Abstract This article seeks to contribute to the analysis of the socio-economic dynamics of indigenous artisans in a migratory context. For that, the production, distribution and sale of handcrafts by the qom people in the city of La Plata, capital of Buenos Aires, Argentina, are analyzed. To achieve this aim, a qualitative methodology with an ethnographic approach was used. A reflexive and inter-epistemic approach was carried out, enabling the inclusion of different types of knowledge in the research and describing the role that handcraft production and sale play among qom migrants. Finally, the importance of handcrafts as both objects and practices is highlighted. Through links of mutual help and reciprocity, they bond communities and reunite fellow members of the same town to meet and live together again in urban contexts.

Resumen Este artículo pretende ser un aporte al conocimiento de la dinámica socioeconómica de artesanos indígenas en un contexto migratorio. Para ello se analiza la producción y venta de artesanías del Pueblo qom en la ciudad de La Plata, capital de la provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. A partir de una metodología cualitativa, un abordaje etnográfico, reflexivo e inter epistémico -que posibilita una producción conjunta de conocimientos- se describe el rol que cumple, entre los qom migrantes, la producción y venta de artesanías. Finalmente se señala la importancia de la misma como objeto y práctica que -a partir de lazos de ayuda mutua y reciprocidad- une a las comunidades y a los “hermanos” de este pueblo, para reencontrarse y volver a vivir juntos, en la ciudad.

Abstract This article analyzes internal migrations in Spain carried out by Latin American immigrants in the 21st century. Three objectives are considered: 1) to determine the effect of internal migrations on territorial concentration; 2) to characterize internal migrations according to the type of municipality; and 3) to investigate the characteristics of internal migrants according to the place of reception. First, migration balances are calculated according to municipal decile, based on the weight of the Latin American population in the more than 8,000 Spanish municipalities. Second, internal migration rates are analyzed, distinguishing between six categories of municipalities. Finally, using census data, the characteristics of internal migrants are observed according to whether the municipality is urban, intermediate or rural. The results show the impact of economic cycles on migration, increasing territorial dispersion and the emergence of new residential dynamics.

Resumen El artículo analiza las migraciones internas en España protagonizadas por inmigrantes latinoamericanos y realizadas en el siglo XXI. Se consideran tres objetivos: 1) determinar el efecto de las migraciones internas sobre la concentración territorial; 2) caracterizar las migraciones internas en función del tipo de municipio; y 3) indagar en las características de los migrantes internos en función del lugar de recepción. Primero se calculan los saldos migratorios en función del decil municipal, a partir del peso de la población latinoamericana en los más de 8 mil municipios españoles. En segundo lugar, se analizan las tasas de migración interna distinguiendo entre seis categorías de municipios. Finalmente, con datos censales, se observan las características de los migrantes internos en función de si el municipio es urbano, intermedio o rural. Los resultados muestran el impacto de los ciclos económicos sobre las migraciones, la creciente dispersión territorial y la aparición de nuevas dinámicas residenciales.

Abstract This research analyzes the economic circuits that the Oaxacan community has generated in Los Angeles, highlighting the importance of the resignification of the community imaginary in the consolidation of ethnic-based business networks. In methodological terms, this qualitative research is based on a documentary review about migratory studies of native peoples (from a transnationalist perspective), as well as interviews and testimonies of key informants to make visible the economic boom of Oaxacan businesses in the Metropolitan Area of Los Angeles. Emphasis is placed on how the implementation of a “Oaxacan” daily life -for three generations- has allowed the consolidation of various binational enterprises that connect communities and localities of origin with numerous Californian neighborhoods with a high Oaxacan presence.

