Abstract Background Sowing dates and weed management practices could alter several phenological phases of direct seeded rice. However, limited is known about the impacts of these aspects on phenology, thermal efficiencies, and agro-meteorological indices of direct seeded rice. Objective The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of sowing dates and weed management strategies on phenology, thermal efficiencies, and agro-meteorological indices of direct seeded rice. Methods Two sowing dates [10th May (early) and 3rd June (late)] and six weed management strategies [i.e., weedy-check, 4-time mechanical weeding (weed-free), bensulfuron methyl + pretilachlor as pre-emergence, oxyfluorfen as pre-emergence, bensulfuron methyl + pretilachlor as pre-emergence + 2,4-D as post-emergence, and oxyfluorfen as pre-emergence + 2,4-D as post-emergence] were included in the study. Results Early sowing took more days to reach various phenological phases, accumulated higher heat units, and recorded significantly higher thermal efficiencies, and yield than late sowing. Mechanical weeding took more time to complete different developmental stages, hence, accumulated higher heat units and recorded significantly higher thermal-use efficiencies and yield followed by application of bensulfuron methyl + pretilachlor as pre-emergence + 2,4-D as post-emergence. Conclusion Earlier sowing with 4 mechanical weedings or successive pre-emergence application of bensulfuron methyl + pretilachlor followed by post-emergence application of 2,4-D is recommended for better phenological development and yield of direct seeded rice. rice However phenology agrometeorological agro meteorological 10th th early (early rd (late) i.e., ie i e [i.e. weedycheck, weedycheck weedy check, check weedy-check 4time weedfree, weedfree free , (weed-free) preemergence, preemergence pre emergence, emergence 2,4D 24D D 2,4 2 postemergence, postemergence post stages hence thermaluse use postemergence. emergence. (late i.e. [i.e (weed-free 4D 24 2, i.e

Abstract: Background: Farmers often use glyphosate for cost-effective land clearance to streamline coffee harvest processes despite recommendations against its application near the harvest period. However, as set by national and international regulatory authorities, this practice poses a high risk of exceeding the maximum residue limit (MRL) for glyphosate in coffee beans. Objective: In this study, glyphosate residues in green coffee beans were assessed, considering different herbicide application methods (mechanical or manual), nozzles (hooded or unhooded), application volumes, and ripening stages. Methods: Coffee beans were collected between 15 to 60 days before harvest, and glyphosate residues were determined by high-efficiency liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Results: Mechanical and manual applications using a protective spray bar device, avoiding the lower third of the coffee trees, maintained glyphosate residue levels within the MRLs established by Brazilian (1.0 mg kg−1) and European (0.1 mg kg−1) regulatory authorities. In contrast, applying glyphosate with the TK-VS-02 nozzle (high-flow impact) without a protective device resulted in levels below the Brazilian MRL but exceeded importing countries’ requirements. These residue levels persisted even when applications occurred outside the recommended rainy season but within the 15-day minimum safe re-entry interval. Applications using TK-VS-02 or AI11002 (low-flow air-induced) nozzles targeting the lower third of trees resulted in high glyphosate residue levels, surpassing national and international MRLs, even when applications were conducted 60 days before coffee harvest. Conclusions: These findings emphasize the importance of employing the right application technology to produce coffee that complies with the MRLs of any regulatory authority. Abstract Background costeffective cost effective period However authorities (MRL Objective study assessed mechanical manual, , manual) hooded unhooded, unhooded unhooded) volumes stages Methods 1 6 highefficiency efficiency LCMS/MS. LCMSMS LC MS/MS . MS (LC-MS/MS) Results 1.0 10 0 (1. kg−1 kg1 kg 0.1 01 (0. contrast TKVS02 TKVS TK VS 02 TK-VS-0 highflow flow impact countries requirements 15day day reentry re entry interval AI AI1100 lowflow low airinduced air induced air-induced Conclusions authority LCMS LCMS/MS MSMS (LC-MS/MS 1. (1 kg− 0. (0 TKVS0 TK-VS- AI110 ( TK-VS AI11 AI1

