Abstract (en) Bringing Sayad into dialogue with other authors, this article proposes the concept of presentification as a political use of time by nation-states, functional to the subjugation of people. European border policies, in fact, force migrant subjectivities in regimes of legal uncertainty and temporal precariousness, weaponizing time in order to abstract them from History, placing them in a reiterated present. Presentification produces absence from the historical field, while people attempt to make themselves presences. Indeed, this condition is challenged by migrant subjectivities, which try to re-appropriate their own time, activating processes of subjectivation, emerging from the meshes of regimes of subjugation. The “provisional that lasts” produces something where it makes a presence through forms of political activation that interrupt the recursiveness produced by border regimes. This article thus moves from the dialectic between fields of force within which the game of the subject is played out: on the one hand, presentification and individuation, on the other, subjectivation and historicisation. en (en authors nationstates, nationstates nation states, states nation-states policies fact precariousness History present field presences Indeed reappropriate re appropriate provisional lasts out hand individuation historicisation

Abstract (it) Facendo dialogare Sayad con altrɜ autorɜ, quest’articolo propone il concetto di presentificazione intendendolo come un uso politico del tempo da parte degli Stati-nazione, funzionale all’assoggettamento delle persone. Le politiche confinarie europee, infatti, pongono le soggettività migranti in regimi di incertezza legale e precarietà temporale, utilizzando il tempo come un’arma per astrarle dalla Storia, collocandole in un presente reiterato. La presentificazione produce assenza dal campo storico, mentre le persone tentano di farsi presenza. Questa condizione viene infatti sfidata dalle soggettività migranti, che provano a riappropriarsi del proprio tempo, attivando processi di soggettivazione, emergenti dalle pieghe dei regimi di assoggettamento. Il “provvisorio che dura” produce qualcosa laddove si fa presenza attraverso forme di attivazione politica che interrompono la ricorsività prodotta dai regimi di frontiera. Questo articolo muove quindi dalla dialettica tra campi di forza all’interno dei quali si gioca la partita del soggetto: da una parte, presentificazione e individuazione, dall’altra soggettivazione e storicizzazione. it (it autorɜ questarticolo quest Statinazione, Statinazione Stati nazione, nazione Stati-nazione allassoggettamento all assoggettamento europee temporale unarma arma Storia reiterato storico provvisorio dura frontiera allinterno interno soggetto individuazione dallaltra dall altra storicizzazione

Abstract Abdelmalek Sayad has undeniably contributed to a greater understanding of migration by bringing together history, sociology and anthropology. For him, this meant that it was scientifically unthinkable to look at countries producing exiles and receiving exiles separately. Studying immigration and immigrants, which are two different categories, can only find its (best) conditions of accomplishment if we reflect, in the same act, on what they have done when we examine, in practice and theory, populations deprived of a public voice; in other words, deprived, partly by law, of political speech. The sociology of Abdelmalek Sayad has opened up new epistemological perspectives. This methodological singularity was also deployed in his reflective practice. All his texts show this, in one form or another. history anthropology him separately immigrants categories best (best reflect act examine theory voice words law speech perspectives another

Résumé Abdelmalek Sayad a indéniablement contribué à une plus grande intelligence du fait migratoire en tenant ensemble histoire, sociologie et anthropologie. Cela signifiait qu’il était scientifiquement inenvisageable, pour lui, de penser séparément pays producteurs d’exil et pays d’accueil des exilés. Etudier l’immigration et les immigrés, qui sont-là deux catégories différentes, ne peut trouver ses (meilleures) conditions d’accomplissement que si l’on réfléchit, dans le même acte, sur ce que l’ont fait lorsqu’on examine, en pratique et en théorie, des populations dépossédées d’une parole publique ; autrement dit, dessaisies, en partie par le droit, d’une parole politique. La sociologie d’Abdelmalek Sayad a ouvert des perspectives épistémologiques inédites. Cette singularité méthodologique se déployait aussi dans sa pratique réflexive. Tous ses textes le montrent, sous une forme ou sous une autre. histoire anthropologie quil qu il inenvisageable lui dexil d exil daccueil accueil exilés limmigration l immigration immigrés sontlà sont là différentes meilleures (meilleures daccomplissement accomplissement lon on réfléchit acte lont ont lorsquon lorsqu examine théorie dune dit dessaisies droit politique dAbdelmalek inédites réflexive montrent autre

