Abstract The objective of this article is twofold: on the one hand, to show the impacts of the presence of drug trafficking in the Ucayali region, to reveal a situation that, except in very rare cases, is not currently on the public agendas, among the political or economic priorities, in the parliamentary debates and in jurisdictional decisions. On the other hand, it is to make a direct and effective proposal to resolve the old and most recent dilemmas represented by drug trafficking related to cocaine and its derivatives, its causes, and consequences for the Indigenous Peoples who inhabit the Peruvian Amazon. The case of the Ucayali región, a strategic region located in the central Peruvian Amazon, región is taken. Official information from the Peruvian State, that comes from international organizations, as well as from the indigenous organizations and private entities that work in the región have been reviewed. The article concludes by identifying an order of actions that must be carried out by the Peruvian State in the Ucayali region, to achieve a closure of the historical social gaps that are found at the base of the territory where drug trafficking has been established.

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é duplo: por um lado, mostrar os impactos da presença do tráfico de drogas na região de Ucayali, propor uma situação que não está atualmente nas agendas públicas, nem entre as prioridades políticas ou econômicas, nem nos debates parlamentares ou nas decisões jurisdicionais, salvo em casos muito raros. Em seguida, fazer uma proposta o mais direta e eficaz possível para tentar resolver os antigos e mais recentes dilemas representados pelo tráfico de drogas relacionado à cocaína e seus derivados , suas causas e consequências para os Povos Indígenas que habitam a Amazônia. Para isso, tomaremos o caso de uma região estratégica localizada na Amazônia central peruana, a região de Ucayali. Revisamos informações oficiais do Estado peruano, provenientes de organismos internacionais, bem como das próprias organizações indígenas e entidades privadas que atuam na referida região. O artigo conclui identificando uma ordem de ações que devem ser realizadas pelo Estado peruano na região de Ucayali, para conseguir fechar as lacunas sociais históricas que se encontram na base do território onde o tráfico de drogas se estabeleceu

Resumen El objetivo del presente artículo es doble. Por un lado, mostrar los impactos de la presencia del narcotráfico en la región de Ucayali, para revelar una situación que, salvo ocasiones muy raras, no está actualmente en las agendas públicas, entre las prioridades políticas y económicas, en los debates parlamentarios y en las decisiones jurisdiccionales. Por otro lado, hacer una propuesta directa y efectiva para resolver los viejos y los más recientes dilemas que representa el narcotráfico de cocaína y sus derivados, sus causas y consecuencias para los pueblos indígenas que habitan la Amazonía peruana. Se toma el caso de Ucayali, una región estratégica ubicada en la Amazonía central peruana. La investigación se nutre del análisis y el contraste entre la información oficial del Estado peruano, aquella que proviene de organismos internacionales, así como de las propias organizaciones indígenas y de entidades privadas que trabajan en dicha región. Como conclusión, se identifica un orden de acciones que el Estado peruano debe ejecutar en la región de Ucayali para cerrar las brechas sociales históricas que se encuentran en la base del territorio donde se ha asentado el narcotráfico.

ABSTRACT Deforestation, mining, pollution and the construction of hydroelectric plants are among the main risks for biological communities, ecosystems and indigenous peoples. In the Brazilian Amazon, historically there has been political pressure to reduce the constitutional rights of indigenous peoples, especially regarding mining activities and the construction of hydroelectric plants. This culminated in a law proposal allowing mining in indigenous lands (PL 191/2020), proposed during the last presidential term in Brazil (2018-2022), which sparked a heated debate in both the legal and ethical spheres. In this article we present objective arguments for the negative effects of mining on indigenous lands, using PL 191/2020 as a model to debate the consequences of such policies for biodiversity, ecosystem services, increased risks for humans due to pollutants and epidemics, and how this law violates the main objectives of the Agenda 2030 for sustainable development. Particularly in the Brazilian Amazon, the negative effects of this law on human life quality, economy and the ecosystems are greater than the supposed positive effects projected into the future. We suggest rethinking the feasibility of mining on indigenous lands and reiterate the importance of conserving these lands and other protected areas in the Amazon intact as a heritage of all Brazilians and the wider human kind.

