ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the effect of the topical application of the ethanol extract (EESL) and the hydroethanolic fraction (HFSL) of ripe Solanum lycocarpum fruit on the healing of experimentally-induced wounds in mice. Methods: The EESL and HFSL obtained from ripe fruit of the species S. lycocarpum were obtained by percolation with ethanol. They were tested in the healing of excisional wounds in mice, which were induced in anesthetized animals using a 7-mm dermatological punch. They were divided according to the treatment period and group, n = 6, and received topical application of the EESL or HFSL daily or saline solution for one, five, seven, or 21 days. At the end of this period, the animals were euthanized, and the lesions were subjected to histopathological processing and analysis to evaluate macroscopic area of the wound and microscopic analysis by morphometry of the number of leukocytes, mast cells, fibroblasts, re-epithelialization, and matrix deposition. Results: The application of the EESL and HFSL reduced the number of leukocytes after one, five, and seven days of treatment. EESL improved re-epithelialization and tissue proliferation in wound healing from day 7. Conclusion: The study demonstrated that daily administration of EESL and HFSL exhibit wound healing activity, with this effect being more pronounced by EESL. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the anti-inflammatory and healing activity of this species through topical application.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate intravenous meropenem and intraperitoneal 10% aqueous extract of Schinus terebinthifolius (aroeira) in elderly rats after autogenous fecal peritonitis. Methods: Thirty 18-month-old Wistar rats underwent peritonitis with 4 mL/kg of autogenous fecal solution. They were stratified into groups: control without treatment; study I, treated with meropenem (40 mg/kg); and study II, treated with meropenem at the same dose and intraperitoneal 10% aqueous extract of aroeira. The animals were monitored for 15 days until euthanasia. The study was approved by Ethics Committee. Results: There was no significant weight loss in the study-II group (p = 0.6277), while the study-I group showed partially recovered weight (p = 0.0187). The study-II group had 90% negative blood cultures, while the study-I group had in 50% of the animals (p = 0.1479). Survival in the study-II group was higher than in study-I group (p = 0.0462). The morbidity score for abdominal and thoracic cavity was lower in the study-II group as compared with study-I group (p = 0.0001). Conclusions: The use of meropenem associated with the intraperitoneal 10% aqueous aroeira extract after induction of autogenous fecal peritonitis in elderly rats produced greater survival, less weight loss, and lower morbidity compared to the use of meropenem alone.

ABSTRACT Purpose: We aimed to investigate the role of gallic acid treatment on spinal cord tissues after spinal cord injury (SCI) and its relationship with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress by histochemical, immunohistochemical, and in-silico techniques. Methods: Thirty female Wistar albino rats were divided into three groups: sham, SCI, and SCI+gallic acid. SCI was induced by dropping a 15-g weight onto the exposed T10-T11 spinal cord segment. The SCI+gallic acid group received 25 mg/kg of gallic acid intraperitoneally daily for one week. Histopathological, immunohistochemical, and silico analyses were performed. Results: Histological analysis revealed improved neural cell survival and tissue integrity in the SCI+gallic acid group compared to the SCI group. Caspase-12 expression was significantly increased in the SCI group, indicating elevated ER stress and apoptosis. Gallic acid treatment resulted in a marked reduction in caspase-12 expression in neurons, neuroglia, and endothelial cells, suggesting decreased ER stress. Conclusion: Gallic acid exhibits significant neuroprotective effects against ER stress and cellular damage in a rat model of SCI. The in-silico analysis revealed apoptotic and immune-related pathways in which gallic acid showed neuroprotective effects by regulating caspase-12. These results suggest that gallic acid may be a promising therapeutic agent for mitigating secondary damage post-SCI.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To investigate the relationship between the cartilage acetabular index and acetabular development and secondary dysplasia. Methods: A total of 58 hips underwent intraoperative arthrography-guided open reduction or limited open reduction due to developmental hip dysplasia between 2011 and 2015 was included in the study. We evaluated patients with acetabular angle 8º as group 2. Intraoperative acetabular cartilage index measurements were performed, and patients with low and high cartilage acetabular index were divided into two groups. Results: There was a correlation between the cartilage acetabular index value, which indicates preoperative cartilage acetabular coverage, and acetabular development and secondary acetabular development. Conclusion: The cartilage acetabular index is a technically easy and uncomplicated evaluation method that can be used to estimate acetabular development and should be used routinely together with the bone acetabular index.