Abstract The paper draws on the notion of State though as critically discussed by Sayad and on related concepts (nationalism at a distance, integration) to analyse how the State naturalises the division between nationals and non-nationals, building unequal social hierarchies between immigrants and natives that affect the construction of the (social and individual) identities of the migrants themselves. The paper starts with a historical contextualisation of the relations between Tunisia and Italy. First, we show how the opposite migrations that have crossed the Mediterranean have been embedded in unequal racial and symbolic hierarchies characterising Italy and Tunisia, Europe and Africa. Then, we further delve into this dynamic by exploring the identity constructions of Tunisian migrants in Italy, which are sensitive to the demands of the country of immigration (seeking to maintain a given social hierarchy within its borders) and those of the country of emigration (striving to remain connected to its emigrants to extract maximum profit from them). nationalism distance integration nonnationals, nonnationals non nationals, non-nationals individual themselves First Africa Then seeking borders striving them. them . them)

Resumo O artigo baseia-se na noção de Estado discutida criticamente por Sayad e em conceitos relacionados (nacionalismo à distância, integração) para analisar como o Estado naturaliza a divisão entre nacionais e não-nacionais, construindo hierarquias sociais desiguais entre imigrantes e nativos que afectam a construção das identidades (sociais e individuais) dos próprios migrantes. O artigo começa com uma contextualização histórica das relações entre a Tunísia e a Itália. Em primeiro lugar, mostramos como as migrações opostas que cruzaram o Mediterrâneo foram inseridas em hierarquias raciais e simbólicas desiguais que caracterizam a Itália e a Tunísia, a Europa e a África. Em seguida, aprofundamos esta dinâmica explorando as construções identitárias dos migrantes tunisinos em Itália, que são sensíveis às exigências do país de imigração (que procuram manter uma determinada hierarquia social dentro das suas fronteiras) e às do país de emigração (esforçando-se para permanecer conectado aos seus emigrantes para extrair deles o máximo lucro). baseiase baseia se nacionalismo distância integração nãonacionais, nãonacionais não nacionais, não-nacionais individuais lugar África seguida fronteiras esforçandose esforçando lucro. lucro . lucro)

Abstract This article applies the critical theories of Abdelmalek Sayad on state migration management to the analysis of the VISAR programme, a project of the Spanish State targeted at descendants of Spanish residents in Argentina. Sayad, noted for his focus on how states shape human mobility, provides a theoretical lens that allows for an understanding of the profound political component of this initiative. The VISAR case stands as a paradigmatic reflection of a multifaceted state strategy that transcends economic benefits to encompass ethnocultural and political aspects. In the long term, we conclude that the programme seeks to preserve Spain's ethno-cultural homogeneity, while in the short term, it aims to manage socio-political tensions, attempting to counter anti-immigration discourses. This analysis will thus underscore the complexity of migration policies, contributing to a deeper understanding of cultural diversity and national identity management in contemporary contexts. Argentina mobility initiative aspects term Spains Spain s ethno homogeneity sociopolitical socio tensions antiimmigration anti immigration discourses policies contexts

