Climate governance in Brazil is necessarily connected to the interests of three sectors: deforestation and land use change, agriculture, and energy, which, combined, represent around 90 percent of the country's emissions. While there is a significant number of studies on the first sector, few studies have looked into the bottlenecks of decarbonization in the agricultural and energy sectors. Thus, this article addresses some modulations in Brazilian climate politics and policy by analyzing the interest groups associated with low-carbon transitions in these two sectors. We particularly look into corporate and industrial interests and their dynamic relations with domestic and international policies, which so far have resulted in ‘climate coordination gaps’ that hinder deep decarbonization in these sectors. The results of the study detail actors, agendas, policies, interests, and challenges for a low-carbon transition in agriculture (family farming and agribusiness) and in the energy sector. The results corroborate the relevance of interest group analysis to understand the complexity of Brazil's domestic climate politics and policy, as well as the country’s behavior in foreign policy arenas regarding climate change.

ABSTRACT Objective: To compare lung function between adolescents with and without substance use disorder (SUD). Methods: This was an observational, cross-sectional exploratory study. The sample consisted of 16 adolescents with SUD and 24 age-matched healthy controls. The adolescents in the clinical group were recruited from a psychiatric inpatient unit for detoxification and rehabilitation; their primary diagnosis was SUD related to marijuana, cocaine, or polysubstance use. Questionnaires and pulmonary function tests were applied for clinical evaluation. Results: We found that FVC, FEV1, and their percentages of the predicted values were significantly lower in the adolescents with SUD than in those without. Those differences remained significant after adjustment for BMI and the effects of high levels of physical activity. The largest effect size (Cohen’s d = 1.82) was found for FVC as a percentage of the predicted value (FVC%), which was, on average, 17.95% lower in the SUD group. In addition, the years of regular use of smoked substances (tobacco, marijuana, and crack cocaine) correlated negatively with the FVC%. Conclusions: This exploratory study is innovative in that it demonstrates the early consequences of smoked substance use for the lung health of adolescents with SUD.

RESUMO Objetivo: Comparar a função pulmonar de adolescentes com e sem transtornos relacionados ao uso de substâncias (TUS). Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo exploratório transversal observacional. A amostra foi composta por 16 adolescentes com TUS e 24 controles saudáveis emparelhados pela idade. Os adolescentes do grupo clínico foram recrutados em uma unidade de internação psiquiátrica para desintoxicação e reabilitação; seu diagnóstico primário era o de TUS (maconha, cocaína ou polissubstâncias). Foram aplicados questionários e testes de função pulmonar para a avaliação clínica. Resultados: A CVF, o VEF1 e seus valores em porcentagem do previsto foram significativamente mais baixos nos adolescentes com TUS do que naqueles sem TUS. Essas diferenças permaneceram significativas após os ajustes para levar em conta o IMC e os efeitos de altos níveis de atividade física. O maior tamanho de efeito (d de Cohen = 1,82) foi o observado em relação à CVF em porcentagem do previsto (CVF%), que foi, em média, 17,95% menor no grupo TUS. Além disso, os anos de uso regular de substâncias fumadas (tabaco, maconha e crack) correlacionaram-se negativamente com a CVF%. Conclusões: Este estudo exploratório é inovador na medida em que demonstra as consequências precoces do uso de substâncias fumadas para a saúde pulmonar de adolescentes com TUS.

Abstract The war in Ukraine has had a marked economic impact. However, since Russia is a net producer of important commodities, the impact of sanctions on its economy was less than expected. But what would happen if there was a war involving a country that was a net importer of commodities? In the case of a possible China-US conflict over Taiwan, the impact on the world economy would be different, with a deeper recession around the world, but the impact on the Brazilian economy would still be positive on account of the possibility that would remain of agricultural exports to China. However commodities expected ChinaUS China US Taiwan different