RESUMO O desmatamento, a mineração, a poluição e a construção de usinas hidrelétricas estão entre os principais riscos para as comunidades biológicas, os ecossistemas e os povos indígenas. Na Amazônia brasileira, historicamente tem havido pressão política para reduzir os direitos constitucionais dos povos indígenas, especialmente no que diz respeito às atividades de mineração e à construção de usinas hidrelétricas. Isso culminou em uma proposta de lei que permite a mineração em terras indígenas (PL 191/2020), proposta durante o último mandato presidencial no Brasil (2018-2022), que gerou um acalorado debate tanto na esfera jurídica quanto na esfera ética. Neste artigo apresentamos argumentos objetivos para os efeitos negativos da mineração em terras indígenas, usando o PL 191/2020 como modelo para debater as consequências de tais políticas para a biodiversidade, os serviços ecossistêmicos, o aumento dos riscos para os seres humanos devido a poluentes e epidemias, e como esta lei viola os principais objetivos da Agenda 2030 para o desenvolvimento sustentável. Particularmente na Amazônia brasileira, os efeitos negativos desta lei sobre a qualidade de vida humana, a economia e os ecossistemas são maiores do que os supostos efeitos positivos projetados para o futuro. Sugerimos repensar a viabilidade da mineração em terras indígenas e reiterar a importância de conservar intactas essas terras e outras áreas protegidas na Amazônia como patrimônio de todos os brasileiros e da humanidade em geral.

Based on a periodization that considers the prevailing institutional framework for the rural area of ​​the Amazon (1970-1985, the military dictatorship; 1985-2006, redemocratization; and 2006-2017, emphasis on the environment), with data from the Agricultural Censuses, this article presents the dimensions and structural compositions of the land stocks appropriated by rural establishments, in order to discuss the features of the agents that demarcate the land issue and the land market in the region. By emphasizing the production of unforested lands as being the very reason for the land market, with the deforestation process as its foundation, the article highlights the countercyclical manner in which this market has reacted in relation to the economy of agricultural products, having, until 2005, formed high stocks of deforested land, and liquidating them with speculative gains over the following years. Lastly, it demonstrates the impact of this process on the inequality of the structure of land ownership across the region and Brazil.

A partir de uma periodização baseada na institucionalidade prevalecente para o rural da Amazônia (1970-1985, vigência da Ditadura Militar; 1985-2006, redemocratização; e 2006-2017, ênfase ambiental) o artigo apresenta com dados dos Censos Agropecuários as dimensões e composições estruturais do acervo de terras dos estabelecimentos rurais para, em seguida, discutir os traços dos agentes que demarcam a questão da terra e os elementos constitutivos do mercado de terras na região. Ressaltando a produção de terras-sem-mata como a razão de última instância do mercado de terras, e o processo de desmatamento como seu fundamento, destaca que este mercado reage de forma contracíclica em relação à economia de produtos agropecuários, tendo formado elevados estoques de terras desmatadas até 2005, liquidando-os com ganhos especulativos nos anos seguintes. Por fim, demonstra o impacto desse processo na desigualdade da estrutura fundiária da região e do Brasil.

Abstract Based on a periodization that considers the prevailing institutional framework for the rural area of the Amazon (1970-1985, the military dictatorship; 1985-2006, redemocratization; and 2006-2017, emphasis on the environment), with data from the Agricultural Censuses, this article presents the dimensions and structural compositions of the land stocks appropriated by rural establishments, in order to discuss the features of the agents that demarcate the land issue and the land market in the region. By emphasizing the production of unforested lands as being the very reason for the land market, with the deforestation process as its foundation, the article highlights the countercyclical manner in which this market has reacted in relation to the economy of agricultural products, having, until 2005, formed high stocks of deforested land, and liquidating them with speculative gains over the following years. Lastly, it demonstrates the impact of this process on the inequality of the structure of land ownership across the region and Brazil.