Resumen Este artículo aplica las teorías críticas de Abdelmalek Sayad sobre la gestión migratoria estatal al análisis del programa VISAR, un proyecto del Estado español dirigido a descendientes de españoles residentes en Argentina. Sayad, destacado por su enfoque sobre cómo los Estados moldean la movilidad humana, proporciona una lente teórica que permite entender el profundo componente político de esta iniciativa. El caso del VISAR constituye un reflejo paradigmático de una estrategia estatal multifacética que trasciende los beneficios económicos para abarcar aspectos etno-culturales y políticos. A largo plazo, concluimos que el programa persigue preservar la homogeneidad etno-cultural de España, mientras que a corto plazo busca manejar tensiones sociopolíticas, tratando de contrarrestar discursos anti-inmigratorios. Este análisis así subrayará la complejidad de las políticas migratorias, contribuyendo a una comprensión más profunda de la gestión de la diversidad cultural y la identidad nacional en contextos contemporáneos. Argentina humana iniciativa etnoculturales etno culturales políticos etnocultural España sociopolíticas antiinmigratorios. antiinmigratorios anti inmigratorios. inmigratorios anti-inmigratorios migratorias contemporáneos

Abstract: For almost half a century, I have been studying the social reality of rural workers in the state of São Paulo. Numerous studies have been carried out with workers in sugarcane, coffee, and orange groves. The vast majority were migrants, coming from Vale do Jequitinhonha/MG and northeast of Brazil, a fact that expanded my research to these locations. Currently, the state of São Paulo is witnessing the prevalence of Agriculture 4.0, characterized by the dominance of machines and information technologies (IT), resulting in the erasure of the traces of these workers. Thus, I intend is to analyze the process of historical amnesia that arises from this, through the lenses of Sayad and other authors in two periods. The first one refers to the decimation of indigenous peoples at the beginning of the 20th century in several regions of the state and in the country, the second one is about the erasure of the current history/memory of rural workers. The methodology of research is based on written sources and oral interviews. Abstract sugarcane coffee groves migrants JequitinhonhaMG Jequitinhonha MG Brazil locations Currently 40 4 0 4.0 IT, IT , (IT) Thus this periods th country historymemory history memory interviews 4. (IT

Resumo: Há quase meio século, venho estudando a realidade social dos/as trabalhadores/as rurais no estado de são Paulo. Foram inúmeras pesquisas realizadas com trabalhadores/as que se destinavam aos canaviais, cafezais e laranjais. Em sua grande maioria eram migrantes, provenientes do Vale do Jequitinhonha/MG e estados do nordeste do Brasil, fato que ampliou minhas pesquisas até a estes locais. No momento atual, assiste-se no estado de São Paulo à prevalência da agricultura 4.0, caracterizada pelo domínio das máquinas e das tecnologias de informação e (TIs), resultando no apagamento dos rastros destes/as trabalhadores/as. Assim, meu intento é analisar o processo de amnésia histórica, daí advindo, com as lentes de Sayad e outros autores, em dois tempos. O primeiro deles referente à dizimação dos povos indígenas no começo do século XX em várias regiões do estado e em muitas outras do país; o segundo se refere ao apagamento da história/memória atual dos trabalhadores/as rurais. A metodologia é baseada na análise de fontes escritas e entrevistas orais. Resumo dosas trabalhadoresas trabalhadores canaviais laranjais migrantes JequitinhonhaMG Jequitinhonha MG Brasil locais assistese assiste 40 4 0 4.0 TIs, TIs , (TIs) destesas destes Assim histórica advindo autores tempos país históriamemória história memória orais 4. (TIs

Abstract This article is an acknowledgement of Abdelmalek Sayad’s contribution, by adopting part of the author’s methodological proposal and turning this into a dialogue, with some reflection on Silvia Federici’s feminist criticism. The main aim here is to examine the social transformation resulting from migration while focusing on gender relations as part and parcel of the experience of both emigration and immigration. The re-examining of the “double absence”, from the point of view of women, is developed by retracing the steps back to various territories in Mediterranean Europe, Burkina Faso, Mexico, and the United States. The method used is predominantly qualitative, the research was carried out between 2012 and 2020. The text adopts Sayad’s proposal for an overall reconstruction of the migration process. In this case the critical perspective will take into consideration “state thought” and the capitalist system, as well as a patriarchal social structure. Sayads Sayad s contribution authors author dialogue Federicis Federici criticism immigration reexamining re examining double absence, absence , absence” women Europe Faso Mexico States qualitative 201 2020 process state thought system structure 20 202 2