Abstract: Background: The resistance of grass weeds to herbicides is expanding in wheat fields. An effective strategy for managing herbicide resistance is to prevent the likelihood of resistance development spreading from field margins to within fields. Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the resistance development in winter wild oat (Avena sterilis subsp. ludoviciana) populations collected from within fields and field margins of 11 winter wheat fields to the commonly used ACCase and ALS-inhibiting herbicides. Methods: Seeds of 22 A. sterilis subsp. ludoviciana populations were collected, both from field margins and within winter wheat fields. The seeds were grown in greenhouse, and the seedlings at the three- to four-leaf stage were treated with the recommended field rates of the following four herbicides, clodinafop-propargyl (CP), pinoxaden (PN), mesosulfuron+iodosulfuron (MI), and mesosulfuron+iodosulfuron+diflufenican (MD). Results: All populations from within fields evolved resistance to CP, but none showed cross-resistance to PN. Importantly, there were notable variations in CP and MI resistance, with less than half of the samples from within fields demonstrating higher resistance, while for the remaining populations no differences were observed between field-margin and within-fields samples. Contradictory trend was observed in response to MD, where around 70% of populations followed the trend for CP and MI, surprisingly, around 30% of populations exhibited opposite results. Conclusions: Overall, the incidence of herbicide resistance to CP, MI, and MD was more common in populations from within fields, suggesting stronger selection pressure. However, some field margin populations showed MD resistance, underscoring the need for weed control in field margins as a proactive resistance management strategy. Abstract Background Objective Avena subsp 1 ALSinhibiting ALS inhibiting Methods 2 A greenhouse three fourleaf leaf clodinafoppropargyl clodinafop propargyl , (CP) PN, PN (PN) mesosulfuroniodosulfuron mesosulfuron iodosulfuron (MI) mesosulfuroniodosulfurondiflufenican diflufenican MD. . (MD) Results crossresistance cross Importantly fieldmargin withinfields 70 surprisingly 30 results Conclusions Overall pressure However (CP (PN (MI (MD 7 3

Abstract: Background: Echinochloa colona (junglerice), a troublesome weed in rice, is resistant to 15 herbicide active ingredients. High temperatures are linked to reduction of herbicide efficacy. Objective: Evaluate growth and seed production of junglerice, after five generations of recurrent selection with sublethal dose of rice herbicides under heat stress. Methods: Junglerice plants previously subjected to recurrent selection with herbicides and heat stress for three cycles were exposed to further iterative cycles of selection with heat stress (45 °C) and sublethal dose of florpyrauxifen-benzyl (FPB, 0.125x), imazethapyr (0.125x), quinclorac (0.25x), and glufosinate (0.25x). Plant injury was evaluated 1 and 3 weeks after treatment. Panicle number; plant height; and dry biomass of shoot, panicles, and seeds were recorded. Seed number plant-1 and reproductive effort were estimated. Results: The joint effect of heat stress and sublethal dose of herbicides reduced the sensitivity of junglerice to all herbicides tested. Plants treated with FPB and quinclorac produced more shoot biomass and seed number after five generations. Heat-stressed plants treated with FPB produced more seeds than non-stressed plants. Imazethapyr reduced seed production. Heat-stressed junglerice treated with glufosinate produced fewer seeds than non-stressed plants. Conclusions: The joint effect of heat stress and sublethal dose of herbicides reduced junglerice sensitivity to the four rice herbicides tested after five generations. Heat stress and sublethal dose of the relatively recent auxinic herbicide florpyrauxifen-benzyl reduced junglerice sensitivity and increased seed production. Abstract Background , (junglerice) ingredients efficacy Objective Methods 45 (4 °C C florpyrauxifenbenzyl florpyrauxifen benzyl FPB, (FPB 0.125x, 0125x x 0.125x 0 125x 0.125x) (0.125x) 0.25x, 025x 0.25x 25x (0.25x) 0.25x. . treatment height panicles recorded plant1 plant- estimated Results Heatstressed stressed nonstressed non Conclusions (junglerice 4 ( (0.125x (0.25x