Resumo A partir de uma periodização baseada na institucionalidade prevalecente para o rural da Amazônia (1970-1985, vigência da Ditadura Militar; 1985-2006, redemocratização; e 2006-2017, ênfase ambiental) o artigo apresenta com dados dos Censos Agropecuários as dimensões e composições estruturais do acervo de terras dos estabelecimentos rurais para, em seguida, discutir os traços dos agentes que demarcam a questão da terra e os elementos constitutivos do mercado de terras na região. Ressaltando a produção de terras-sem-mata como a razão de última instância do mercado de terras, e o processo de desmatamento como seu fundamento, destaca que este mercado reage de forma contracíclica em relação à economia de produtos agropecuários, tendo formado elevados estoques de terras desmatadas até 2005, liquidando-os com ganhos especulativos nos anos seguintes. Por fim, demonstra o impacto desse processo na desigualdade da estrutura fundiária da região e do Brasil.

Resumen La región amazónica ecuatoriana representa el 45% del territorio nacional y constituye una de las mayores reservas ecológicas de la humanidad debido a su riqueza biológica. En los últimos años el área de bosque en la amazonia latinoamericana se redujo en un 4,5% (240.000 km2); en este orden, Ecuador es uno de los países con mayor deforestación en la región (2,4%). Por esta razón, el objetivo de este estudio es valorar el efecto de la actividad minera sobre la biodiversidad. Para el efecto se estimaron los posibles cambios en el ecosistema, la fragmentación, abundancia, riqueza, dominancia y diversidad de especies. El área de estudio se ubicó en una zona de explotación minera en la Provincia de Zamora Chinchipe, Cantón Paquisha-Ecuador. Mediante estimadores puntuales se identificaron 123 especies de plantas vasculares divididas en 43 familias. Asteraceae presentó mayor abundancia con el 12%, Araceae con el 8,5% y Melastomataceae el 7,5%. Asimismo, se identificaron 42 especies de aves, 16 de mamíferos, 12 entre anfibios y reptiles y 36 individuos macroinvertebrados. Los resultados permiten inferir que en la zona existe un deterioro marcado del ecosistema, empero se mantiene una diversidad interesante de especies, principalmente de flora. En lo referente a fauna la pérdida de ciertas especies es evidente, debido principalmente a la expansión agrícola, la caza y la activida minera. La fauna acuática de acuerdo con el índice de Shannon es baja, y de acuerdo al índice BMWP/Col el agua en la zona es muy contaminada.

Abstract The Ecuadorian Amazon region represents 45% of the national territory and constitutes one of the largest ecological reserves of humanity due to its biological wealth. In recent years, the forest area in the Latin American Amazon has been reduced by 4.5% (240,000 km2). Ecuador is one of the countries with the highest deforestation in the region (2.4%). The objective of this study was to assess the effect of mining activity on biodiversity, hence possible changes in the ecosystem, fragmentation, abundance, richness, dominance and diversity of species were estimated. The study area was located in a mining area in the Province of Zamora Chinchipe, Cantón Paquisha-Ecuador. Through point estimators, 123 species of vascular plants divided into 43 families were identified, the highest abundance was presented by Asteraceae with 12%, followed by Araceae with 8.5% and Melastomataceae with 7.5%. Likewise, 42 species of birds were identified, 16 of mammals, 12 of amphibians and reptiles, and 36 macroinvertebrate individuals It could be inferred that there is a marked deterioration of the ecosystem in the area, however an interesting diversity of species remains, mainly flora. In relation to fauna, the loss of certain species is evident, mainly due to agricultural expansion, hunting and mining activity. According to the Shannon index, the aquatic fauna is low, and according to the BMWP / Col index the water in the area is highly polluted.

Abstract Drawing on two studies and surveys carried out in the Upper Huallaga in 1981 and the VRAE in 2001, both located in the upper Peruvian amazon basin, this paper seeks to describe and analyze the historical and economic conditions under which coca cultivation for illicit purposes expanded in both regions. In this sense, it describes how this history shaped an inefficient and destructive migratory agriculture. Although the periods analyzed in each case are different, with a difference of twenty years between one and the other, the information we have is sufficiently valuable to establish a useful and valuable comparison. These are the two Amazonian regions that had the largest extension of coca plantations at the national level during the study period. When coca expanded in the Upper Huallaga, there was already a much more intense social and economic history of articulation with the market and modernity than in the VRAE. That is, although the contexts and socio-environmental histories of each basin were quite different, the similarities in productive strategies remained significant. Coca, as a plantation or permanent crop planted in relatively small areas, did not eliminate the shifting agriculture practiced by most Andean settlers in the high jungle. From time to time, coca growers abandoned their plantations in the phase of decreasing yields, in search of new lands and fertile soils within their own properties or in more distant areas, reproducing the slash-and-burn method.

