ABSTRACT Purpose: Although the orthokeratology effects on corneal biomechanics have been proven with clinical trials, reports of stiffness parameter change are scarce. This study investigated the short-term orthokeratology effects in pediatric myopia and compared stiffness parameter changes to those published in recent clinical investigations. This prospective study aimed to investigate corneal biomechanics changes induced by short-term overnight orthokeratology treatment, focusing on stiffness parameter at A1 and stress-strain index Methods: Twenty-six children aged 8 to 18 were included in this study using orthokeratology lenses for two different durations: 1 day and 1 week. Corneal biomechanics were assessed using corneal visualization (Corvis) Scheimpflug technology. Measurements were taken at baseline and after each wearing session. Changes in corneal stiffness parameters and corneal curvature were analyzed. Results: All parameters changed significantly after 1 week of lens wear (p<0.05), except for velocity of corneal apex at the first and second applanation times highest concavity time, radius, stiffness parameter at A1 and stress-strain index. After 1 day, central corneal thickness, first applanation time, second applanation time, deformation amplitude ratio (2 mm), and Corvis biomechanical index (CBI) remained stable (p>0.05). After 1 week, central corneal thickness and first applanation time decreased, whereas second applanation time, deformation amplitude ratio, and Corvis Biomechanical Index significantly increased. With intraocular pressure and central corneal thickness as control variables, no significant correlation was found between stress-strain index and curvature changes (p>0.05). With age as the control variable, no significant correlation was found between stress-strain index and curvature changes (p>0.05). Conclusions: Short-term orthokeratology treatment induced notable changes in several corneal biomechanical parameters. Stiffness parameter at A1 and stress-strain index are unaffected by increasing lens wear duration and do not influence the orthokeratology effect.

ABSTRACT Purpose: The volume of the vitreous chamber varies with the size of the eye. The space created in the vitreous cavity by a vitrectomy is called the vitrectomized space. The volume of the vitrectomized space is strongly correlated with the axial length of the eye. This study aims to present guidelines for estimating the using participants stratified by axial length, sex, and history of cataract surgery. Methods: This retrospective, observational, cross-sectional study included 144 randomly selected participants who underwent vitrectomies between 2013 and 2023. Before surgery, the axial lengths of participants' eyes were measured using optical biometrics. The axial lengths of the eyes in our sample were between 20-32 mm. In all cases, a complete vitrectomy was performed, followed by complete fluid-air exchange and injection of a balanced saline solution. The volume infused was recorded. Results: The median (interquartile range; range) volume of the vitrectomized space was 6.1 (3.8; 3.1-11.3) mL in men and 6.1 (3.3; 3.2-11.2) mL in women (p = 0.811). The median volume of the vitrectomized space was 5.9 (3.6; 3.1-11.2) mL in patients with phakic lenses and 6.25 (3.6; 3.3-11.3) mL in those with pseudophakic lenses (p=0.533). A positive correlation was found between the axial length and the volume of the vitrectomized space in this sample (r=0.968; p<0.001). In a cubic polynomial regression, the coefficient of determination was 0.948. Similar results were observed in both sexes and in both phakic and pseudophakic patients. The estimated cubic polynomial regression equation for this sample was VVS = 0.000589052857847605 × AL 3 − 0.025114926401582700 × AL 2 + 0.685961117595624000 × AL − 5.088226672620790000 Conclusion: We developed this axial length estimation of the volume of vitrectomized space as a guideline for the determination of vitrectomized space volume using axial length.