Abstract: Background: Numerous studies have described junglerice (Echinochloa colona) competitiveness against crops, but its behavior concerning plant density as an outcome of intraspecific competition has not been well documented. Objective: This study aimed to characterize morphology based on population density and determine the degree of density dependence. Methods: Junglerice was grown in field conditions in a range of densities from 0.25 to 300 plants m-2. Plant height and width, tillering, aerial dry weight, seed weight, seed number, and hundred-seed weight were determined and related to growth habits by principal components analysis. The variables were fitted to the growth habits using a general linear model. Aerial dry weight, tiller number, seed number, and seed weight per plant (pl-1) and per area (m-2) were fitted to plant density using non-linear functions. Results: Plants exhibited prostrate habit at 0.25 plants m-2, semi-prostrate habit at 2-4 plants m-2, and erect habit at 35 plants m-2. Prostrate plants displayed a width of 196 cm, a height of 40 cm, 158 tillers per plant, and over 32,000 seeds per plant, whereas erect plants had an average width of 13.7 cm, a height of 114.5 cm, 10 tillers per plant, and approximately 1,700 seeds per plant. The aerial dry matter per area adhered to the law of constant final yield. In contrast, tiller number, seed number, and weight per area had a nonlinear dome-shaped relationship. Conclusions: Junglerice modifies its aerial structures according to population density, showcasing extensive morphological plasticity. This characteristic allows junglerice to adopt different growth habits. Abstract Background Echinochloa colona crops documented Objective dependence Methods 025 0 25 0.2 30 m2. m2 m 2. 2 m-2 tillering number hundredseed hundred analysis model pl1 pl 1 (pl-1 (m-2 non functions Results m2, 2, semiprostrate semi 24 4 2- 3 19 cm 15 32000 32 000 32,00 137 13 7 13. 1145 114 5 114. 1700 700 1,70 yield contrast domeshaped dome shaped relationship Conclusions plasticity 02 0. m- (pl- (m- 3200 00 32,0 11 170 70 1,7 (pl (m 320 32, 17 1,

Abstract: Background: In a prior study, Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffiths and Maubl. and Bipolaris bicolor (Mitra) Shoemaker., were found to suppress the growth of Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn, but limited information exists on their response to environmental factors and herbicides for integrated E. indica control. Objective: This study aimed to determine the tolerance levels of L. theobromae and B. bicolor to pH, temperature, photoperiod, relative humidity, and herbicides. Methods: The mycelia and conidia of L. theobromae and B. bicolor were exposed to a range of environmental conditions and herbicides in a controlled setting, including different levels of temperature (25, 30, 35 ⁰C), pH (4, 6, 8, 10), photoperiod (24 hours of darkness; alternating 12 hours of blue light followed by 12 hours of darkness; and alternating cycles of 6 hours of blue light and 6 hours of darkness), and relative humidity (75, 85, 95%). Herbicides such as topramezone, diuron, oxyfluorfen, and imazethapyr were applied at their recommended rates. Conidial germination was assessed by counting after an 18-hour incubation using a haemocytometer, while the diameter of mycelium growth was measured after 3 days of incubation, except for the herbicide effects evaluation, which were extended over 7 days. Results: Laboratory assays demonstrated that L. theobromae exhibited higher conidial germination of 85-95% and superior mycelial growth under varied pH, temperature, and photoperiod conditions compared to B. bicolor. Lasiodioplodia theobromae's mycelia remained unaffected by herbicides at full labelled rates, but they inhibited the conidial germination of the fungus. For B. bicolor, the conidia were not affected by imazethapyr and topramezone, but its mycelial growth was reduced by imazethapyr, oxyfluorfen, and diuron. Conclusions: These results indicate that the mycelia of L. theobromae presents a more favorable option for tank mixing with test herbicides, offering potential for the formulation of an integrated control strategy against E. indica. Abstract Background Pat. Pat (Pat. Maubl Mitra (Mitra Shoemaker Shoemaker. L (L. Gaertn E Objective B Methods setting 25, 25 (25 30 ⁰C, ⁰C C , ⁰C) 4, 4 (4 8 10, 10 10) 24 (2 darkness 1 darkness, darkness) 75, 75 (75 85 95%. 95 95% . 95%) topramezone diuron oxyfluorfen rates 18hour hour 18 haemocytometer evaluation Results 8595% 8595 85-95 theobromaes s fungus Conclusions (Pat (L 2 ( (7 9 859 85-9 85-

