proposing alternative management strategies. Methods: Dose-response curve studies, investigation of EPSPS gene mutation, and analysis of integrated management practices were conducted to characterize glyphosate resistance in A. hybridus biotypes. Results: Three Amaranthus hybridus biotypes from Aceguá, Bagé, and Rosário do Sul (RS) exhibit triple mutations in the EPSPS gene, providing glyphosate resistance. Resistance levels are high (>10). Alternative mechanisms of action to glyphosate such as glufosinate-ammonium or 2,4-D choline salt (Enlist technology) in post-emergence and sulfentrazone + diuron (pre-emergence) control resistant plants without compromising soybean yield. Conclusions: Confirming Amaranthus hybridus resistance to glyphosate requires alternative control measures. Combining alternative mechanisms of action, such as those available in new technologies, is important and should be the main action in a control program. Important aspects of integrated management should be prioritized combined with herbicide use. Abstract Background Glyphosateresistant Glyphosate RS (RS crops competitiveness strategies Objective glyphosateresistant A Methods Doseresponse Dose response studies mutation Results Aceguá Bagé >10. 10 >10 . (>10) glufosinateammonium glufosinate ammonium 2,4D 24D D 2,4 2 4 Enlist technology postemergence post emergence preemergence pre (pre-emergence Conclusions measures technologies program use 1 >1 (>10 4D 24 2, > (>1 (> (

Abstract Background Weeds evolve resistance to specific herbicide Mode of Actions (MoAs) through repeated herbicide use. Delaying herbicide resistance is a primary area of concern because there are a limited number of herbicide MoAs remaining. Objective The objective of this study was to create a generic model on weed resistance when various management practices are used. Academic herbicide resistant modeling tools have been developed to integrate knowledge about weed biology (species specific), genetics, weed management (herbicide dose response, herbicide rotation) because interactions may not always be intuitive. A variety of other interacting factors such as seed bank density, cropping system, and the initial resistant allele frequency in weed populations contribute to this dilemma. Methods Methods used provide details about a weed resistance model, along with representative results when two experimental herbicides with similar MoA are simulated for potential weed resistance over time to provide the ability to prioritize predevelopment molecules for advancement if resources are limited. Results Management practices provide insight into how these herbicides can be used to extend product performance over its lifetime (~25 years). Tillage is a sensitive management practice that can delay the onset of weed resistance, but modeling suggests an additional deep till, years later, would only re-expose resistant seed and spore population which was buried during the first deep till. Conclusion: Having a modelling tool that can predict possible onset of resistance, especially if different management practices are followed, will put these quantitative tools into the hands of experts where little/no new herbicide MoA exists. (MoAs use remaining species specific, , specific) genetics response rotation intuitive density system dilemma ~25 25 (~2 years. . years) till later reexpose re expose Conclusion followed littleno little no exists ~2 2 (~ ~ (