Astract (it) L’articolo rende omaggio al contributo sociologico di Abdelmalek Sayad recuperando una parte della proposta metodologica dell’autore e facendola dialogare con alcune riflessioni sviluppate dalla critica marxiana e femminista di Silvia Federici. L’obiettivo è quello di osservare le trasformazioni sociali correlate al processo migratorio considerando anche i rapporti di forza esistenti nelle relazioni di genere, che connotano l’esperienza tanto di emigrazione che di immigrazione. La rilettura della “doppia assenza”, dal punto di vista delle donne, viene sviluppata ripercorrendo differenti territori dell’Europa Mediterranea, Burkina Faso, Messico e Stati Uniti. Il metodo usato é prevalentemente qualitativo, l’attività di ricerca si è svolta tra gli anni 2012 e 2020. Il testo raccoglie l’invito di Sayad alla ricostruzione complessiva del processo migratorio. In questo caso la prospettiva critica riguarda tanto il pensiero di Stato che il sistema capitalista, così come le strutture sociali patriarcali. it (it Larticolo L articolo dellautore dell autore Federici Lobiettivo obiettivo genere lesperienza l esperienza immigrazione doppia assenza, assenza , assenza” donne dellEuropa Europa Mediterranea Faso Uniti qualitativo lattività attività 201 2020 linvito invito capitalista patriarcali 20 202 2

Abstract This paper reviews the process of criminalization of transit migration experienced in Mexico since the country acknowledged this category of migrant in the 1990s. According to Stumpf (2020, p. 100), crimigration is based on existing and continuously functioning institutions and systems, as well as on an established infrastructure to increase or reduce detentions and deportations of migrants. It is presented as the logical continuation of the national security paradigm and the externalization of borders implemented after 9/11 (Koulish, van der Woude, 2020). The Mexican migration management coexists, since 2011, with the Human Security paradigm whose main actions clashed with the anti-immigrant discourse of the United States during Donald Trump’s administration. Hence, the question arises: how has the Mexican State adapted the management of borders and transmigrants in its territory, being part of the U.S. security perimeter? The idea that will guide this paper is that without Mexico having established a discourse that criminalizes migrants, in practice the migrant in transit has been illegalized and criminalized during the process of construction of this category as part of the domestic migration governance. 1990s s 2020, 2020 (2020 p 100, 100 , 100) systems migrants 911 9 11 9/1 Koulish, Koulish (Koulish Woude 2020. . 2020) coexists 2011 antiimmigrant anti immigrant Trumps Trump administration Hence arises territory US U S U.S perimeter governance 202 (202 10 91 1 9/ 201 20 (20 2 (2 (

Resumen Este documento discute el proceso de criminalización de la migración en tránsito vivido en México desde que el país reconoció esta categoría de migrante en los 1990s. Según Stumpf (2020), la crimigración se basa en instituciones y sistemas existentes y en funcionamiento continuo, así como en una infraestructura establecida para aumentar o reducir las detenciones y deportaciones de personas migrantes. Se presenta como la profundización lógica del paradigma de Seguridad Nacional y la externalización de fronteras implementado después de 9/11 (Koulish, van der Woude, 2020). En la estrategia de gestión migratoria mexicana conviven este paradigma con el de Seguridad Humana cuyas principales acciones chocaron con el discurso antiinmigrante de Estados Unidos, sobre todo durante el gobierno de Donald Trump. De ahí cabe la pregunta ¿cómo el Estado mexicano ha adaptado la gestión de fronteras y migrantes en su territorio, al ser parte del perímetro de seguridad norteamericano? La idea que guiará este trabajo es que sin que México haya establecido un discurso que los criminalice, en la práctica el migrante en tránsito ha sido ilegalizado y criminalizado durante el proceso de construcción de esta categoría como parte de la gestión migratoria nacional. 1990s s 2020, 2020 , (2020) continuo 911 9 11 9/1 Koulish, Koulish (Koulish Woude 2020. . 2020) Unidos Trump cómo territorio norteamericano criminalice nacional 202 (2020 91 1 9/ 20 (202 2 (20 (2 (