Resumen Esta investigación analiza los circuitos económicos que ha generado la colectividad oaxaqueña en Los Ángeles y resalta la importancia de la resignificación del imaginario de comunidad en la consolidación de redes de negocios de base étnica. En términos metodológicos esta investigación cualitativa parte de una revisión documental acerca de los estudios migratorios de los pueblos originarios (desde una perspectiva transnacionalista), así como de entrevistas y testimonios de informantes clave para visibilizar el auge económico de los negocios oaxaqueños en el Área Metropolitana de Los Ángeles. Se pone énfasis en cómo la puesta en práctica de una vida cotidiana “oaxaqueña” -desde hace tres generaciones- ha permitido la consolidación de diversos emprendimientos binacionales que conectan comunidades y localidades de origen con numerosos barrios californianos con alta presencia oaxaqueña.

Resumen Este estudio examina la integración de estudiantes migrantes venezolanos en el sistema educativo ecuatoriano, analizando desafíos y perspectivas. Mediante un enfoque mixto, se identifican factores influyentes en su rendimiento académico y adaptación. Se revela que, a pesar de los desafíos significativos, los resultados académicos de estos estudiantes no difieren sustancialmente de las medias nacionales, siendo especialmente destacable su desempeño en Lengua y literatura. Se identifican barreras burocráticas y discriminación que dificultan su inserción, y se evidencia la presencia de violencia hacia los estudiantes migrantes en el entorno escolar. Se resalta la necesidad de políticas inclusivas y programas de apoyo para garantizar un ambiente educativo seguro y promover el éxito académico y socioemocional de los estudiantes migrantes. Estos resultados ofrecen puntos de partida importantes para futuras investigaciones y destacan la necesidad de abordar los desafíos que enfrentan los estudiantes migrantes en el sistema educativo ecuatoriano.

Abstract This study examines the integration of Venezuelan migrant students into the Ecuadorian educational system, analyzing challenges and perspectives. Through a mixed-methods approach, influential factors in their academic performance and adaptation are identified. Despite significant challenges, the academic results of these students do not differ substantially from national averages, with particularly notable performance in Language and Literature. Bureaucratic barriers and discrimination hindering their integration are identified, along with evidence of violence against migrant students in the school environment. The need for inclusive policies and support programs to ensure a safe educational environment and promote the academic and socio-emotional success of migrant students is emphasized. These findings provide important starting points for future research and underscore the need to address the challenges faced by migrant students in the Ecuadorian educational system.

Resumen. El acceso de la población migrante a los servicios públicos, tales como salud, educación, sistema judicial y diversos otros, además de su garantía propiamente tal, requiere que dichos servicios no compartan la información sobre el status migratorio de las personas con las agencias policiales o migratorias. De este modo, las personas migrantes podrán acudir a los servicios públicos sin temor a ser detenidas o deportadas. Dichas prohibiciones de compartir información se denominan “barreras cortafuegos” y tienen sustento en los estándares internacionales de derechos humanos. Muchas ciudades de diferentes países (conocidas como “Ciudades Santuario”) han establecido tales barreras, aunque ellas continúan siendo excepcionales.

Abstract. The access of migrants to public services such as health, education, the judicial system and others, in addition to their recognition, requires that such services do not share the information about the migratory status of their clients with the enforcement agencies. In this way, migrants will be able to seek the public services without fear of being detained or deported. These prohibitions are called “firewalls” and are based on international human rights standards. Many cities from different countries (the so-called “Sanctuary Cities”) have established “firewalls”, although they are still the exception.

Resumen Este artículo analiza la relación entre el drill como género musical y el protagonismo que tienen en él las franjas más desafiliadas de los jóvenes de origen inmigrante. Nos servimos de las herramientas teóricas de Abdelmalek Sayad para pensar: de un lado, el estrechamiento de las posibilidades vitales de los hijos e hijas de la migración; y de otro, entender el drill como una estrategia subversiva contra los procesos de estigmatización que experimentan los jóvenes de origen migrante que residen en barrios segregados. Para ello analizamos la propuesta musical de Key 21, uno de los mayores exponentes del drill, residente en una zona de trabajadores jornaleros de la agricultura intensiva en el sur de España. El análisis de las canciones de Key 21 muestra las estrategias de los jóvenes hijos de la migración para transformar el estigma en emblema de la propia identidad y de la identidad de sus barrios.