ABSTRACT Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the quality and reliability of YouTube videos as an educational resource about retinopathy of prematurity. Methods: Videos were sourced from YouTube using the search terms “retinopathy of prematurity” and “premature retinopathy” with the default settings. Each video was assessed on the following metrics: views, likes, dislikes, comments, upload source, country of origin, view ratio, like ratio, and video power index. The quality and reliability of the videos were evaluated by two independent researchers using the DISCERN questionnaire, the JAMA benchmarks, the Global Quality Score scale, the Health on the Net Code of Conduct, and the Ensuring Quality Information for Patients scale. Results: The study assessed 92 videos, the majority of which (42 videos, 45.7%) originated from the United States. Most of the videos focused on screening, pathophysiology, and diagnosis of retinopathy of prematurity (61.9%). The primary contributors were medical organizations (19 videos, 20.6%), nonacademic health channels (19 videos, 20.6%), and physicians (15 videos, 16.3%). Significant differences were found between the DISCERN (p=0.003), JAMA (p=0.001), Global Quality Score (p=0.003), Health on the Net Code of Conduct (p=0.006), and Ensuring Quality Information for Patients (p=0.001) scores among different video sources. However, the key video metrics did not differ. Using the DISCERN and Global Quality Score scales, the overall YouTube video content on retinopathy of prematurity was rated as moderate in quality. Using the Health On the Net Code of Conduct and Ensuring Quality Information for Patients scales, it was rated as high quality. Strong correlations were observed between the scores on all of the scales (p<0.001). Conclusion: Videos from medical organizations and healthcare centers were of a higher quality than those from nonmedical sources. Despite the varied foci of each evaluation scale, the strong correlation between them indicates that they provide reliable and comprehensive assessments of the quality of informational content.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the economic impact of the following initial treatment scenarios for glaucoma on the Brazilian Public Health System (SUS): (1) traditional continuous instillation of hypotensive eye drops and (2) single session of selective laser trabeculoplasty. Methods: Economic impact was analyzed in three scenarios, from the least to the most conservative, for a hypothetical cohort of 5,000 individuals with open-angle glaucoma. Thereafter, projections were made on the basis of a glaucoma prevalence of 3% in the 2021 Brazilian population size. Results: All three scenarios demonstrated that selective laser trabeculoplasty exhibited a significantly lower economic impact than the eye drops on SUS over one and five years. Furthermore, the difference was more than United States Dollar 8 billion at five years when considering 3% of the Brazilian population aged >40 years in 2021. Conclusion: As the initial treatment for primary open-angle glaucoma, selective laser trabeculoplasty exhibited a lower economic impact on SUS than latanoprost and timolol maleate eye drop instillation in all the studied scenarios over one and five-year periods.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To determine the influence of strabismus and its surgical correction on the preoperative and postoperative functional and psychosocial aspects of patients being treated at the CEROF/UFG Strabismus Outpatient Clinic. Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study included 27 patients, aged >7 years that were divided into two groups (<18 years and >18 years). The AS 20 questionnaire is composed of two domains (psychosocial and functional). Each domain includes 10 questions, which should be answered using a 5-point Likert scale. The questionnaire was administered preoperatively and 3 months postoperatively. In patients aged <18 years, the questionnaire was concurrently administered to their parents and/or guardians. Results: Preoperatively, the average psychosocial and functional scores were 55 (p=0.01) and 57.5 (p=0.025), respectively, in adults, 70 (p=0.03) and 78.7 (p=0.16), respectively, in children and adolescents, and 46.2 (p=0.002) and 57.5 (p=0.003), respectively, in the parents and/or guardians. Postoperatively, the average psychosocial and functional scores were 80 (p=0.01) and 82.5 (p=0.025), respectively, in adults, 81.2 (p=0.03) and 85 (p=0.16), respectively, in children and adolescents, and 83.7 (p=0.002) and 86.2 (p=0.003), respectively, in parents and/or guardians. Conclusion: The postoperative scores in the psychosocial (p=0.001), functional (p=0.001) and general (p<0.001) domains had increased in all the patients, demonstrating an improvement in the quality of life following strabismus correction surgery.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To assess the sensitivity and specificity of the retinopathy of prematurity score (ROPScore) and weight, insulin-like growth factor-1, retinopathy of prematurity algorithm in predicting the risk of developing severe retinopathy of prematurity (prethreshold type 1) in a sample of preterm infants in Brazil. Methods: Retrospective analysis of medical records of preterm infants (n=288) with birth weight of ≤1500 g and/or gestational age of 23-32 weeks in a neonatal unit in Southern Brazil from May 2013 to December 2020 (92 months). Results: The incidence of confirmed severe retinopathy of prematurity was 6.6%. ROPScore showed a 100% sensitivity, 44.6% specificity (95% confidence interval [CI] 38.7-50.6), 11.3% positive predictive value (95% CI 6.5-16.1), and 100% negative predictive value in predicting severe retinopathy of prematurity. The weight, insulin-like growth factor-1, retinopathy of prematurity algorithm demonstrated a 78.9% sensitivity (95% CI 60.6-97.3), 51.3% specificity (95% CI 45.3-57.3), 10.3% positive predictive value (95% CI 5.3-15.2), and 97.2% negative predictive value (95% CI 94.5-99.9). Conclusion: ROPScore identified all patients at risk for severe retinopathy of prematurity. These findings support incorporating ROPScore into Brazilian guidelines to optimize retinopathy of prematurity screening and reduce unnecessary ophthalmologic examinations. Weight, insulin-like growth factor-1, retinopathy of prematurity’s suboptimal performance in this Brazilian sample highlights the need for country-specific algorithm adjustments.

ABSTRACT This article systematically reviewed 327 documents in the core collection of the Web of Science database regarding ChatGPT applications in the writing domain. This study aimed to comprehensively assess the latest progress and potential applications. ChatGPT demonstrates significant potential in overcoming writing anxiety, improving writing efficiency, generating initial scientific papers, and assisting researchers and students in giving feedback. However, it still faces significant challenges in data accuracy and the ethics of generated content, including inaccurate or outdated information, plagiarism risks, gender or race biases, etc. Authorship verification is particularly important for academic writing and publishing as it relates to objectivity, accuracy, and fairness. Future studies need to explore how to address these challenges through improvements at the technical and policy levels, ensuring that ChatGPT promotes the sustainable development and application of academic writing while adhering to ethical standards.