Resumen Aprovechando dos estudios y encuestas realizadas en el Huallaga en 1981 y el VRAE en 2001, ambas localizadas en la Amazonía alta peruana, el presente ensayo busca relatar y analizar las condiciones históricas y económicas en las cuales se expandió el cultivo de la coca con fines ilícitos en estas zonas. En ese sentido, se describe cómo a partir de tal historia se configura una agricultura migratoria ineficiente y destructiva. Aunque los períodos analizados en cada caso son distintos, con una diferencia de veinte años, la información que disponemos permite realizar una comparación útil y valiosa. Se trata de las dos regiones de la Amazonía que durante el período de estudio tenían la mayor extensión de plantaciones de coca a nivel nacional. Cuando la coca se expandió en el Alto Huallaga ya existía una historia social y económica de articulación con el mercado y una modernidad mucho más intensa que en el VRAE. A pesar de que los contextos e historias socio ambientales de cada cuenca fueron bastante diferentes, las similitudes de las estrategias productivas siguieron siendo significativas al igual que sus efectos a nivel ecológico. La coca, en tanto plantación o cultivo permanente en extensiones relativamente reducidas, no eliminó la agricultura migratoria practicada por la mayoría de los colonos andinos en la selva alta. Cada cierto tiempo, los cocaleros abandonaban sus plantaciones en fase de rendimientos decrecientes, en búsqueda de nuevas tierras y suelos fértiles dentro de sus predios o en zonas más distantes, lo que reprodujo la modalidad de roza y quema e impactó el medio ambiente en los bosques.

Abstract Studying a watershed in the Amazon region requires understanding that this region has national and global relevance. The fact that the study area is located in the so-called arc of deforestation raises the need to understand its context, its vulnerabilities, and its physical, environmental, and anthropic components. This research assesses the environmental vulnerability of the Buriticupu River Watershed in Maranhão State, Brazil. The aim is to foster improvements that may contribute to environmental planning and, specifically, to water resource management. For this purpose, the authors used the Geographic Information System environment to work with Map Algebra, interrelating primary and secondary data on geology, relief, pedology, and land use and land cover to generate synthesis cartography. The results pointed to areas with predominantly medium vulnerability. However, the analyses highlight alluvial plains, which became the most fragile areas from an environmental point of view. This is mainly because these areas comprise water-saturated soils (gleysols), unconsolidated deposits of sand and silt (alluvial deposits), and extensive humid vegetation, characteristics of igapó and floodplain forests. This research generated a document that applies is applicable to the study area. It also provided, in a systemic and integrated way, a product that will help in planning, which is very important for the creation of a watershed committee, something necessary and still embryonic in Maranhão State, Brazil.

Resumo Pesquisar uma bacia hidrográfica na região Amazônica requer assimilar que esta apresenta uma relevância nacional e mundial, estando a área de estudo situada no chamado arco do desmatamento, eleva a necessidade de entender seu contexto, vulnerabilidades e componentes físicos, ambientais e antrópicos. Esta pesquisa objetivou avaliar a vulnerabilidade ambiental da Bacia Hidrográfica do rio Buriticupu/Maranhão, com vistas a fomentar melhorias que possam contribuir com o processo de planejamento ambiental e, especificamente, de recursos hídricos. Para tanto, utilizou-se o ambiente de Sistema de Informação Geográfica para trabalhar com a Álgebra de Mapas, interrelacionando dados primários e secundários sobre a geologia, relevo, pedologia e uso e cobertura da terra, para gerar uma cartografia de síntese. Os resultados apontaram áreas com predominância das classes médias de vulnerabilidade, entretanto, o destaque fica por conta das planícies aluviais, que se tornaram, nas análises, as áreas mais frágeis do ponto de vista ambiental, sobretudo por serem solos saturados em água (gleissolos), depósitos inconsolidados de areia e silte (depósitos aluvionares) e por exibirem extensas vegetações úmidas, características de matas de igapó e de várzea. Este estudo foi capaz de gerar um documento que seja aplicável à área de estudo, além de propiciar, de modo sistêmico e integrado, um produto que contribuirá para possíveis planejamentos, sobretudo para um futuro comitê de bacia hidrográfica, algo necessário e ainda embrionário do Maranhão..