Abstract Background Parthenium hysterophorus L. is a globally significant invasive weed causing numerous negative impacts. Several pre- and post-emergence herbicides are available, but information on the control efficacy against Parthenium in Malaysia is limited. Objective Therefore, a series of experiments were conducted in laboratory, glasshouse, and field conditions to evaluate the efficacy of selected pre- and post-emergence herbicides to control Parthenium. Methods Pre-emergence herbicides imazethapyr, indaziflam, pretilachlor, sodium chloride, diuron, atrazine, and metsulfuron-methyl were applied in the lab (Petri dish seed bioassay) and under different soil moisture conditions (field capacity, flooded and saturated) in a glasshouse trial. Post-emergence herbicides (glyphosate-isopropylamine, glufosinate-ammonium, 2,4-D, propanil, bentazone+MCPA, and metsulfuron-methyl) were applied in the glasshouse and field conditions. Results In the seed bioassay, no seed germination was recorded in all applied dosages of imazethapyr, indaziflam, pretilachlor, and sodium chloride. Parthenium weed was totally controlled by all applied herbicides in field capacity condition, but lower efficacy was observed for sodium chloride (97.50%), imazethapyr (92.50%), and pretilachlor (86.25%) in saturated condition. In the post-emergence herbicides dose-response experiment, glufosinate-ammonium, 2,4-D, and bentazone+MCPA fully controlled (100%) Parthenium but slightly lower control (97–98%) was observed by glyphosate-isopropylamine, propanil, and metsulfuron-methyl. In the field trial, all the applied herbicides showed 100% mortality in both locations (Infoternak Farm and Kampung Tampin Linggi) except for metsulfuron-methyl (96.67% and 93.33%, respectively), although a higher rate (1.5x recommended rate) of glyphosate-isopropylamine was required to achieve the desired result. Conclusions This study provides valuable information on suitable chemical control options for Parthenium weed in Malaysia. L impacts pre postemergence post emergence available limited Therefore laboratory Preemergence Pre indaziflam diuron atrazine metsulfuronmethyl metsulfuron methyl Petri bioassay trial Postemergence Post glyphosateisopropylamine, glyphosateisopropylamine glyphosate isopropylamine, isopropylamine (glyphosate-isopropylamine glufosinateammonium, glufosinateammonium glufosinate ammonium, ammonium glufosinate-ammonium 2,4D, 24D D 2,4 D, 2 4 2,4-D propanil bentazoneMCPA bentazone MCPA condition 97.50%, 9750 97.50% , 97 50 (97.50%) 92.50%, 9250 92.50% 92 (92.50%) 86.25% 8625 86 25 (86.25% doseresponse dose response experiment 100 (100% 97–98% 9798 98 (97–98% metsulfuronmethyl. methyl. Infoternak Linggi 96.67% 9667 96 67 (96.67 9333 93 33 93.33% respectively, respectively respectively) 1.5x 15x x 1 5x result 4D 2,4D 24 2, 975 97.50 9 5 (97.50% 925 92.50 (92.50% 86.25 862 8 (86.25 10 (100 97–98 979 (97–98 96.67 966 6 (96.6 933 3 93.33 97.5 (97.50 92.5 (92.50 86.2 (86.2 (10 97–9 (97–9 96.6 (96. 93.3 97. (97.5 92. (92.5 86. (86. (1 97– (97– 96. (96 93. (97. (92. (86 ( (97 (9 (92 (8

Abstract Background The use of the herbicide dicamba has significantly increased in Brazilian agriculture, has potential for volatilization and risk of injury to sensitive agricultural crops and environmental contamination. Objective The objective of this research was to evaluate the behavior of dicamba volatility under application conditions in commercial crops in tropical climate conditions in Brazil. Methods Six field experiments were conducted from 2018 to 2020 in 3 different states of Brazil to provide a quantitative assessment of dicamba volatility. Aerodynamic and integrated horizontal flux methods were used to estimate the volatile flux and mass loss of dicamba within 72 hours after application. Results The results showed that the flux of volatilized dicamba peaked in the first few hours after application, decreasing drastically approximately 20 hours after application. The cumulative mass loss of dicamba was 0.15±0.08% of the applied dose. The average in-field air concentration (38.66±9.52 ng m3) represented only 28% of the regulatory no observable adverse effect concentration (NOAEC) established by the USEPA. Conclusions Based on these results, vapor drift related to dicamba volatility under application conditions in tropical regions in Brazil was similar to or lower than the results reported in the literature for temperate climate regions. agriculture contamination 201 202 7 2 015008 0 15 08 0.15±0.08 dose infield 38.66±9.52 3866952 38 66 9 52 (38.66±9.5 m3 m 28 NOAEC (NOAEC USEPA 01500 1 0.15±0.0 38.66±9.5 386695 6 5 (38.66±9. 0150 0.15±0. 38.66±9. 38669 (38.66±9 015 0.15±0 38.66±9 3866 (38.66± 01 0.15± 38.66± 386 (38.66 0.15 38.66 (38.6 0.1 38.6 (38. 0. 38. (38 (3 (