Abstract This article analyses the relationship between drill as a musical genre and the leading role played in it by the most alienated groups of young people of immigrant origin. We use Abdelmalek Sayad's theoretical tools to consider, on the one hand, the narrowing of the life possibilities of the sons and daughters of migration and, on the other hand, to understand drill as a subversive strategy against the processes of stigmatisation experienced by young people of migrant origin living in segregated neighbourhoods. To this end, we analyse the musical proposal of Key 21, one of the main exponents of drill, who lives in an area of day labourers in intensive agriculture in the south of Spain. The analysis of Key 21's songs shows the strategies of young migrant children to transform stigma into an emblem of their own identity and the identity of their neighbourhood.

Resumen Ante los impactos adversos del cambio climático, este estudio analiza el caso del desplazamiento de la comunidad de “El Bosque” en Tabasco, donde convergen múltiples vulnerabilidades. No obstante, este artículo hace énfasis en la vulnerabilidad institucional, identificada como un obstáculo que impide la adaptación y la resiliencia para evitar o reducir los movimientos poblacionales, siendo a su vez un factor que interviene en la transgresión de los derechos humanos de los afectados. En este contexto, el enfoque se centra en las deficiencias institucionales que tienen que ver con la atención del desplazamiento climático interno, su proceso de reubicación y la garantía del derecho humano a la vivienda, un derecho ventana que, adecuadamente protegido, bien podría prevenir las condiciones que provocan la movilidad humana y, en su caso, garantizar a las personas afectadas su reubicación efectiva y digna.

Abstract Given the adverse impacts of climate change, this study analyzes the case of the displacement of the community of “El Bosque” in Tabasco, where multiple vulnerabilities converge; however, this article emphasizes institutional vulnerability, identified as an obstacle that prevents adaptation and resilience to avoid or reduce population movements, being, in turn, a factor that intervenes in the transgression of the human rights of those affected. In this context, the focus is on the institutional deficiencies that have to do with addressing internal climate displacement, its relocation process and the guarantee of the human right to housing, a window right that, properly protected, could well prevent the conditions that cause human mobility and, where appropriate, guarantee the affected people their effective and dignified relocation.

Abstract This article discusses natural disasters as the main factor that have led to forced migration processes in El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras to the United States between 2018 and 2023. These three countries have similarities in that their contexts of poverty and violence that force people to flee from them. They are also considered by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to be some of the most vulnerable places in Latin America to climate change. We analyzed data on internal displacement and asylum-seekers from these countries; statistics on the apprehension of migrants at the Southwest land border of the United States; data on natural disasters. This article aims to show that disasters can influence internal and international forced migration. By identifying potential environmental refugees in Central American migrations, we hope to draw attention to the need for legal protection for these people in situations of vulnerability.

Resumo Este artigo discute os desastres naturais como o principal fator que levou a processos de migração forçada em El Salvador, Guatemala e Honduras para os Estados Unidos entre 2018 e 2023. Esses três países têm semelhanças em seus contextos de pobreza e violência que forçam as pessoas a fugir deles. Eles também são considerados pelo Painel Intergovernamental sobre Mudanças Climáticas (IPCC) como alguns dos lugares mais vulneráveis da América Latina às mudanças climáticas. Analisamos dados sobre deslocamento interno e solicitantes de asilo desses países; estatísticas sobre a apreensão de migrantes na fronteira terrestre do sudoeste dos Estados Unidos; dados sobre desastres naturais. O objetivo deste artigo é mostrar que os desastres podem influenciar a migração forçada interna e internacional. Ao identificar possíveis refugiados ambientais nas migrações da América Central, esperamos chamar a atenção para a necessidade de proteção legal para essas pessoas em situações de vulnerabilidade.

