ABSTRACT Since the dawn of civilization, it has been understood what natural resources were and their importance for the survival and development of humanity. The environmental history, until payment for ecosystem services, was marked by conservationist and preservationist thoughts that took different directions regarding the "value of nature" and "payment for nature's services" but that consented to maintaining biodiversity. In the 20th century, after the publication of the first works on the categorization and valuation of ecosystem services, a certain consensus began to emerge regarding the commercialization of these services. Subsequently, several payment markets for ecosystem services emerged, such as the carbon market, which in 2021 reached the level of 2 billion dollars in transactions. Studies assessing the growth of the carbon market may provide relevant information for implementing payment projects for carbon credits, encouraging the maintenance of biodiversity and mitigation of climate change. civilization humanity history value nature natures s th century Subsequently emerged 202 transactions credits change 20

Abstract Indonesia has a rich history of using medicinal plants, particularly among indigenous communities. However, documentation of these practices is limited, especially for communities in customary forests. This study aimed to document the medicinal plants used by indigenous peoples in Rantau Kermas and Pulau Tengah villages, located in Jambi Province, Indonesia. The study employed an ethnobotanical method, using in-depth interviews and participatory observation with an emic approach. The Pebble Distribution Method and the local user’s value index (LUVI) were applied to evaluate the uses of medicinal plants among the communities. The results indicate that the customary communities in both villages used approximately 65 plant species from 56 genera and 32 families to treat newborns, digestive system disorders, fever, and non-clinical diseases. The highest LUVI value (1.53%) recorded from the community in Rantau Kermas Village was obtained from the application of paku resam (Dicranopteris linearis (Burm.f.) Underw.), used mainly for reducing fever. In Pulau Tengah Village, the highest LUVI value (1.74%) was obtained from the consumption of limau kapau (Citrus x aurantiifolia (Christm) Swingle) Swingle for treating stroke and bradyphrenia. The majority of these medicinal plants used are exotic species. Therefore, further phytochemical and pharmacological investigation to enhance their utilization value while ensuring their sustainability. However limited forests Province method indepth depth approach users user s (LUVI 6 5 3 newborns disorders fever nonclinical non clinical diseases 1.53% 153 1 53 (1.53% Dicranopteris Burm.f. Burmf Burm f (Burm.f. Underw., Underw Underw. , Underw.) 1.74% 174 74 (1.74% Citrus Christm (Christm bradyphrenia Therefore sustainability 1.53 15 (1.53 Burm.f (Burm.f 1.74 17 7 (1.74 1.5 (1.5 1.7 (1.7 1. (1. (1 (

Abstract As part of ongoing studies of Solanum in South America, three new species of the Geminata clade are described for Colombia. Solanum caquetense J.D.Tovar sp. nov., from the Department of Caquetá, is a riverside shrub found in lowland rainforests, with willow-like leaves characteristic of rheophyte plants. Solanum pinguiculum J.D. Tovar sp. nov. is confined to the understory of cloud forests on the eastern Andean slopes in the Departments of Cauca, Huila, and Putumayo, and is a tiny subshrub with somewhat watery stems and minute flowers. Solanum sabu J.D. Tovar sp. nov. is a rare plant, represented by a single collection from the eastern Andean slopes of the Cordillera Central in the Department of Tolima; it is a shrub with loose dendritic trichomes on abaxial leaf surface, and is described here to encourage further investigation in the field and herbaria. Differences between these new taxa and morphologically similar species are discussed, and photos, preliminary conservation status, and distribution maps are provided for all newly described species. To facilitate the identification of these morphologically very similar plants, a dichotomous key for all members of the Geminata clade occurring in Colombia is provided together with a synopsis of their distribution by Department. America JDTovar J D sp nov Caquetá rainforests willowlike willow like plants JD J.D Cauca Huila Putumayo flowers plant Tolima surface herbaria discussed photos status

Abstract A new species of Passifloraceae sensu stricto, Passiflora natalensis, from the Atlantic Forest of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, is described. It differs from P. cincinnata mainly by these five characteristics: i) the presence of two to three smooth and lustrous glands in the base of the petiole; ii) always 5-lobed leaves, with the presence of one or two pairs of horizontal slits in the leaf blade’s central lobe; iii) none, one or two pairs of horizontal slits in adjacent lobe, iv) absence of the operculum, a rare characteristic in Passiflora species and, v) a sparsely pubescent ovary. Commentaries concerning its morphological traits and similar species, geographic distribution, ecology, preliminary conservation status, and photos are provided. stricto natalensis Norte Brazil described P characteristics i petiole ii 5lobed lobed 5 leaves blades blade s lobe iii none iv operculum v ovary distribution ecology status provided