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To determine if endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) should be performed with surgery or as a different step, on acute cholecystitis, and which strategy has the least complications and morbimortality. Methods: Various databases (PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, CINAHL, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature, clinical trials, Google Scholar) were searched for randomized trials comparing the different timings for ERCP and cholecystectomy. No language or time restrictions were applied. Risk of bias was assessed with RoB 2.0 (Cochrane’s Risk of Bias 2), and evidence certainty evaluated using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation. Data synthesis used R-4.1.0 Project for Statistical Computing for Windows, with meta-analysis via fixed-effects model and I2 for heterogeneity. Results: Eleven studies was used, and meta-analysis was performed independently for each outcome. Different outcomes were evaluated, with preoperative ERCP as an intervention and intraoperative ERCP as the control: length of stays (four trials with mean differences – MD = -1.44; 95% confidence interval – 95%CI -3,87–0,98); bile leak (odds ratio – OR = 0.67; 95%CI 0.11–4.09); cholangitis (OR = 1.32; 95%CI 0.29–5.98); bleeding from sphincterotomy (OR = 0.98; 95%CI 0.20–4.86); wound infection (OR = 0.33; 95%CI 0.04–3.14); incisional bleeding (OR = 0.5; 95%CI 0.04–5.70); elevated amylase activity (OR = 5.22; 95%CI 2.17–12.59); acute pancreatitis (OR = 4.61; 95%CI 1.72–12.38); operative time (MD = -6,26; 95%CI -37.24–24.73); failure rate (OR = 1.74; 95%CI 0.99–3.05); conversion (OR = 1.34; 95%CI 0.6–2.96); morbidity (OR = 2.75; 95%CI 1.7–4.47). Conclusions: Risk of bias was significant due to lack of blindness. The morbidity, pancreatitis, and elevated amylase activity outcomes were the only ones to find statistical significance and favored the intraoperative approach.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To create tridimensional (3D) anatomical models of diaphyseal fractures in dogs (3D AMDFD) and to evaluate the models from their radiographs. Methods: The study consisted of six stages: preparation of femur from a healthy dog cadaver; digitalization of the bone through a 3D scanner and creation of the base model; creation of a 3D AMDFD based on the image of the base model, 3D modeling carried out to reproduce five different types of diaphyseal fractures; printing the models produced on a 3D printer with a thermoplastic material; insertion of neodymium magnets in the fracture line to allow the assembly and disassembly of the parts; and radiography of 3D AMDFD in lateromedial and craniocaudal positions. Results: The base model and 3D AMDFD had high precision in the replication of bone structures, like the bone in natura. The radiopacity and radiolucency of the 3D AMDFD did not necessarily correspond to the bone densities found in the radiography of the natural canine femur. Conclusion: The 3D AMDFD and their respective radiographs accurately reproduced the anatomical structures and fracture lines.

ABSTRACT Purpose: The degenerative joint disease is a temporomandibular disorder. By analysing texture parameters, it becomes possible to characterize and differentiate various tissues, based on their textural properties according to cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). This study evaluated degenerative diseases in the temporomandibular joint through texture analysis. Methods: Eighty images of the jaw condyle with three types of degenerative diseases, flattening, osteophytes, erosion and control group were analysed, obtained through CBCT. The analyses were carried out through texture analysis with three regions of interest (ROIs) corresponding to specific bone sites. The scans were exported to MaZda software, in which the ROIs were delimited following previously marked contours, and the co-occurrence matrix values were calculated for selected texture analysis parameters. Results: The erosion group showed a significantly different behaviour from the other groups for all analysed parameters. Conclusion: This study highlights the potential of texture analysis in characterizing medullary bone changes in condyles affected by erosion. Texture analysis allows for a more comprehensive assessment of bone condition on CBCT images. These results have implications for early detection and monitoring of degenerative changes in the temporomandibular joint, thus allowing preventive intervention and personalized treatment planning, improving the prognosis of the disease.