Abstract Background: The interference caused by volunteer soybean plants from grains lost before or during harvest can cause economic losses to bean producers due to the competition they cause, especially for succeeding crops. Objective: Therefore, the objective of this work was to determine the competitive ability and economic damage level (EDL) of bean cultivars in the presence of different densities of soybean volunteer plants. Methods: The experiments were installed in completely randomized design, and replicated for two consecutive years, 2020/21 and 2021/22. Treatments consisted of the carioca bean cultivars BRS Tangará, IAC 1850, and BRS Estilo and the black type IPR Uirapuru, IPR Urutau, and BRS Esteio, and 12 volunteer soybean densities established for each cultivar, ranging from 0 to a maximum of 66 plants m−2. Plant density, soil cover, leaf area, and shoot dry matter of volunteer soybean plants were determined 40 days after emergence. For bean, productivity, control cost, selling price, and control efficacy were determined. Results: Bean cultivars IPR Tangará, BRS Estilo, IPR Uirapuru and BRS Esteio showed greater competitive ability in the presence of soybean. The highest EDL values ranged from 1.00 to 2.89 plants m−2 for BRS Estilo, IPR Uirapuru, IPR Urutau and BRS Esteio cultivars when competing with soybean. Conclusions: Bean cultivars have different competitive abilities, and EDL is directly influenced by these different genetic traits. Background crops Objective Therefore (EDL Methods design years 202021 2020 21 2020/2 202122 2021 22 2021/22 Tangará 1850 1 cultivar 6 m2 m 2 density cover area 4 emergence productivity cost price Results 100 00 1.0 289 89 2.8 m− Conclusions abilities traits 20202 202 2020/ 20212 2021/2 185 10 1. 28 8 2. 20 2021/ 18

Abstract Background The evolution of non-target site resistance (NTSR) to herbicides in weeds has made weed management extremely difficult. Weeds can develop NTSR to herbicides because of changes in one or more physiological processes. Objective This review aims to address the complexities of NTSR by investigating the factors influencing the evolution of NTSR in weeds. It explains mechanisms associated with NTSR and examines sustainable management strategies. Methods This review draws upon an extensive examination of existing literature on NTSR. It summarizes NTSR mechanisms in weeds and discusses strategies that delay the evolution of herbicide resistance. Results The analysis reveals that NTSR mechanisms threaten not only the efficacy of existing herbicides but also the utility of new herbicides. The study highlights that crop diversification, improved herbicide use patterns and understanding of weed biology, including fitness costs and gene flow, are crucial for developing sustainable weed management strategies. The study advocates a holistic approach, integrating diverse weed management practices and modern technologies, to effectively address the challenges posed by NTSR and ensure sustainable herbicide resistance management. Conclusions A holistic approach is urgently needed to manage NTSR. Understanding the complex interaction of genetic factors, inheritance patterns, effects of herbicide application patterns, and fitness costs is crucial for managing NTSR. This knowledge informs effective use of technology and conventional tools for effective weed control. nontarget non target (NTSR difficult processes diversification biology flow technologies control

Abstract: Background: Mistletoes are commonly regarded as pests because they parasitize agricultural crops and have a detrimental impact on the quality of urban trees. Objective: To identify the species of mistletoe present in the Mata Alagoana microregion, Alagoas, Brazil, based on morphological and molecular characterization and to investigate host specificity. Methods: Collection expeditions were carried out in 16 municipalities within the Mata Alagoana microregion. Initially, the morphological characterization of the mistetloe was carried out based on dichotomous keys, comparison of exsiccates and confirmation with a specialist. Subsequently, the ITS region sequence of nine specimens was amplified using PCR and sequenced. Finally, species of ornamental plants, urban plants and crops of agricultural importance were recorded as hosts of mistetloes. Results: For the family Loranthaceae, four species of the genus Struthanthus were identified parasitizing different host plants, such as Syzygium cumini, Terminalia catappa and Artocarpus heterophyllus. Additionally, the species Passovia pyrifolia was found parasitizing Mangifera indica, Syzygium cumini and Manihot esculenta. Among the tree species, Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia showed greater susceptibility to infestation, indicating a preference of the parasite for this species. Psittacanthus dichroos was found to parasitize Terminalia catappa. For the family Viscaceae, the occurrence of three species of the genus Phoradendron was reported. P. quadrangulare parasitizing pomegranate (Punica granatum) and genipap (Genipa americana); P. dipterum was observed on P. perrottetii, reinforcing its epiparasitic habit; and P. perrottetii was found parasitizing white cupiúba (Tapirira guianensis), a very common host for this species. Conclusion: This report reinforces the wide distribution of mistletoe with emphasis on the municipalities of the Mata Alagoana microregion. Here, we report for the first time the occurrence of the species Struthanthus acuminatus, Phoradendron dipterum and Phoradendron perrottetii in the state of Alagoas. Abstract Background trees Objective microregion Alagoas Brazil specificity Methods 1 Initially keys specialist Subsequently sequenced Finally mistetloes Results Loranthaceae heterophyllus Additionally indica esculenta infestation Viscaceae reported P Punica granatum Genipa americana americana) habit Tapirira guianensis, guianensis , guianensis) Conclusion Here acuminatus