Abstract This is an Integrative Review, covering 2020 and 2022, intending to analyze global public policies implemented during the Covid-19 pandemic to safeguard the health and human rights of migrants and refugees. The analysis was based on 24 articles out of 424 retrieved from the databases: Pubmed, Scopus, VHL, and Wiley. From the analysis, three thematic axes emerged: Health, Work, and Social Protection. The measures adopted by the States were multiple and heterogeneous, varying according to each individual's reality and migratory status, as a way of providing or depriving them of access to health, work, and social security policies. In this way, such policies also served as processes of stratification and biopolitical control. Therefore, it is necessary to overcome structural barriers and resolve inequalities, combat xenophobia and racism, and fully apply the provisions of international treaties, and protect these populations against arbitrary acts. Review 202 2022 Covid19 Covid 19 Covid-1 refugees 2 42 databases Pubmed Scopus VHL Wiley emerged Health Work Protection heterogeneous individuals individual s status work control Therefore inequalities racism treaties acts 20 Covid1 1 Covid- 4

Resumo Trata-se de uma Revisão Integrativa, com recorte entre 2020 e 2022, com objetivo de análise das políticas públicas globais implementadas durante a pandemia de Covid-19 para salvaguardar a saúde e os direitos humanos de migrantes e refugiados. A análise foi baseada em 24 artigos de 424 recuperados das bases de dados: Pubmed, Scopus, BVS e Wiley. A partir da análise, emergiram três eixos temáticos: Saúde, Trabalho e Proteção Social. As medidas adotadas pelos Estados foram múltiplas e heterogêneas, variando a cada realidade e status migratório dos indivíduos, como forma de oportunizar ou privar seu acesso às políticas de saúde, trabalho e seguridade social. Dessa forma, tais políticas também serviram como processos de estratificação e controle biopolítico. Portanto, é necessário superar barreiras estruturais e dirimir desigualdades, combater a xenofobia e o racismo, e aplicar plenamente os dispositivos dos tratados internacionais e proteger essas populações contra o arbítrio. Tratase Trata se Integrativa 202 2022 Covid19 Covid 19 Covid-1 refugiados 2 42 dados Pubmed Scopus Wiley temáticos Saúde Social heterogêneas indivíduos social biopolítico Portanto desigualdades racismo arbítrio 20 Covid1 1 Covid- 4

Abstract This paper explores how the accessibility to and appropriation of information and communication technologies (ICT) has enabled a group of Ecuadorian transnational families to virtualize their expressions of affection. A thematic analysis was applied to examine 41 interviews with a) Ecuadorian migrants who live in Spain, b) relatives of migrants who remain in Ecuador, and c) migrants who have returned to Ecuador while some of their family members remain in Spain. The findings suggest that ICT allows them to adopt strategies to function as connected transnational families because the connectivity that accompanies migrants in the destination country (Spain) shifts to families in the country of origin (Ecuador), thus establishing more symmetric communicational exchanges. Furthermore, migrants who have returned to Ecuador use ICT to sustain the relational continuity of affection with the members of their families in both places. (ICT 4 Spain b c (Spain , (Ecuador) exchanges Furthermore places (Ecuador