Abstract: In recent times, there has been an environmental pressure to reduce the amount of pesticides applied to crops and, consequently, the crop production costs. Therefore, investments have been made in technologies that could potentially reduce the usage of herbicides on weeds. Among such technologies, Machine Learning approaches are rising in number of applications and potential impact. Therefore, this article aims to identify the main machine learning algorithms used in integrated crop-livestock systems for weed management. Based on a systematic literature review, it was possible to determine where the selected studies were performed and which crop types were mostly used. The main research terms in this study were: "machine learning algorithms" + "weed management" + "integrated crop-livestock system". Although no results were found for the three terms altogether, the combinations involving "weed management" + "integrated crop-livestock system" and "machine learning algorithms" + "weed management" returned a significant number of studies which were subjected to a second layer of refinement by applying an eligibility criteria. The achieved results show that most of the studies were from the United States and from nations in Asia. Machine vision and deep learning were the most used machine learning models, representing 28% and 19% of all cases, respectively. These systems were applied to different practical solutions, the most prevalent being smart sprayers, which allow for a site-specific herbicide application. Abstract times consequently costs Therefore weeds impact croplivestock livestock management review system. system . altogether criteria Asia models 28 19 cases respectively solutions sprayers sitespecific site specific application 2 1

Abstract Background The evolution of non-target site resistance (NTSR) to herbicides in weeds has made weed management extremely difficult. Weeds can develop NTSR to herbicides because of changes in one or more physiological processes. Objective This review aims to address the complexities of NTSR by investigating the factors influencing the evolution of NTSR in weeds. It explains mechanisms associated with NTSR and examines sustainable management strategies. Methods This review draws upon an extensive examination of existing literature on NTSR. It summarizes NTSR mechanisms in weeds and discusses strategies that delay the evolution of herbicide resistance. Results The analysis reveals that NTSR mechanisms threaten not only the efficacy of existing herbicides but also the utility of new herbicides. The study highlights that crop diversification, improved herbicide use patterns and understanding of weed biology, including fitness costs and gene flow, are crucial for developing sustainable weed management strategies. The study advocates a holistic approach, integrating diverse weed management practices and modern technologies, to effectively address the challenges posed by NTSR and ensure sustainable herbicide resistance management. Conclusions A holistic approach is urgently needed to manage NTSR. Understanding the complex interaction of genetic factors, inheritance patterns, effects of herbicide application patterns, and fitness costs is crucial for managing NTSR. This knowledge informs effective use of technology and conventional tools for effective weed control. nontarget non target (NTSR difficult processes diversification biology flow technologies control