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate whether the effectiveness of topical antiseptic solutions in restoring skin continuity solutions is related to their antimicrobial action or to their action in maintaining moisture, in dogs undergoing elective surgeries. Methods: Forty dogs, 20 males and 20 females, underwent orchiectomy and oophorectomy, respectively. Thereafter, the animals were allocated into four groups (n = 5) and treated with different topical solutions: polyhexanide 0.1% (G1), chlorhexidine digluconate 0.05% (G2), povidone-iodine 0.1% (G3), and sodium chloride 0.9% (control). Macroscopically evaluation of wounds on days 1, 5, and 10 after procedures, and hematological parameters were performed. Data were subjected to statistical analysis (p 0.05) Results: No significant differences in the macroscopic evaluation of the wounds and hematological parameters were observed among groups, in the healing of clean elective surgical wounds. However, applying a topical solution dressing to maintain a moist wound promoted adequate tissue healing. Conclusion: In our experimental conditions, moisture provided by topical antiseptic solutions is an important factor compared to the antiseptic activity of these solutions, for skin wound healing in post-surgical dressings resulting from clean, short-term elective surgeries in male and female dogs. Moreover, the type of topical antiseptic solution used does not influence the development of post-surgical infection.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the molecular evolution of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress during colorectal cancer carcinogenesis. Methods: Fifty-six hairless mice were divided into two groups: control (no intervention); and carcinogenesis (treated with two doses of azoxymethane at 10 mg/kg during the third and the fourth week and dextran sodium sulfate at 2.5% for seven days in the second, fifth, and eighth week). Euthanasia occurred at the fifth, 10th, 15th, and 20th week. Colons were collected, and gene expression of ER stress markers (IRE1-α, PERK, ATF6, and CHOP) was assessed via real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results: ERN1 expression was significantly higher than the control at the 10th week (1.39 ± 0.16, p 0.05) and the 20th week (1.15 ± 0.04, p 0.01). ATF6 also showed elevated expression, significantly different at the 10th week (1.71 ± 0.29, p 0.05) and the 20th week (1.14 ± 0.06, p 0.05). PERK and CHOP expressions were significantly higher than the control in the 15th (PERK = 1.30 ± 0.12, CHOP = 1.48 ± 0.23) and 20th weeks (PERK = 1.63 ± 0.20, CHOP = 1.67 ± 0.22, p 0.05). Conclusion: Upregulation of IRN1, PERK, ATF6, and CHOP demonstrates a strong ER stress response during colorectal cancer development.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To establish a profile of the inflammatory response in the preoperative and postoperative period of pulmonary resection of patients without postoperative complications, in order to trace the inflammatory profile of lung resection surgery. Methods: Six collections of arterial and venous blood were performed for data analysis, one sample in the preoperative, immediate postoperative, 4, 8, 24, and 48 hours after surgery. Twenty-seven patients with a median age of 63 years old, ranging from 29 to 80 years old, were included. Results: The leukocyte count showed a significant increase in the times: immediate postoperative and 4 hours after surgery, in relation to the preoperative period. Concomitantly, there was an increase in lactate, heart rate, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 after 4 hours of surgery. The platelet count showed a significant decrease in 48 h, associated with an increase in IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α. A significant increase in IL-10 was observed in the immediate postoperative. Conclusion: The study may contribute to the search for more specific and adequate alternatives for controlling the inflammatory response. In this way, the intervention would be specific to that cytokine that causes the greatest harm to the patient, as well as to the moment of the intervention.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To mitigate ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) triggered in solid organ transplant procedures, we aimed to evaluate the effects of multi-organ abdominal ischemic preconditioning (MAIP) in the context of renal IRI. Methods: An experimental kidney transplant model was conducted. Rats were divided into three groups: an intervention free basal group from which physiological data was collected; a control group (CT), which consisted of transplanted animals without MAIP; and a treated group, in which a MAIP protocol was implemented in the donor during the procurement of the left kidney, monitoring the recipient for 24 hours. Results: Urea, creatinine, and lactate dehydrogenase, as well as histopathological analysis (Banff: CT 1,66 ± 0,57 vs. basal 0, and MAIP 1), showed a clear trend in favor of MAIP group. Similar results were observed for tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6 and CXCL10, as well as indicators of oxidative stress, with statistically significant levels for CXCL10 [0,295 ± 0,0074 arbitrary units (AU) CT and 0,0057 ± 0,0065 AU MAIP] and TBARS (2,93 ± 0,08 nmol/μg CT; and 2,49 ± 0,23 nmol/μg MAIP; p 0.05). Conclusion: The findings indicated that the MAIP exerts a protective influence on the transplanted kidneys, functioning as an IRI-protective strategy and enhancing the parameters associated with renal graft functionality.