Resumo Este artigo explora como a acessibilidade e a apropriação das tecnologias de informação e comunicação (TIC) permitiram que um grupo de famílias transnacionais equatorianas virtualizasse a expressão de seus afetos. Uma análise temática fori aplicada para examinar 41 entrevistas com a) migrantes equatorianos que vivem na Espanha, b) parentes de migrantes que permanecem no Equador e c) migrantes que retornaram ao Equador enquanto parte de sua família ainda está na Espanha. Os resultados sugerem que as TICs permitem que eles adotem estratégias para funcionar como famílias transnacionais conectadas, pois a conectividade que acompanha os migrantes no país de destino (Espanha) se transfere para as famílias no país de origem (Equador), estabelecendo assim trocas comunicacionais mais simétricas. Além disso, os migrantes que retornaram ao Equador, por meio das TIC, mantiveram a continuidade relacional de afeto com os membros de suas famílias em ambos os lugares. TIC (TIC afetos 4 Espanha b c conectadas (Espanha , (Equador) simétricas disso lugares (Equador

Abstract This study examines the integration of Venezuelan migrant students into the Ecuadorian educational system, analyzing challenges and perspectives. Through a mixed-methods approach, influential factors in their academic performance and adaptation are identified. Despite significant challenges, the academic results of these students do not differ substantially from national averages, with particularly notable performance in Language and Literature. Bureaucratic barriers and discrimination hindering their integration are identified, along with evidence of violence against migrant students in the school environment. The need for inclusive policies and support programs to ensure a safe educational environment and promote the academic and socio-emotional success of migrant students is emphasized. These findings provide important starting points for future research and underscore the need to address the challenges faced by migrant students in the Ecuadorian educational system. system perspectives mixedmethods mixed methods approach identified averages Literature socioemotional socio emotional emphasized

Resumen Este estudio examina la integración de estudiantes migrantes venezolanos en el sistema educativo ecuatoriano, analizando desafíos y perspectivas. Mediante un enfoque mixto, se identifican factores influyentes en su rendimiento académico y adaptación. Se revela que, a pesar de los desafíos significativos, los resultados académicos de estos estudiantes no difieren sustancialmente de las medias nacionales, siendo especialmente destacable su desempeño en Lengua y literatura. Se identifican barreras burocráticas y discriminación que dificultan su inserción, y se evidencia la presencia de violencia hacia los estudiantes migrantes en el entorno escolar. Se resalta la necesidad de políticas inclusivas y programas de apoyo para garantizar un ambiente educativo seguro y promover el éxito académico y socioemocional de los estudiantes migrantes. Estos resultados ofrecen puntos de partida importantes para futuras investigaciones y destacan la necesidad de abordar los desafíos que enfrentan los estudiantes migrantes en el sistema educativo ecuatoriano. ecuatoriano perspectivas mixto adaptación significativos nacionales literatura inserción escolar

Abstract. The access of migrants to public services such as health, education, the judicial system and others, in addition to their recognition, requires that such services do not share the information about the migratory status of their clients with the enforcement agencies. In this way, migrants will be able to seek the public services without fear of being detained or deported. These prohibitions are called “firewalls” and are based on international human rights standards. Many cities from different countries (the so-called “Sanctuary Cities”) have established “firewalls”, although they are still the exception. Abstract health education others recognition agencies way deported firewalls “firewalls standards socalled so Sanctuary Cities Cities” firewalls, , exception

Resumen. El acceso de la población migrante a los servicios públicos, tales como salud, educación, sistema judicial y diversos otros, además de su garantía propiamente tal, requiere que dichos servicios no compartan la información sobre el status migratorio de las personas con las agencias policiales o migratorias. De este modo, las personas migrantes podrán acudir a los servicios públicos sin temor a ser detenidas o deportadas. Dichas prohibiciones de compartir información se denominan “barreras cortafuegos” y tienen sustento en los estándares internacionales de derechos humanos. Muchas ciudades de diferentes países (conocidas como “Ciudades Santuario”) han establecido tales barreras, aunque ellas continúan siendo excepcionales. Resumen salud educación otros tal migratorias modo deportadas barreras cortafuegos humanos conocidas Ciudades Santuario Santuario” excepcionales