Abstract Background: Several factors may affect herbicide fate in the soil, including soil moisture which can affect herbicide availability and degradation and mixture with other degradable herbicides. Objective: The objectives of this research were to evaluate the effects of soil moisture content and association with glyphosate on S-metolachlor persistence in lowland soil. Methods: Greenhouse experiments were conducted in 2011 and repeated in 2012 using a randomized complete block design in a factorial arrangement (3×3×5) with four replications. Factor A included three soil moisture contents (air-dried, water holding capacity, and saturated), and factor B included two herbicide combinations (S-metolachlor; S-metolachlor + glyphosate) plus an untreated check. Factor C included five intervals between application and sowing of the bioindicator species (rice): 150, 120, 90, 60, and 30 days before sowing. Herbicide injury, height in rice plants, and herbicide concentration in soil was evaluated. Results: S-metolachlor concentration and injury to rice were higher under dry soil conditions regardless of application timing. In contrast, rice injury was significantly lower in the soil saturated condition. The association with glyphosate did not affect S-metolachlor persistence in lowland soil. Conclusion: These results indicate that S-metolachlor exhibits shorter persistence under saturated soil conditions; and indicated that drought periods following S-metolachlor applications may increase carryover to sensitive crops planted in rotation. Background herbicides Objective Smetolachlor S metolachlor Methods 201 3×3×5 335 3 5 (3×3×5 replications airdried, airdried air dried, dried (air-dried capacity saturated, , saturated) (S-metolachlor check (rice) 150 120 90 60 plants evaluated Results timing contrast condition Conclusion rotation 20 3×3× 33 (3×3× (rice 15 12 9 6 2 3×3 (3×3 1 3× (3× (3 (

Abstract Background: Conventional method of rice cultivation has proven to be resource intensive, limiting its long term sustainability. On the contrary direct seeding offers a potential rice establishment method provided its increased susceptibility to weed infestation is taken care of. Objective: The principle aim of this study was to evaluate both pre- and post-emergence herbicides for effective weed suppression, while optimizing time window for herbicide application. Methods: A comprehensive two year study was conducted to assess the efficacy of new generation pre- and post-emergence herbicides including pendimethalin followed by 2,4-D, penoxsulam, pyrozosulfuron ethyl + pretilachlor, triafamone + ethoxysulfuron, ethoxysulfuron, fenoxyprop p-ethyl along with weed-free and weedy check treatments. Results: All herbicides substantially reduced weed biomass by 58–94% at 45 days after sowing. Pre- mix triafamone + ethoxysulfuron proved most effective against grasses and sedges, followed by penoxulam for sedges and pendimethalin followed by 2,4 -D for broadleaved weeds (BLW). Herbicide application significantly improved yield-related parameters compared to the weedy check. Application of pre-mix triafamone + ethoxysulfuron excelled, yielding 7.3 tons per hectare, a remarkable 383% increase over the weedy check. Key yield attributes such as panicles per square meter (349), grains per panicle (91), and 1,000-grain weight (25 g) were significantly elevated due to the application of triafamone + ethoxysulfuron (60 g a.i ha-1). Conclusion: Application of triafamone+ ethoxysulfuron an early post emergence herbicide witnessed significantly greater seed yield which was comparable to weed free situation besides, controlling diverse weed flora with higher weed control efficiency of 87 to 90%. Background intensive sustainability Objective pre postemergence suppression Methods 2,4D, 24D D D, 2 4 2,4-D penoxsulam pretilachlor pethyl p weedfree treatments Results 5894 58 94 58–94 sowing Pre 24 2, BLW. BLW . (BLW) yieldrelated related premix excelled 73 7 3 7. hectare 383 349, 349 , (349) 91, 91 (91) 1,000grain 1000grain grain 1,000 1 000 25 (2 60 (6 ai i ha1. ha1 ha ha-1) Conclusion besides 8 90 90% 4D 2,4D 589 5 9 58–9 (BLW 38 34 (349 (91 000grain 1000 1,00 00 ( 6 ha-1 58– (34 (9 100 1,0 0 ha- (3 10 1,