Abstract A significant correlation between water level fluctuations and morphological traits in macrophytes is well-documented, especially in shallow water species. However, predicting morpho-anatomical characteristics in submerged plants across water depths remains challenging. We investigated morpho-anatomical variations in Heteranthera zosterifolia stems from a deep flooded doline at three depths: surface, 2.5m, and 5m. The anatomical survey followed standard protocols, and variance analysis was used based on the measurements obtained. Our study revealed significant differences in the stem and aerenchyma area, number of air channels, cortex thickness, stele-cortex ratio, and average vessel diameter between surface specimens and those from greater depths. The anatomical survey highlighted a greater investment in the cortex and aerenchyma area in water surface specimens, potentially related to structural stability and buoyancy. This challenges the conventional belief that deeper water increases the stem’s area and number of air channels, questioning the traditional association of aerenchyma solely with oxygen transport. Moreover, a balance in vessel diameter between surface and deeper specimens suggests considerations for transport efficiency, protection against water stress, and buoyancy needs. The morpho-anatomical adaptation of the H. zosterifolia stem yields significant implications for the strategies employed by the species for survival and growth in deep aquatic environments. welldocumented, welldocumented well documented, documented well-documented However morphoanatomical morpho challenging 25m m 2 5m 2.5m protocols obtained channels thickness stelecortex stele ratio s Moreover efficiency stress needs H environments

Abstract Anthropic actions alter several aspects of natural landscapes. The loss of riparian vegetation, for example, alters the integrity of streams and affects biological communities, such as aquatic macrophytes. Here, we evaluate how local environmental variables (water’s physical and chemical factors and the physical integrity of streams) and landscape variables (land use) alter the species richness and composition of aquatic macrophytes in Amazon streams. We sampled 13 streams in Barcarena, Pará, Brazil. We identified the macrophyte species inside a 50 m stretch. We also determined the water’s physical and chemical parameters, physical integrity, and land use around the streams. We recorded 25 macrophyte species belonging to six morpho-ecological groups; amphibious and emergent were the most representative. Nitrite was significantly and positively related to macrophyte richness. Macrophytes species composition was significantly related to pH, temperature, habitat integrity index, and alkalinity. Environments with low integrity and higher temperature and pH were associated with emergent morpho-ecological groups, whereas some amphibious were associated with higher integrity. Our study brings new information about the occurrence of macrophytes in Amazon streams, the role played by amphibious and emergent morpho-ecological groups, and the greater importance of local factors compared to landscape factors in shaping macrophyte richness and composition. landscapes vegetation example communities Here waters water s 1 Barcarena Pará Brazil 5 stretch parameters 2 morphoecological morpho ecological groups representative index alkalinity

ABSTRACT Two new species of Maripa (Convolvulaceae) are described in the Northern Andean Region of South America. Maripa daironii M.Pastore has been found in Colombia, specifically in the inter-Andean valleys of the Antioquia, Bolívar, Cesar, and Santander departments, in rainforests at elevations ranging from 100 to 400 meters. Maripa marimba M.Pastore has been recorded in Ecuador, specifically in the provinces of Esmeraldas and Pichincha, in submontane rainforests at elevations between 500 and 1,400 meters. The first is mainly recognized by the furfuraceous indumentum composed of radiate peltate trichomes, inflorescence in typical thyrses with foliaceous bracts, infundibuliform corolla, and yellow fruits with patent sepals. The second is mainly recognized by racemiform cyme, campanulate corolla, and ellipsoid fruits with patent sepals. Detailed morphological descriptions, illustrations, photographs, a distribution map, an identification key, and comparisons with similar species are provided for both new species. Additionally, the conservation status of each species is preliminary assessed according to IUCN criteria. Maripa daironii has been classified as Vulnerable (VU), while M. marimba has been classified as Least Concern (LC). Convolvulaceae (Convolvulaceae America MPastore M Pastore Colombia interAndean inter Antioquia Bolívar Cesar departments 10 40 meters Ecuador Pichincha 50 1400 1 1,40 trichomes bracts corolla sepals cyme descriptions illustrations photographs map key Additionally criteria VU, VU , (VU) LC. LC . (LC) 4 5 140 1,4 (VU (LC 14 1,