Abstract In this article we use Abdelmalek Sayad's conceptual "toolbox" to analyse the initiatives promoted by the Xunta de Galicia for the return of emigrants. We are particularly interested in his conceptualisations of the discourses on return as expressions of the national order and State Thought, and his conception of return as the central nucleus of an anthropology of the total act of migrating. With this article we collaborate in the dissemination of lesser-known dimensions of Sayad's thought and, at the same time, we make an original contribution to the field of return studies by considering discourses of return as instruments of national building. Sayads Sayad s toolbox "toolbox emigrants Thought migrating lesserknown lesser known time building

Resumen En este artículo utilizamos la “caja de herramientas” conceptual de Abdelmalek Sayad para analizar las iniciativas promovidas desde la Xunta de Galicia para el retorno de emigrantes. En particular nos interesan sus conceptualizaciones de los discursos sobre el retorno como expresiones del orden nacional y del pensamiento de Estado, y su concepción del retorno como núcleo central de una antropología del acto total de migrar. Con este texto colaboramos en la difusión de dimensiones menos conocidas del pensamiento de Sayad y, al mismo tiempo, realizamos un aporte original al campo de estudios sobre el retorno, a partir de considerar los discursos sobre el retorno como instrumentos de construcción nacional. caja herramientas emigrantes Estado migrar tiempo

Abstract Intercultural competence enables people to be able to handle situations in which they face states in which contradictions and differences exist. In the context of unaccompanied migrant minors (UAMM) under the care of the Administration in Spain, a descriptive correlational study was carried out between 2011 and 2022. The aim was to check whether the level of intercultural competencies of people working with UACM improves over the years, stays the same or decreases. For this purpose, data obtained in 2011 (n=334) and 2022 (n=208) were compared, in order to find out if there was a change between the established years. The sample consisted of social work professionals working in child protection centres in different parts of Spain. The results showed that the level of intercultural competencies had decreased in relation to the results obtained in 2011. It was concluded that over the years, the need for specific training on intercultural competencies remained unchanged, which negatively impacts the inclusion processes of UAMM. exist UAMM (UAMM Spain 201 years decreases purpose n=334 n334 n 334 (n=334 202 n=208 n208 208 (n=208 compared unchanged 20 n=33 n33 33 (n=33 n=20 n20 (n=20 2 n=3 n3 3 (n=3 n=2 n2 (n=2 n= (n= (n

Resumen La competencia intercultural permite que las personas sean capaces de manejar situaciones en las que se afronten estados en los que existan contradicciones y diferencias. En el contexto de menores migrantes no acompañados (MMNA) tutelados por la Administración en España, se llevó a cabo entre los años 2011 y 2022 un estudio longitudinal de tipo cuantitativo basado en el método descriptivo correlacional. El objetivo fue comprobar si el nivel de competencias interculturales de las personas que trabajan con MMNA mejora con el paso de los años, se mantiene igual o disminuye. Se realizaron comparaciones entre los datos recopilados en 2011 (n=334) y en 2022 (n=208), con la finalidad de descubrir posibles cambios entre los años establecidos. La muestra estuvo constituida por profesionales que desarrollaban su labor en centros de protección de menores de diferentes puntos de España. Los resultados manifestaron que el nivel de competencias interculturales disminuyo en relación con los resultados obtenidos en 2011. Se concluyó que seguía inalterable la necesidad de formación, lo que repercute negativamente en los procesos de inclusión de los MMNA. diferencias (MMNA España 201 202 correlacional disminuye n=334 n334 n 334 (n=334 n=208, n208 n=208 , 208 (n=208) establecidos formación 20 n=33 n33 33 (n=33 n20 n=20 (n=208 2 n=3 n3 3 (n=3 n2 n=2 (n=20 n= (n= (n=2 (n