ABSTRACT Global climate change is currently a serious threat to biodiversity. The understanding of the effects of climate changes on the flora is urgent. Here, we analyze the effects of future climate change on the spatial distribution of the three remaining groups of Carapichea ipecacuanha (Poaia) in the Americas. We built niche-based models for current and optimistic and pessimistic climate scenarios projected for 2050 and 2090. Our findings showed that climatically suitable areas for the Atlantic and Amazon Forest groups will be strongly reduced. The greatest risk of extinction was observed for the Amazon group due to the drastic spatial reduction and abrupt spatial displacement of climate suitability. The climate suitability for the Atlantic Forest group will be reduced, comprising a small suitable area in the transition zone between Minas Gerais and Espirito Santo. The climate suitability for the Panama group remained in an continuous region in Panama and Colombia. Our results encourage future studies that develop conservation management plans in order to ensure the continuation of ecological refugia for this species.

Abstract Vascular epiphytes stand out in tropical forests in terms of diversity. However, no comprehensive review of the group in the Amazon region has been performed so far. We carried out a literature review on the scientific knowledge of vascular epiphytes in the Amazon aiming to identify the main gaps, limitations and perspectives for studies on the subject. Searches were conducted in Google Scholar, Scopus and Web of Science using inclusion and exclusion criteria. 291 articles published in the period 1933-2022, mostly the 21st century, were included in the review. Brazil was the most studied country. However, knowledge gaps were found in regions located in the Brazilian arc of deforestation as well as in areas of Bolivia, Guyana, French Guiana and Suriname. There was a predominance of studies related to the floristics, systematics and biogeography of spermatophytes and ferns, focusing on the diversity and taxonomy of certain families (e.g. Orchidaceae). However, we found gaps for more comprehensive research, considering population dynamics, dominance (biomass), guidelines for evaluation of epiphyte and systematization of data for Amazon. We indicate the need of studies focused on ecology, floral and reproductive biology, biochemistry, phytochemistry, anatomy and physiology. Future research should also consider the impacts of current trends in deforestation and climatic changes on the diversity of vascular epiphytes in the Amazon.

Abstract The Amazon River basins present distinct natural and anthropogenic characteristics that influence the structure of stream habitats and their associated biota. The influence of these characteristics can be evaluated through different spatial scales. We aimed to assess the influence (with and without the effect of spatial-geographical factors) of local, macroscale, and land-use variables in the structure of stream fish assemblages of Amazonian catchments with different deforestation levels. A partial redundancy analysis and a reduced metrics model were used to assess these influences. With geographic-spatial effects, we verified that the macroscale and local variables explained the variation in fish composition, and, without the effects, land use also explained the variation in this composition. In the forested catchments, the biota was associated with streams with natural characteristics (e.g., leaf banks). In the deforested catchments, it was associated with land use, sandy catchments with higher soil density (higher capacity of degradation), and less complex streams (fewer leaf banks, more sand). The associated fish have life features linked to these characteristics (e.g., Gymnorhamphichthys rondoni associated with sand). This configuration seems to be a result of both the impact of land use in the catchment (i.e., increased erosion, increased sedimentation) and the naturally sandy constitution of the catchment as well, reflecting the sandy substrate.

Resumo A Amazônia apresenta bacias hidrográficas com características naturais e antrópicas que estão presentes em distintas escalas espaciais da paisagem e que influenciam a estrutura do habitat de riachos e sua biota associada. Nosso objetivo foi verificar a influência (com e sem o efeito de fatores espaciais e geográficos) de variáveis locais, de macroescala e uso da terra na estrutura de assembleias de peixes de riachos de microbacias amazônicas com diferentes níveis de desmatamento. A análise de redundância parcial e modelo reduzido de métricas foram realizadas para verificar essas influências. Com os efeitos geográfico-espaciais, verificou-se que as variáveis de macroescala e locais explicavam a variação da composição dos peixes, e sem os efeitos, os usos da terra também explicaram. Nas microbacias florestadas, a biota foi associada a riachos com características naturais (e.g., bancos de folhas). Nas microbacias desmatadas, foi associada a usos da terra, a microbacias arenosas com maior densidade do solo (maior capacidade de degradação) e a riachos menos complexos (menos bancos de folhas e mais areia). Os peixes associados a essas microbacias desmatadas possuem aspectos de vida atrelados a essas características (e.g., Gymnorhamphichthys rondoni associado a areia). Essa configuração parece ser um reflexo tanto do impacto do uso da terra na microbacia (i.e., maior erosão, maior sedimentação) quanto da própria constituição natural arenosa da microbacia, refletindo o substrato arenoso.