Abstract In this study, we present and discuss the recognition of Garcinia madruno as a species complex. The taxonomic limits of G. madruno are discussed with the related species, and the names and type collections of the respective synonyms were analyzed. Based on morphological data, three new species (Garcinia ieda-amaralae Mouzinho & M.L.Soares, G. guttifolia Mouzinho & L.Marinho and G. kaiabiana Mouzinho) are proposed, as well as the reestablishment of G. floribunda Miq. Descriptions, photographs, distribution maps and taxonomic comments are provided. In addition, a taxonomic identification key and comparative table for the morphological characters of the Garcinia species with ornate fruit are presented. study complex G analyzed data iedaamaralae ieda amaralae MLSoares M L Soares M.L.Soares LMarinho Marinho proposed Miq Descriptions photographs provided addition presented

Abstract Coccoloba is the most diverse woody neotropical genus of the Polygonaceae, with four widely recognized biodiversity centers: the Atlantic Forest, the Amazon Rainforest, Central America, and the Caribbean Islands. However, the boundaries of these centers have never been tested. To address this, we compiled 6,989 records of 146 taxa of Coccoloba. The distribution pattern was analyzed using the K-means clustering; Centers of endemism were identified by PAE and Endemicity Analysis; and centers of richness and diversity were analyzed in Diva-Gis. The GDM model was used to understand the drivers of species distributions. Seven distribution patterns and eight areas of endemism were recovered. Areas of high richness and diversity are found in Central America, the Caribbean Islands and the Atlantic Forest. The Amazon Rainforest has no area of high species richness, although it has a small area with high diversity. The dissimilarity in Coccoloba species composition is strongly related to geographic distance, solar radiation in April, precipitation of wettest quarter, and mean temperature of warmest quarter drivers. We conclude that the geographic diversity centers previously suggested in the literature are too simplistic to accurately describe centers of biodiversity for Coccoloba, rather, they correspond to the main distribution patterns of Coccoloba species. Polygonaceae Forest America However tested this 6989 6 989 6,98 14 Kmeans K means clustering Analysis DivaGis. DivaGis Diva Gis. Gis Diva-Gis distributions recovered distance April rather 698 98 6,9 1 69 9 6,

Abstract Caatinga is one of the largest and most important seasonally dry phytophysiognomies in the neotropical region, with high species diversity and endemism. Asteraceae is constantly neglected in floristic studies of Caatinga areas, and the richness, distribution and conservation status of members of the family in this area are little known. The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the diversity, distribution, collection activity and endemic species conservation status of Asteraceae occurring in the Caatinga. We created an Asteraceae dataset for Caatinga, which was analyzed in a GIS environment to verify the intensity of collections and species richness; using the same dataset, we created the checklist and carried out the preliminary conservation status of endemic species. Our results show that a total of 137 species (16 endemic) and 82 genera within 16 tribes occur within the Caatinga. We highlight that areas with greater species richness and collection density concentrate in the north, central northeast and central-south portions of the Caatinga and that, although a certain spatial imbalance was observed, these variables present a high correlation, with collections explaining 90.92% of the species richness. Finally, a preliminary conservation status assessment revealed that among the endemic species, all are threatened. region endemism known 13 (1 8 1 north centralsouth south observed correlation 9092 90 92 90.92 Finally threatened ( 909 9 90.9 90.

Abstract The structure and water availability in the understory of the humid forest of Chapada do Araripe, Northeastern Brazil, are very heterogeneous. This environment is affected by the mono-dominance of babassu palms (Attalea speciosa) and other forms of anthropogenic disturbance. The objective of this work was to examine the use of bryophytes as indirect bioindicators of environmental quality in this forest. Epiphytic bryophytes were collected in localities with distinct levels of babassu dominance and springs/streams. Additionally, proxies for anthropogenic disturbances, humidity and light conditions were evaluated. Functional groups and the species composition were investigated. Our results demonstrated that the region has a high level of environmental heterogeneity. Anthropogenic disturbance was the main driver shaping species composition and abiotic conditions mediated the effects on species. Sites with higher levels of disturbance and greater abundance of babassu palms and canopy opening further limited the distribution of species that require high levels of humidity and shade specialists and favored sun specialists and generalists compared to environments with greater water availability. Therefore, abiotic and anthropic factors are important to understanding the relationships between bryophyte ecology and the environment, helping to predict changes in these assemblages driven by changes in the environment. Araripe Brazil heterogeneous monodominance mono Attalea speciosa springsstreams springs streams springs/streams Additionally disturbances evaluated investigated heterogeneity Therefore