Abstract The integration of emigrants into the labor market has effects on the person's migration trajectory and their interaction with the host society. It is often overcome by difficulties in adjusting human capital and professional skills to the needs of the labor market. Qualified migration illustrates with acuity the heterogeneity of these processes. The employability of qualified emigration is not uniform. Some emigrants, despite having a higher level of qualification, may find themselves working in unskilled professions - a situation of over-qualification. Based on two studies on Portuguese emigration, over-qualification rates were found in the order of 18.1% and 16.9%. Negative consequences of this over-qualification were identified: dissatisfaction with work and low wages. Factors associated with this over-qualification were also identified: young age, social and human sciences training, and residence in classic Portuguese emigration countries with a high proportion of low-skilled emigration. persons person s society processes uniform qualification overqualification. overqualification over qualification. 181 18 1 18.1 169 16 9 16.9% identified wages age training lowskilled skilled 18. 16.9 16.

Resumo A integração de emigrantes no mercado de trabalho tem efeitos na trajetória migratória da própria pessoa e na sua interação com a sociedade de acolhimento. É frequentemente trespassada por dificuldades de ajustamento do capital humano e das competências profissionais às necessidades do mercado de trabalho. A migração qualificada ilustra com particular acuidade a heterogeneidade destes processos. Com efeito, a empregabilidade da emigração qualificada não é uniforme. Alguns/mas emigrantes, embora com uma qualificação de nível superior, podem encontrar-se a desempenhar profissões não qualificadas - situação de sobre-qualificação. Com base em dois estudos sobre a emigração portuguesa, apuraram-se taxas de sobre-qualificação na ordem dos 18,1% e dos 16,9%. Identificaram-se consequências negativas desta sobre-qualificação: insatisfação com o trabalho e baixos salários. Identificaram-se também fatores associados a esta sobre-qualificação: a idade jovem, a formação em ciências sociais e humanas e a residência em países clássicos da emigração portuguesa com elevado peso de emigração pouco qualificada. acolhimento processos efeito uniforme Algunsmas Alguns mas superior encontrarse encontrar se sobrequalificação. sobrequalificação qualificação. apuraramse apuraram 181 18 1 18,1 169 16 9 16,9% Identificaramse Identificaram salários jovem 18, 16,9 16,

Abstract The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the socioeconomic conditions of the immigrant population, and of the three more important groups -Venezuelans, Peruvians and Haitians-, is analyzed and compared with the Chilean population. For this purpose, a descriptive statistical analysis and an inference analysis are carried out using microdata on income and poverty from the 2015, 2017, 2020 and 2022 CASEN survey. The main results show that the Chilean and migrant population were unequally affected, from a socioeconomic point of view, by the pandemic. More specifically, Venezuelans, Haitians and Peruvians had already experienced a decline in their socioeconomic conditions before the pandemic, but the situation worsened due to COVID-19 and the political measures implemented by the Chilean government to hinder their contagion. COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 Venezuelans -Venezuelans Haitians, , Haitians- purpose 2015 2017 202 survey affected view specifically contagion COVID1 1 COVID- 201 20 2

Resumen Se analiza la evolución de las condiciones socioeconómicas del conjunto de la población inmigrante y de tres colectivos con mayor representación -venezolanos, peruanos y haitianos- en comparación con la población chilena, en cuanto a ingresos económicos y situación de pobreza entre los años 2015 y 2022 a fin de observar el impacto de la pandemia COVID-19 en cada grupo. Para ello, se realizó un análisis estadístico descriptivo e inferencial utilizando los microdatos de la encuesta CASEN de los años 2015, 2017, 2020 y 2022. Los principales resultados muestran que la población chilena y migrante fueron afectadas socioeconómicamente en forma desigual por la pandemia, y que, en el caso de venezolanos, haitianos y peruanos, ya habían sufrido una disminución de sus condiciones socioeconómicas previas a la pandemia, pero la situación empeoró con la llegada de esta y la implementación de medidas gubernamentales para combatir su expansión. venezolanos -venezolanos 201 202 COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 grupo ello 2017 expansión 20 COVID1 1 COVID- 2