Abstract This article aims to quantify and describe population displacements caused by precipitation-related disasters in Brazil between 2013 and 2022. To this end, only records of displacements caused by droughts, floods, storms, and landslides documented by the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC) database were selected. Using a descriptive approach, the study reveals that large-scale events are closely linked to intense rainfall in extensive and densely populated areas of Brazil. Particularly in villages and slums, where inadequate infrastructure coexists with socioeconomic vulnerabilities, rain-related disasters can compromise living spaces and drive displacements as mechanisms of escape and adaptation. In a context of climate crisis, such disasters are expected to occur more frequently in the future, predominantly affecting the poorest and most vulnerable populations. Therefore, prevention, adaptation, and resilience policies will become increasingly important to reduce the risks and impacts of disasters on the population.

Resumo Este artigo objetiva quantificar e descrever deslocamentos populacionais causados por desastres relacionados à precipitação no Brasil entre os anos de 2013 e 2022. Para isso, foram selecionados apenas registros de deslocamentos ocasionados por Secas, Inundações, Tempestades e Deslizamentos de massa contabilizados pela base de dados do Centro de Monitoramento de Deslocamentos Internos (IDMC). Utilizando uma abordagem descritiva, o estudo revela que eventos de grande magnitude estão intimamente ligados a chuvas intensas em extensas e populosas áreas no Brasil. Principalmente em vilas e favelas, onde a infraestrutura precária coexiste com vulnerabilidades socioeconômicas, eventos climáticos relacionados ao regime de chuvas podem comprometer os espaços de vida e impulsionar os deslocamentos como mecanismos de fuga e de adaptação. Num contexto de crise climática, espera-se que tais desastres ocorram com mais frequência no futuro, impactando principalmente os mais pobres e mais vulneráveis. Portanto, políticas de prevenção, adaptação e resiliência serão cada vez mais importantes para reduzir os riscos e impactos de desastres sobre a população.

Resumen En este artículo abordamos la interrelación entre el turismo, la emigración y el cambio climático, a partir del caso de una comunidad oasiana en Marruecos. La localidad de Merzouga, situada al sureste de Marruecos, es una zona afectada gravemente por la sequía y la subida de temperaturas y, consecuentemente, por la falta de agua. Dicha situación ha implicado graves pérdidas en la rentabilidad agrícola. Y ha llevado a su población -antes nómada- a abandonar la ganadería y a refugiarse, por un lado, en el turismo como alternativa económica; y, por otro, en la emigración. Todo ello en una sociedad con fuertes desigualdades de género. En este artículo, tratamos de demostrar cómo el turismo, la emigración y el cambio climático se retroalimentan entre sí. Para ello, hemos empleado una metodología cualitativa con trabajo de campo, adoptando una perspectiva de género.

Summary Tourism, emigration and climate change are three elements that are inter-related in the context of the Merzouga region, oasis located in the south-east of Morocco. This area is seriously affected by drought, rising temperatures, and lack of water. This situation has caused serious losses in agriculture. Ant it has led the population - previously nomadic - to abandon livestock farming and take refuge in tourism as an economic alternative as well as emigration. All of this happens in a society where there are strong gender inequalities. In this paper, we try to demonstrate how these three phenomena feed off each other. To do this, a qualitative approach was used by doing fieldwork in the region while adopting a gender perspective.

Abstract This article analyses the concept of environmental and climate migrations, uncovering inherent complexities and contradictions within their official definitions. The analysis traces the historical roots of environmental migration discussions, beginning in the 1980s. Methodologically, the study scrutinizes the definitions provided by international organizations and advocates for a political ecology framework inspired by Sayad's sociology of migrations. It challenges prevailing concepts such as "environmental refugees" and "climate refugees," highlighting the contentious nature of these terms. The article emphasizes the need to move away from an emergency-oriented approach and instead adopt a political ecology perspective that explores human mobility within socio-ecological contexts. It critiques the predominant focus on climate-induced displacement, arguing for a more comprehensive understanding grounded in political and historical dimensions. By transcending epistemological reductions, the study contributes to ongoing debates on current migration issues, urging a more nuanced and inclusive approach to addressing the intricate challenges posed by environmental changes and human mobility.