ABSTRACT The Cerrado-Amazon Transition region has a high deforested area in Brazil. Given the importance of the forest in maintaining the climate of this region, were evaluated the patterns of micrometeorological variables in forested and deforested areas in the Cerrado-Amazon Transition region in Mato Grosso, Brazil. Precipitation, solar radiation, average, minimum and maximum air temperature, relative air humidity, soil temperature and wind speed were measured into a forest (FOR) and in a deforested area (DEF). Precipitation in the studied region has a hyper-seasonal pattern with 95% of the volume in the wet season (October to April), which influenced the seasonality of the micrometeorological variables. Solar radiation in DEF was 8-folds higher than in FOR, air temperature in DEF was up to 11% higher than in FOR, relative humidity in FOR was up to 14% higher than in DEF, soil temperature in DEF was 18% greater than in FOR and wind speed in DEF was 22-folds greater than in FOR. Deforestation significantly influenced the seasonality and magnitude of the analyzed micrometeorological variables.

RESUMO A região de Transição Cerrado-Amazônia possui uma elevada área desmatada no Brasil. Dada a importância da floresta na manutenção do clima desta região, foram avaliados os padrões de variáveis micrometeorológicas em áreas florestadas e desmatadas na região de Transição Cerrado-Amazônia em Mato Grosso, Brasil. A precipitação, radiação solar, temperatura média, mínima e máxima do ar, umidade relativa do ar, temperatura do solo e velocidade do vento foram medidas no interior de uma floresta (FOR) e em uma área desmatada (DEF). A precipitação na região estudada apresenta um padrão hipersazonal com 95% do volume na estação chuvosa (outubro a abril), o que influenciou na sazonalidade das variáveis micrometeorológicas. A radiação solar em DEF foi 8 vezes maior que em FOR, a temperatura do ar em DEF foi até 11% maior que em FOR, a umidade relativa em FOR foi até 14% maior que em DEF, a temperatura do solo em DEF foi 18% maior que em FOR e a velocidade do vento em DEF foi 22 vezes maior do que em FOR. O desmatamento influenciou significativamente a sazonalidade e magnitude das variáveis micrometeorológicas analisadas.

ABSTRACT Vast areas of the Brazilian Amazon have been deforested for the expansion of livestock and the agricultural frontier, which has resulted in soil exhaustion. It is therefore urgent to reduce deforestation and encourage sustainable land use to promote social and economic development in the region. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of different land use systems (an agroforestry system, cassava cultivation, non-degraded pasture, native forest) on the chemical properties of the soil (0-40 cm) in the mesoregion of the Juruá Valley, in the state of Acre, Brazil. Principal component analysis showed the soil in the forested area (reference) has greater values for P, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, sum of bases, and cation exchange capacity; while hierarchical cluster analysis suggested little dissimilarity to the soil in the agroforestry system, and high dissimilarity to the soil in the areas of cassava cultivation and pasture. The results therefore support agroforestry as the most sustainable land use system, compared to cassava cultivation or pasture.