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the peritoneal histopathological changes and culture after the use of intravenous meropenem and intra-abdominal inoculation of 10% aqueous extract of anacardiaceae, in elderly rat model after autogenous fecal peritonitis induced. Methods: Thirty 18-month-old Wistar rats received induction of autogenous fecal peritonitis and then were stratified into two groups: study I, treated with meropenem (40 mg/kg); and study II, treated with meropenem (40 mg/kg) and intraperitoneal 10% aqueous extract of anacardiaceae. Animals were monitored for 15 days until euthanasia. Peritoneal fragments were collected for histopathological and culture. The study was approved by Ethics Committee. Results: None study-II animals died, while in study I, one died before euthanasia. In study II, 20% of the animals showed histopathological changes, none positive peritoneal culture, but one blood culture was positive (10%). In study I, 50% of the animals presented histopathological changes, 40% positive peritoneal cultures, and 50% positive blood cultures. All results when evaluated in the morbidity score showed better outcome for study-II group (p = 0,175). Conclusion: The use of meropenem associated with intraperitoneal 10% aqueous anacardiaceae extract after induction of autogenous fecal peritonitis in elderly rats showed better outcome in the set of histopathological changes, negative peritoneal and blood cultures, when compared with the use of meropenem isolated.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate morphological aspects and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene and protein expression in a model of acute inflammation. Methods: Thirty-six female Wistar rats were assigned into three groups: control (saline, n = 12), sham (arthritis, n = 12), and PBM (arthritis and photobiomodulation, n = 12). Arthritis induction was performed with 200 μg of intra-articular Zymosan in sham and PBM animals. PBM was performed 24 h after induction with a laser device (λ = 808 nm, 25 mW of nominal power, fluence of 20 J/cm2, beam area of 0.02 mm2, time of 33 s, total energy of 0.825 J) with punctual and single dose application. Morphological analysis of joint structure (HE) and immunohistochemistry (anti-iNOS antibody) were performed on knee samples, and synovial tissue was submitted to RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis and gene expression analysis by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Statistical analyses were performed with p < 0.05. Results: It was observed an increase in the thickness of the synovial lining epithelium and inflammatory infiltrate in sham compared to PBM. Gene expression analysis showed higher iNOS expression in PBM, and iNOS protein expression decreased in PBM compared to sham. Conclusions: Photobiomodulation decreased inflammation in PBM animals, upregulated iNOS gene expression, however down egulated protein expression compared to sham.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To conduct a systematic literature review with meta-analysis to identify whether antibiotic prophylaxis after removal of the indwelling urinary catheter reduces posterior infections. Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted in the databases PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, Google Scholar, and Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature, using the keywords “antibiotics” AND “prostatectomy” AND “urinary catheter.” Results: Three articles were identified having the scope of our review, with 1,040 patients, which were subjected to our meta-analysis revealing a marginally significant decrease in the risk of urinary infection after indwelling urinary catheter removal (odds ratio–OR = 0.51; 95% confidence interval–95%CI 0.27–0.98; p = 0.04; I2 = 0%). No difference was found regarding the presence of bacteriuria (OR = 0.39; 95%CI 0.12–1.24; p = 0.11; I2 = 73%). Conclusions: In our meta-analysis, there was a significant decrease in urinary tract infection with antibiotic prophylaxis after indwelling urinary catheter removal following radical prostatectomy.

ABSTRACT Purpose: The current study aimed at evaluating the repair of a partial defect of the trachea with a muscle flap, an advanced technique that employs combined suture patterns. Methods: Sixteen healthy male New Zealand white rabbits were used as an experimental model. A partial defect in the trachea within the ventral region of the fourth to eighth tracheal ring was created. Subsequently, repair was initiated with a flap of the sternocephalicus muscle. The animals were divided into four groups for postoperative evaluation using clinical, tracheoscopic, and histopathological analyses. Each group was separated according to the time of euthanasia, programmed at interval of seven (G7), 15 (G15), 30 (G30), and 60 days (G60). Results: One animal from the G60 group died, whereas the other animals had good surgical recovery without serious changes in the breathing pattern. The major clinical signs observed were stridor and coughing. Tracheoscopy revealed secretions in the tracheal lumen, exuberant granulation, and stenosis. Histopathological analysis showed growth of the ciliary respiratory epithelium at the flap site 30 days after implantation. Conclusions: Partial repair showed satisfactory results owing to the anatomical location of the muscle, adequate vascular support, and structural and physiological maintenance without serious changes in the respiratory system.