Abstract Objective: To evaluate sleep characteristics of parents and their children during the COVID-19 pandemic and predictors for sleep disturbances. Methods: Cross-sectional web-based study using an online survey made available for dyads of parents and their children during the 7th week of quarantine in southern Brazil. Parents' and adolescents’ sleep were characterized using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. For children aged 0-3 years parents completed the Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire, for those aged 4-12 years the Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children. Parents also informed, subjectively, their perception about sleep habits during social distancing. Multiple regression was run to predict sleep disturbances in adults using independent variables: sex, income, education, children age, and children with sleep disturbances. Results: Data from 577 dyads showed sleep alterations in 69,8% of adults, in 58,6% of children aged 0-3 years, 33,9% in the 4-12 years range (with a predominance of disorders of initiating or maintaining sleep), and 56,6% in adolescents. Sex (female) and children with sleep disturbances were significant predictors of a sleep problem in parents (p < 0.005). Subjective perception revealed complaints related to emotional concerns such as anxiety and fear in adults and due to alterations in routine in children and adolescents. Conclusion: The present study’s data showed an increased rate of sleep problems among families during quarantine both measured by validated instruments and also based on personal perception.

Resumo Este artigo introduz o debate sobre transições sociotécnicas de baixo-carbono no agronegócio brasileiro, partindo da premissa de que parcela crescente do setor adota tecnologias digitais em seus modelos de negócios, configurando um novo paradigma produtivo, a agricultura 4.0. Utilizamos a teoria de Transições para a Sustentabilidade para examinar a relação entre agricultura 4.0 e mudanças climáticas no Brasil. Para tanto, classificamos o agronegócio em três subsetores: agricultura familiar, agronegócio conservador, e agronegócio sustentável. O artigo demonstra desafios de ordem técnica, institucional e político-econômica para cada um desses subsetores avançar em direção a uma economia de baixo carbono, sendo o agronegócio sustentável o que tem tido melhor desempenho até o momento.

Abstract This article introduces the debate on low-carbon socio-technical transitions in Brazilian agribusiness, based on the premise that a growing portion of the industry adopts digital technologies in its business models, configuring a new productive paradigm: agriculture 4.0. We use the Sustainability Transitions theory to examine the relationship between agriculture 4.0 and climate change in Brazil, classifying Brazilian agribusiness into three subsectors: family farming, conservative agribusiness, and sustainable agribusiness. The article demonstrates technical, institutional, and political-economic challenges for each of these subsectors to support Brazil’s journey towards a low-carbon economy, observing that sustainable agribusiness has performed the best so far.

Resumen Este artículo introduce el debate sobre las transiciones socio-técnicas de bajo carbono en la agroindustria brasileña, partiendo de la premisa de que una porción creciente del sector adopta tecnologías digitales en sus modelos de negocio, configurando un nuevo paradigma productivo, la agricultura 4.0. Usamos la teoría de Transiciones hacia la Sostenibilidad para examinar la relación entre la agricultura 4.0 y el cambio climático en Brasil. Clasificamos la agroindustria brasileña en tres subsectores: agricultura familiar tradicional, agroindustria conservadora y agroindustria sostenible. El artículo demuestra los desafíos técnicos, institucionales y político-económicos para cada uno de estos subsectores contribuir al avance hacia una economía de bajo carbono, y observamos que la agroindustria sostenible tiene el mejor desempeño hasta el momento.

Resumen Introducción. Los protocolos de recuperación mejorada después de cirugía se han diseñado como una innovación en salud tras demostrarse que la mejora en los dispositivos médicos y la depuración de técnicas alcanzaron la meseta en disminución de complicaciones. Con estas estrategias de la medicina perioperatoria, en cirugía colorrectal se reducen la morbilidad y estancia hospitalaria. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar si la tasa de adherencia al programa de recuperación mejorada después de la cirugía (ERAS) está asociada con los resultados quirúrgicos. Métodos. Estudio multicéntrico, observacional, retrospectivo de cohorte (2015-2019), en cinco hospitales latinoamericanos certificados por la sociedad ERAS. Se calculó la incidencia de complicaciones quirúrgicas durante el posquirúrgico inmediato (30 días) y la duración de la estancia hospitalaria. Se utilizaron análisis bivariado y regresión logística multivariada para evaluar los factores asociados con la tasa de complicaciones. Resultados. Fueron incluidos en el estudio 648 pacientes en cinco hospitales ERAS, con edad promedio de 61 años y mayor porcentaje de hombres (51 %). El cumplimiento global al protocolo ERAS fue de 75 % y la estancia promedio de 6,2 días (mediana: 4 días). Se tuvo un cumplimiento óptimo del protocolo ERAS (igual o mayor al 80 %) en 23,6 % de los pacientes. Se documentó fuga de la anastomosis en 4 %, complicaciones infecciosas en 8,4 %, íleo en 5,7 %, reingreso en 10,2 % y mortalidad de 1,1 %. El análisis multivariado mostró que los niveles de adherencia óptima al protocolo ERAS reducen significativamente la aparición de complicaciones como fuga de la anastomosis (OR 0,08; IC95% 0,01-0,48; p=0,005) y complicaciones infecciosas (OR 0,17; IC95% 0,03-0,76; p=0,046). Discusión. Los resultados sugieren que un cumplimiento del programa ERAS mayor al 80 % se asocia a menor frecuencia de complicaciones en pacientes con cirugía electiva colorrectal.