ABSTRACT Background: The Amazon rainforest plays an essential role in sheltering global biodiversity and providing essential ecosystem services. However, the region has been threatened by increased rates of deforestation and degradation, which is often reported as the failure of the Brazilian conservation policy that could affect the image of agriculture Brazilian products abroad. In this sense, here we aimed to evaluate the foreign environmental perception of the region using data from social medias, to assess which are the main terms related to the region, how their importance varies over time and whether this perception tends to be more negative or positive. For this, we used data from posts made on Twitter® involving the term “Amazon rainforest” over 18 weeks using a data mining process. From these posts, we extracted the text, which went through steps of cleaning and organization, as well as crossing with additional databases (such as the sentiment dictionary). From the final data set, we first evaluated which are the main terms present in these posts and how their importance varied in the evaluated period. Next, we assess whether the terms cited are mainly negative or positive and how this sentiment varied over the monitoring period. Results: We found that the main terms are related to the environmental context such as “carbon”, “deforestation” and “fire” and that there is a relationship between their importance and the occurrence of fires in the region, which is positive with a temporal lag. In addition, we also found that the posts are, on average, composed of 68.47% of negative terms and that this sentiment predominates throughout the entire time series, being higher during the fire peaks in the region. Conclusion: Our results indicate that the environmental perception of the region presented in the posts in Twitter® is mainly negative, due to the degradation and fires observed over the last few years. We also discuss limitations of the approach and establish perspectives for future work.

ABSTRACT The north region of Brazil has been experiencing agricultural and urban expansion leading to the need for economic alternatives to reduce deforestation and to increase food supply. One possibility is the cultivation of vegetables that are easily grown such as the sweetpotato. The objective of this work is to assess the performance of sweetpotato genotypes in three different planting seasons in Marabá, Brazil. Sweetpotato genotypes were evaluated using randomized block experimental design and at harvest time the final plant stand and the commercial root production were evaluated. Clone 11 was the most productive one in all planting dates, with commercial yield ranging from 80.4 to 127 t/ha. Canadense also was very productive and among the top yielding genotypes. CIP BRS Nuti’s commercial yield was similar to Beauregard’s in the two initial growing seasons but higher in the third planting cycle. The first season, that had high moisture during harvest time, presented the lowest root quality. However, in general, all cultivars performed well, being good options for growers to produce a food source with high quality and yield in small areas.

RESUMO A região norte do Brasil vem passando por uma expansão agrícola e urbana demonstrando a necessidade de alternativas econômicas para reduzir o desmatamento e aumentar a oferta de alimentos. Uma possibilidade é o cultivo de hortaliças de fácil cultivo como a batata-doce. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar o desempenho de genótipos de batata-doce em Marabá, Brasil em três épocas diferentes. Os genótipos foram plantados em blocos casualizados e na época da colheita, foram avaliados o número e plantas e a produção comercial de raízes. O clone 11 foi o mais produtivo em todas as épocas de plantio, com produtividade comercial variando de 80,4 a 127 t/ha. O genótipo denominado Canadense também apresentou produtividade elevada. A produtividade comercial da cultivar CIP BRS Nuti foi semelhante à da Beauregard nas duas safras iniciais, mas maior no terceiro ciclo de plantio. A primeira época de plantio, apresentou alta umidade na época da colheita, prejudicando a qualidade das raízes. Porém, de maneira geral, todas as cultivares tiveram bom desempenho, sendo boas opções para os produtores produzirem uma fonte de alimento com alta qualidade e rendimento em pequenas áreas.

ABSTRACT Background: The biodiversity of the Peruvian Amazon tropical forests is one of the most expressive in the world, with 2500 forest species, although restricted to about 250 tree species used commercially. This species diversity indicates the challenge magnitude for research in taxonomy and timber species identification. Likewise, it implies the complexity of biodiversity conservation and restoration measures, which are directly related to the control of deforestation, cutting and transport of illegal wood. With this objective, the present study describes the macroscopic wood anatomical features in order to identify 20 tree species from Peruvian Amazon Forest, “Selva Central”, including an identification key and tree species botanical validation. Results: The wood species are included in 12 families commonly found in the tropical forests of Peru, highlighting the Fabaceae (25%), Moraceae (15%), Podocarpaceae and Lauraceae (10%) families and are sold as timber for several uses and applications in the internal market and for export. The wood species presented common anatomical features, such as diffuse porosity, visible axial parenchyma mainly distinct, and, eventually, with ray storied, e. g: A. cearensis, M. balsamum and M. peruiferum. Conclusion: The tropical tree species identification is possible by analyzing their wood macroscopic anatomical structure. The results can be also applied in the wood trade traceability by controlling deforestation and illegal wood commerce and in proposing policies for biodiversity conservation and sustainable use of natural resources. They constitute, likewise, a database for the recent wood identification methodologies presented in the specialized literature.