Resumo Este artigo analisa o conceito de migrações ambientais e climáticas, revelando complexidades e contradições inerentes às suas definições oficiais. A análise traça as raízes históricas das discussões sobre migração ambiental, começando na década de 1980. Metodologicamente, o estudo examina as definições fornecidas por organizações internacionais e defende uma estrutura de ecologia política inspirada na sociologia das migrações de Sayad, desafiando conceitos predominantes, como “refugiados ambientais” e “refugiados climáticos”, e destacando a natureza controversa desses termos. O artigo enfatiza a necessidade de se afastar de uma abordagem orientada para a emergência e, em vez disso, adotar uma perspectiva de ecologia política, que explore a mobilidade humana em contextos socioecológicos. Critica-se o foco predominante no deslocamento induzido por fatores climáticos, defendendo uma compreensão mais abrangente baseada em dimensões políticas e históricas. Ao transcender reduções epistemológicas, o estudo contribui para debates em andamento sobre questões atuais de migração, promovendo uma abordagem mais matizada e inclusiva para enfrentar os desafios intrincados impostos pelas mudanças ambientais e mobilidade humana.

Abstract This article examines the phenomenon of people in movement by considering the human and environmental impact of export-oriented energy policies through the case study of Southern Tunisia’s territory and communities. The analysis aims to interrogate the neglected link between the social-economic context of territories hosting impactful energy infrastructures, the resulting control over ‘human’ and ‘natural’ ecosystems that inhabit these territories, and their consequent abandonment, leading to migration. The research sheds light on how coercive measures and oppressive policies prioritize maximal resource extraction, depriving local citizens of their agency. Consequently, communities no longer resist the establishment of energy infrastructure, leading to the abandonment of their land and the loss of control over natural resources. By adopting a political ecology approach, this article aims to expand the category of climate migrants arguing that the economic criterion cannot be omitted nor separated from the climatic one. The case study of Southern Tunisia exemplifies the dynamics of precarity and structural poverty underlying migration peculiar to territories where, paradoxically, high value-added resources such as oil and gas as well as renewable energy are extracted and exported.

Resumo Este artigo examina o fenômeno das pessoas em movimento, considerando o impacto humano e ambiental das políticas energéticas voltadas para a exportação, por meio do estudo de caso do território e das comunidades do sul da Tunísia. A análise visa interrogar a relação negligenciada entre o contexto socioeconômico dos territórios, que abrigam infraestruturas energéticas de grande impacto, o consequente controle sobre os ecossistemas “humanos” e “naturais” que habitam esses territórios e seu abandono, que leva à migração. A pesquisa lança luz sobre como as medidas coercitivas e as políticas opressivas priorizam a extração máxima de recursos, privando os cidadãos locais de sua agência. Assim sendo, as comunidades deixam de resistir à implantação de infraestruturas energéticas, o que leva ao abandono de suas terras e à perda de controle sobre os recursos naturais. Ao adotar uma abordagem de ecologia política, este artigo visa expandir a categoria de migrantes climáticos, argumentando que o critério econômico não pode ser omitido nem separado do climático. O estudo de caso do sul da Tunísia exemplifica a dinâmica da precariedade e da pobreza estrutural subjacente à migração. É uma dinâmica típica dos territórios onde, paradoxalmente, são extraídos e exportados recursos de alto valor agregado, como petróleo e gás, bem como energia renovável.