Abstract Background: The interference caused by volunteer soybean plants from grains lost before or during harvest can cause economic losses to bean producers due to the competition they cause, especially for succeeding crops. Objective: Therefore, the objective of this work was to determine the competitive ability and economic damage level (EDL) of bean cultivars in the presence of different densities of soybean volunteer plants. Methods: The experiments were installed in completely randomized design, and replicated for two consecutive years, 2020/21 and 2021/22. Treatments consisted of the carioca bean cultivars BRS Tangará, IAC 1850, and BRS Estilo and the black type IPR Uirapuru, IPR Urutau, and BRS Esteio, and 12 volunteer soybean densities established for each cultivar, ranging from 0 to a maximum of 66 plants m−2. Plant density, soil cover, leaf area, and shoot dry matter of volunteer soybean plants were determined 40 days after emergence. For bean, productivity, control cost, selling price, and control efficacy were determined. Results: Bean cultivars IPR Tangará, BRS Estilo, IPR Uirapuru and BRS Esteio showed greater competitive ability in the presence of soybean. The highest EDL values ranged from 1.00 to 2.89 plants m−2 for BRS Estilo, IPR Uirapuru, IPR Urutau and BRS Esteio cultivars when competing with soybean. Conclusions: Bean cultivars have different competitive abilities, and EDL is directly influenced by these different genetic traits. Background crops Objective Therefore (EDL Methods design years 202021 2020 21 2020/2 202122 2021 22 2021/22 Tangará 1850 1 cultivar 6 m2 m 2 density cover area 4 emergence productivity cost price Results 100 00 1.0 289 89 2.8 m− Conclusions abilities traits 20202 202 2020/ 20212 2021/2 185 10 1. 28 8 2. 20 2021/ 18

Abstract Background Gomphrena perennis (Gpe) and G. pulchella (Gpu) are perennial glyphosate-tolerant amaranthaceous weeds of central and northern Argentina where glyphosate-resistant soybeans are grown with no-till. The study of weeds leaves morphoanatomy is important to understand environmental adaptation and could be used to explain herbicide absorption. Leaf surfaces of Gomphrena species were previously described for phylogenetic studies, and morphoanatomy of two Gomphrena perennis populations was characterized for glyphosate tolerance. There are no reports on comparative studies of Gpe and Gpu. We hypothesize that these two species differ in their morpho anatomical characteristics. Objective The aim of this research was to characterize and compare their leaf morphoanatomy throughout their life cycle. Methods Fully developed leaves of the upper middle third were extracted from plants grown in pots in a greenhouse at three phenological stages: eight true leaves (S1), beginning of branching (S2), and full flowering (S3). In both leaf sides, densities of epidermal cells, stomata and trichomes, and ostiole lengths were quantified. In main and secondary bundle anatomic parameters were measured: thickness of total blade, upper and lower epidermis, and mesophyll, and sheath length. Results Both species are amphiestomatic. Gpu had higher stomata densities in lower epidermis than Gpe at S1. Gpu had higher trichome densities than Gpe, whereas the latter presented higher values in anatomic variables mainly in secondary bundle (total blade and total mesophyll) at all stages. Conclusions There were no marked differences in the morphoanatomy between the two species throughout their life cycle. (Gpe G (Gpu glyphosatetolerant tolerant glyphosateresistant resistant notill. notill till. till no-till absorption tolerance characteristics cycle stages S1, S1 S , (S1) S2, S2 (S2) S3. S3 . (S3) sides cells trichomes quantified measured mesophyll length amphiestomatic (S1 (S2 (S3 (S