Abstract: Background: In recent years, the use of simultaneous pesticides in tank mixtures has greatly increased due to cost reduction, improved efficacy and minimizing environmental impact. Additionally, it has been shown that the detoxification of chemicals in plants can be enhanced by the inhibitory capability of some organophosphorus insecticides. Objective: This study aims to assess the joint action of binary mixtures of an insecticide and common herbicides using the additive dose model (ADM) as a reference. Methods: Four separate greenhouse experiments were conducted on Alhagi pseudalhagi (Bieb.) Desv. using seven doses of each of the following herbicides: malathion, 2,4-D, glyphosate, glufosinate-ammonium, and paraquat. Dose-response curves were analyzed with a three-parameter log-logistic model for pure and mixed ratios (100:0, 80:20, 60:40, 50:50, 40:60, 20:80, 0:100) to obtain ED50 values in R software, and ED80 and ED90 values in Excel®. Results: A potent synergism was found for mixtures of malathion with paraquat and/or glufosinate-ammonium on A. pseudalhagi, with sums of toxic units for the 50:50% effect mixture (ΣTU50:50) as low as 0.32 and 0.37, respectively. The mixture of malathion with glyphosate showed moderate synergism with ΣTU50:50 of 0.75. The binary mixture of malathion with 2,4-D followed ADM (additive effects), though it showed a slight synergism (λ-value > 1). Conclusion: This study highlights the importance of understanding synergistic pesticide interactions for more efficient weed management. By optimizing pesticide combinations, we can minimize resistance, reduce environmental impact, and achieve better control. Further research is needed to address limitations of the analysis tools and explore synergistic interactions further. Abstract Background years reduction impact Additionally insecticides Objective (ADM reference Methods Bieb. Bieb (Bieb. Desv 2,4D, 24D D 2,4 D, 2 4 glufosinateammonium, glufosinateammonium glufosinate ammonium, ammonium Doseresponse Dose response threeparameter three parameter loglogistic log logistic 1000, 1000 100 0, 0 (100:0 8020, 8020 80 20, 20 80:20 6040, 6040 60 40, 40 60:40 5050, 5050 50 50, 50:50 4060, 4060 60, 40:60 2080, 2080 80, 20:80 0100 0:100 ED ED5 software ED8 ED9 Excel Excel® Results andor or 5050% 50% ΣTU5050 ΣTU ΣTU50 (ΣTU50:50 032 32 0.3 037 37 0.37 respectively ΣTU50:5 075 75 0.75 2,4D effects, effects , effects) λvalue λ value 1. 1 . 1) Conclusion management combinations resistance control further (Bieb 4D 24 2, 10 (100: 802 8 80:2 604 6 60:4 505 5 50:5 406 40:6 208 20:8 010 0:10 ΣTU505 ΣTU5 (ΣTU50:5 03 3 0. ΣTU50: 07 7 0.7 (100 80: 60: 50: 40: 20: 01 0:1 (ΣTU50: (10 0: (ΣTU50 (1 (ΣTU5 ( (ΣTU