Resumen Los impactos adversos del cambio climático y otros factores de degradación ambiental están afectando a las poblaciones de todo el planeta. En determinadas ocasiones, sobre todo en casos de poblaciones vulnerabilizadas, especialmente en el Sur global, estas poblaciones se trasladan para poder sobrevivir o para hacer frente a estas circunstancias adversas. Las movilidades climáticas son, hoy en día, una realidad en todas partes del mundo. A pesar de esta constatación, todavía hay lagunas persistentes en torno a la denominación, las cifras y la protección jurídica, entre otras. Precisamente, el presente monográfico contribuye a profundizar en el conocimiento del estado actual de las movilidades climáticas y sus implicaciones a diferentes niveles, así como a avanzar hacia el conocimiento de estas realidades y el reconocimiento y la protección de las personas afectadas.

Abstract The adverse impacts of climate change and other factors of environmental degradation are affecting populations all over the world. In certain cases, especially among vulnerable populations, particularly in the Global South, these populations relocate in order to survive or cope with these adverse circumstances. Climate mobility is, today, a reality everywhere in the world. Despite this recognition, there are still persistent gaps regarding nomenclature, statistics and legal protection, among others. This dossier specifically contributes to deepening the understanding of the current state of climate mobility and its implications at different levels, as well as to advancing knowledge of these realities and the recognition and protection of those affected.

Resumen En los últimos años la cuestión de las movilidades climáticas ha sido objeto de considerable discusión, no solo en los escenarios internacionales de gobernanza climática, sino también en la academia y en el ámbito más amplio de la cooperación internacional. En ese sentido, este artículo se propone hacer una revisión narrativa de la literatura existente sobre el tema, a partir de la cual identificar algunos desafíos para la agenda de investigación futura, en especial aquella ligada a la gobernanza de las movilidades humanas que, a nuestro criterio, corre el riesgo de ceder al securitismo. Por el contrario, apostamos por hacer una reflexión política de este fenómeno, y por enfatizar en la justicia migrante y climática como ejes de acción futura.

Abstract In recent years, the issue of climate mobilities has been the subject of considerable discussion, not only in international climate governance forums, but also in academia and in the broader field of international cooperation. In this regard, this article aims to provide a narrative review of the existing literature on the subject, from which to identify some challenges for the future research agenda, especially that related to the governance of human mobility that, in our view, runs the risk of succumbing to securitarianism. Instead, we advocate for a political rather reflection on this phenomenon and for emphasizing migrant and climate justice as axes for future action.

Resumen El cambio climático y la movilidad humana constituyen un gran desafío dentro de aquellos contextos transnacionales conectados por rutas migratorias, como sucede en el espacio euromediterráneo y, en especial, el ámbito hispano-marroquí, escenario de emisión, tránsito y entrada de flujos migratorios, además de desplazamientos forzados por la variabilidad climática y los desastres. Por ello, nuestro objeto de estudio se centra en la cooperación hispano-marroquí, con el fin de valorar la alineación de las prioridades estratégicas de la Cooperación Española con los objetivos del país vecino y sus iniciativas frente a las consecuencias del cambio climático, enfatizando especialmente en la armonización de estas actuaciones con los compromisos e instrumentos internacionales. Los resultados arrojan luz sobre el esfuerzo de planificación y la falta de mayores mecanismos de coordinación para una inversión más efectiva en la lucha contra este fenómeno.

Abstract Climate change and human mobility constitute a great challenge within those transnational contexts connected by migratory routes, as happens in the Euro-Mediterranean space and, especially, the Hispano-Moroccan area, the scene of emission, transit and entry of migratory flows, in addition of forced displacement due to climate variability and disasters. Therefore, our object of study focuses on Hispano-Moroccan cooperation, in order to assess the alignment of the strategic priorities of Spanish Cooperation with the objectives of the neighboring country and its initiatives against the consequences of climate change, especially emphasizing in the harmonization of these actions with international commitments and instruments. The results shed light on the planning effort and the lack of greater coordination mechanisms for a more effective investment in the fight against this phenomenon.