Abstract Background Phytoremediation is a technique used in soils contaminated with residual herbicides, such as tebuthiuron. However, the herbicide presence in the soil and plant matrices are not generally quantified. Objective This study aimed to select plant species to evaluate the phytoremediation of 14C-tebuthiuron by showy rattlepod (Crotalaria spectabilis), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), radish (Raphanus sativus), peanut (Arachis hypogaea), and alfalfa (Medicago sativa) in herbicide-contaminated soil. Methods The selection of the five herbicide phytoremediation plants was with the application of five rates of tebuthiuron (300, 600, 1,200, 2,400, and 4,800 g a.i. ha-1) and compared to a control. Peanuts and sorghum (herbicide-tolerant plants) were sown in soil contaminated with tebuthiuron (600 g a.i. ha-1) applied through a working solution containing 17.47 kBq of 14C-tebuthiuron. The total of herbicide was analyzed in the soil and plant at three phenological stages. Results Showy rattlepod, radish, and alfalfa were sensitive to the herbicide even at the lowest application rate. Sorghum was tolerant to the herbicide up to 600 g ha-1 with the application of 1,200 g ha-1, there was 80% injury; peanut was tolerant even at the highest rate (4,800 g ha-1) with only 40% injury. Peanut and sorghum were able to phytoremediate the soil, although, peanut was more efficient in decreasing tebuthiuron contamination by 76%, while sorghum reduced at by 45% at 3rd phenological stage. Conclusions Thus, both plants can be recommended in succession/rotation with crops that had tebuthiuron applied from pre-emergence weed control. herbicides However quantified 14Ctebuthiuron Ctebuthiuron 14C C Crotalaria spectabilis, spectabilis , spectabilis) bicolor, bicolor bicolor) Raphanus sativus, sativus sativus) Arachis hypogaea, hypogaea hypogaea) Medicago sativa herbicidecontaminated 300, 300 (300 1200 1 200 2400 2 400 2,400 4800 4 800 4,80 ai i a.i ha1 ha control herbicidetolerant (60 1747 17 47 17.4 14Ctebuthiuron. stages 60 ha- 1,20 ha1, 1, 80 injury (4,80 40 although 76 76% 45 rd stage Thus successionrotation succession rotation preemergence pre emergence 30 (30 120 20 240 2,40 480 4,8 (6 174 17. 6 1,2 8 (4,8 7 3 (3 12 24 2,4 48 4, ( (4, 2, (4

Abstract Background Diversified crop systems provide several advantages for crop production and the agricultural ecosystem. In contrast, growing the same crop for consecutive years increases weeds, insects, and diseases issues, adding further cost to crop production owing to their management. Objective The objective was to evaluate the effects of six different winter cover crops and compare the impacts of a diversified rotation system in contrast to the succession system, combined with three different post-emergence herbicide management looking up to soybean yield, aboveground mass production, and weed density impact. Methods The experiment was performed over 2014 to 2018, using a randomized block design with four replications. Cover crop treatments were 1) fallow 2) wheat 3) rye 4) rye + turnip 5) rye + vetch 6) black oats. At the time of cover crop termination, weed density was counted and aboveground mass was measured. The crop rotation system was an alternated soybean and corn using three different post-emergence herbicide treatments, and the succession system was soybean each year. When a significant effect was observed after test F, the Tukey test (p ≤ 0.05) was applied to compare treatment effects. Results Rye + vetch as a cover crop, rotation system, and herbicide usage showed a higher impact on weed density. Rye + turnip has produced more aboveground biomass. Soybean yield was higher after wheat. Conclusions Cover crops implementation, crop rotation system, and herbicide usage have increased biomass production and crop yield, and reduced weed density showing integrated weed management as a key strategy for production systems. ecosystem weeds insects issues postemergence post emergence 201 2018 replications 1 2 3 4 5 6 oats termination measured year F p 0.05 005 0 05 implementation 20 0.0 00 0.

Abstract Background The agricultural landscape has deteriorated rapidly because of human population growth and the concomitant increased demand for food. Although necessary to feed the global population, production intensification accounts for reduced resilience of cropping systems due to the increased inputs required for greater yields. Objective The purpose of this synopsis is to highlight applicable ecological weed management strategies in order to promote weed suppression in intensively managed agricultural production systems of the Western Cape. Methods In order to achieve sustainable weed management it is imperative that ecological landscape elements become part of agronomic production processes. These practices and strategies include the adoption of cover crops, living and biomass mulches, hedgerows, increased field margins as well as weed seedbank diversity as non-chemical measures and landscape elements. Results Cover crops, living mulches and biomass mulches exert positive impacts on weed suppression, microclimate, soil quality and crop yield. Conclusions The outcome of ecological weed management strategies is a reduction and mitigation of the negative effects of intensive cropping regarding soil, water and the agricultural landscape. food yields Cape processes crops hedgerows nonchemical non chemical microclimate yield