Abstract The Nascentes do Rio Parnaíba National Park (NRPNP) is the largest conservation unit in the Brazilian Cerrado, featuring various physiognomic types and water resources. We investigated the richness and composition of bryophytes at the NRPNP in different phytophysiognomies, along with substrates of preference, reproductive aspects and geographical distribution of the species. A total of 1,941 bryophyte specimens were identified, representing 77 species and one subspecies, 48 genera and 27 families. Four species were new occurrences for the Brazilian Cerrado and Frullania eboracensis Lehm. is reported for the first time in Brazil. The gallery forest showed the highest species richness (72 spp./54 exclusives), followed by vereda (17/two) and savanna (11/one), with only three species shared by these phytophysiognomies. Fifty-six species showed a preference for colonizing rocks, but mostly mosses, while liverworts prevailed on trunks. Monoicous species (64%) predominated over dioicous ones. Most species exhibit a broad geographic distribution across Brazilian domains and the Neotropics. The results confirmed that phytophysiognomies with higher humidity and shading showed more complex species richness and composition, highlighting the importance of gallery forest for the maintenance of the bryophyte flora in the Brazilian Cerrado. (NRPNP resources 1941 1 941 1,94 identified 7 subspecies 4 2 families Lehm Brazil 72 (7 spp54 spp 54 spp./5 exclusives, exclusives , exclusives) 17/two 17two two 17 (17/two 11/one, 11one 11/one 11 (11/one) Fiftysix Fifty six rocks mosses trunks 64% 64 (64% ones Neotropics 194 94 1,9 ( spp5 5 spp./ (11/one 6 (64 19 9 1, spp. (6

Abstract We present an updated list of Orchidaceae species and their distribution data in the mesoregions of the state of Pará, Brazil, based on a systematic review of the literature and analysis of herbarium voucher specimens (and their labels) to confirm the occurrences of the species in the state. Our list has 434 species belonging to 98 genera; 209 species are endemic to the Amazon and 44 are restricted to the state of Pará. We also present 45 new records for the state. Catasetum, Epidendrum, Habenaria, and Maxillaria are the genera with the greatest species richness. Orchids were collected in all mesoregions of the state. Still, collections are absent in 21 of the 144 municipalities of the state, indicating the need for surveys and floristic assessments to understand the factors that influence the distribution of the species at the regional level and assist in conservation actions in the state. Pará Brazil labels 43 9 20 4 Catasetum Epidendrum Habenaria richness Still 2 14 1

Abstract A new species of Cunninghamella was isolated during an expedition searching for mucoralean fungi from soil in an upland tropical forest area in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. The new species was described based on morphophysiological and phylogenetic data (ITS and LSU rDNA sequences). It typically forms unbranched sporophores, though there is some monopodial and sympodial branching. Verticillate branches arising in whorls of up to three from the main sporophore are rarely observed. Vesicles varied-shaped with one to several broken pedicels or warts on their surface and commonly with immature pedicellate sporangiola are formed. Chlamydospores are globose. Better growth was observed at temperatures of 25 and 30 °C on MEA. The new species was positioned closer to a clade containing C. clavata, C. subclavata, and C. verrucosa with high support values. In this study, a new species of Cunninghamella is proposed and an updated identification key for Cunninghamella is provided. Pernambuco Brazil ITS sequences. sequences . sequences) sporophores branching variedshaped varied shaped formed globose 2 3 C MEA clavata subclavata values study provided

Abstract This study is the first effort to provide comparative information about soil diatom assemblages in organic (OF) and conventional (CF) rice fields. We aimed to investigate whether soil diatom assemblages (richness, relative abundance and species composition) differ between organic and conventional systems and detect alterations after the application of herbicides (clomazone and penoxsulam). Surface sediment was collected using a core (10 cm diameter, 2 cm depth) at three sites in each system in Rio Grande do Sul State, South Brazil. Live motile diatoms were isolated from the sediment using the trapping method. The presence and concentration of residual herbicides in the soil and the pH and temperature of interstitial water were measured. OF had higher temperatures and lower pH than CF. The diatom assemblages differed significantly in richness, composition, and relative abundance; OF had greater total richness (123 species) than CF (79 species).PinnulariaandNitzschiawere the richest genera for CF, whilePinnulariaandEunotiawere the richest for OF. Exclusive taxa were detected in OF and the relative abundance of species was related to the sampling period in CF. (OF (CF fields (richness composition clomazone penoxsulam. penoxsulam . penoxsulam) 10 (1 diameter depth State Brazil method measured 123 (12 79 (7 species.PinnulariaandNitzschiawere speciesPinnulariaandNitzschiawere .PinnulariaandNitzschiawere PinnulariaandNitzschiawere 1 ( 12 7