ABSTRACT Purpose: This study aimed to report the use, efficacy, and safety of intracameral voriconazole as an adjuvant treatment for deep fungal keratitis. Methods: This was a prospective case series of seven eyes with fungal keratitis with anterior chamber involvement or a corneal ulcer refractory to conventional topical treatment. In addition to topical treatment with 0.15% amphotericin B eye drops, voriconazole 50 μg/ 0.1 mL was administered to the anterior chamber of each affected eye up to four times within 72 h. The primary outcome measures were healing (fungal eradication) and the need for therapeutic keratoplasty. Best-corrected visual acuity was a secondary outcome measure. Results: Three cases were confirmed by confocal microscopy, and four were diagnosed from positive culture tests. At presentation, one patient had a best-corrected visual acuity of 20/80, while all others had hand motion or worse. Four cases received one intracameral injection, two cases received three, and one case received four injections. There were no complications after any of the intracameral voriconazole injections. Four patients had imminent corneal perforations and were treated with cyanoacrylate adhesive and bandage contact lenses. Four patients recovered from the infection, and three underwent therapeutic keratoplasty. The final best-corrected visual acuity was improved in two cases but all patients had a final visual acuity of counting fingers or worse. Conclusion: As an adjuvant treatment for deep fungal keratitis, intracameral voriconazole injection is a feasible option. Although fungal eradication was achieved in all patients, three required therapeutic keratoplasty and all patients had unsatisfactory visual acuity outcomes.

ABSTRACT Purpose: This study aimed to modify scleral contact lenses to achieve a desired compression standard and to evaluate the effectiveness and reliability of the adjustments. Methods: In this nonrandomized, noncomparative, and partially masked study Scleral contact lens fittings were analyzed in 20 eyes of 12 patients (50% women, 50% men) diagnosed with keratoconus. Participants were selected based on their need for scleral contact lenses (SCLs), which was determined in complete ophthalmological examinations. Patients were tested with Zenlens scleral contact lenses (Bausch & Lomb, Vaughan, Ontario, Canada). We evaluated compression in the lens support area after one hour of use, excluding cases of peripheral lifting. Photos of the adaptations were sent to five experts for analysis of the quadrants (nasal, temporal, superior, and inferior). We used Fisher’s exact test for statistical analysis. Results: The proposed adjustment was highly effective (93.5% correct) in lens delivery (BL=0), with the interrater agreement between doctors ranging from 68.8% to 80.9%. Conclusion: The clinical parameters proposed for scleral contact lenses adjustment proved useful and reproducible, enabling their practical application to scleral lens adaptation.

ABSTRACT Purpose: Amblyopia is a cortical neurological disorder caused by abnormal visual experiences during the critical period for visual development. Recent works have shown that, in addition to the well-known visual alterations, such as changes in visual acuity, several perceptual aspects of vision are affected. This study aims to analyze and compare the effects of different types of amblyopia on visual color processing and determine whether these effects are correlated with visual acuity. Methods: Our study sample comprised 42 amblyopic individuals, aged 7-40 years, (strabismus, n=16; anisometropia, n=18; and mixed-cause, n=8) and 33 age-matched controls. Color vision was tested by measuring the chromaticity threshold of each patient on the protan, deutan, and tritan axes using version 02 of the Cambridge Color Test. Spatial stimulation cues were eliminated using spatial noise and luminance. Results: The color discrimination thresholds on the protan, deutan, and tritan axes were similar between control participants and amblyopic patients (p>0.05). There was no correlation between VA values and color thresholds (p>0.05). Conclusion: Patients with amblyopia have normal color vision in contexts that include luminance and spatial noise. Our results may be indicative of independent neural pathways for spatial and chromatic visual processing.

ABSTRACT Purpose: Congenital epiphora can be related to anomalies of the nasolacrimal duct. This study aimed to assess the distal end of the nasolacrimal duct and the outcomes of endoscopic treatment in children older than 12 months with congenital epiphora. Methods: This retrospective analysis describes the clinical characteristics, management, and outcomes of symptomatic congenital lacrimal obstruction in 32 lacrimal systems of 23 children. Data was collected on the preoperative symptoms, age at the time of surgery, intraoperative findings, treatment modalities, and outcomes of the children in our cohort. All patients underwent a standard endoscopic lacrimal examination, including irrigation and diagnostic probing, viewed via the inferior meatus. Cases with complex anomalies characterized by obstructions in the canaliculi, nasolacrimal junction, or nasolacrimal duct were excluded. Results: The mean age at the time of surgery was 48.03 (±27.99) months. Four different types of distal nasolacrimal duct obstruction were diagnosed. These were obstructions by a membrane (n=12), ostium stenosis (n=15), impacted turbinate (n=3), and membranous residual flaps (n=2). They were all managed with inferior meatus microsurgery and nasal endoscopic probing without silicone intubation. After a mean follow-up period of 14.75 (±11.93) months, successful outcomes were achieved in all cases. Conclusion: Microsurgery to the inferior meatus, performed under nasal endoscopy, is a safe and effective treatment for isolated anomalies of the distal end of the nasolacrimal duct in children older than 12 months. We do not recommend silicone intubation in the absence of complex lacrimal system anomalies.