Abstract Introduction. Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) protocol has been designed as an innovation in health after demonstrating that the improvement in medical devices and the refinement of techniques reached the plateau in reducing complications. With these strategies of perioperative medicine, in colorectal surgery morbidity and hospital stay are reduced. The aim of the study was to evaluate whether the rate of adherence to the ERAS protocol is associated with surgical outcomes. Methods. Multicenter, observational, retrospective cohort study (2015-2019), in five Latin American hospitals certified by the ERAS Society. The incidence of surgical complications during the immediate postoperative period (30 days) and length of hospital stay were calculated. Bivariate analyzes and multivariate logistic regression were used to assess factors associated with complication rates. Results. 648 patients were included in the study in five ERAS hospitals, with an average age of 61 years and a higher percentage of men (51%). Overall compliance with the ERAS protocol was 75% and the average stay was 6.2 days (median: 4 days). There was optimal compliance with the ERAS protocol (equal to or greater than 80%) in 23.6% of the patients. Anastomotic leak was documented in 4%, infectious complications in 8.4%, ileus in 5.7%, readmission in 10.2%, and mortality in 1.1%. Multivariate analysis showed that optimal adherence levels to the ERAS protocol significantly reduce the appearance of complications such as anastomotic leakage (OR 0.08; 95%CI 0.01-0.48; p=0.005) and infectious complications (OR 0.17; 95%CI 0.03-0.76; p=0.046). Discussion. The results suggest that compliance with the ERAS program greater than 80% is associated with a lower frequency of complications in patients with elective colorectal surgery.

Resumen Objetivo: realizar el análisis bibliométrico de COVID-19 durante diciembre de 2019 a 30 de junio de 2020. Métodos: revisión bibliométrica del total de la literatura y de lo relacionado con COVID-19 en las bases Pubmed, Scopus y Lilacs durante el periodo diciembre de 2019 a 30 junio de 2020. Se clasificaron los artículos por categorías (objetivo, país, especialidad) y se compararon con la literatura del año anterior. Resultados: se encontraron 27 373, 16 944 y 1083 publicaciones acerca de COVID-19 en Pubmed, Scopus y Lilacs respectivamente. La principal especialidad médica por búsqueda fue neumología. De acuerdo con el objetivo, el más encontrado fue tratamiento (50.0%). El país con más publicaciones fue Estados Unidos (28.9%) en Pubmed y Scopus. En el lapso COVID-19 las publicaciones de la enfermedad representan 0.06 del total. Conclusiones: existe un volumen importante de publicaciones relacionadas con COVID-19 en periodo de estudio, equivalente a 6% de las publicaciones totales, lo cual es significativo para una sola enfermedad.(Acta Med Colomb 2020; 45. DOI:https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2020.1879).

Abstract Objective: to perform a bibliometric analysis of COVID-19 from December 2019 to June 30, 2020. Methods: a bibliometric review of all the literature and COVID-19 related material in the PubMed, Scopus and Lilacs databases from December 2019 to June 30, 2020. Articles were classified by categories (objective, country, specialty) and compared to the previous year's literature. Results: a total of 27,373, 16,944 and 1,083 publications on COVID-19 were found in PubMed, Scopus and Lilacs, respectively. The main medical specialty by search was pulmonology. The most frequently found objective was treatment (50.0%). The country with most publications was the United States (28.9%) on PubMed and Scopus. During the COVID-19 span, publications on the disease represented 0.06 of the total. Conclusions: there was a significant volume of COVID-19 related publications during the study period, equivalent to 6% of the total publications, which is significant for a single disease.(Acta Med Colomb 2020; 45. DOI:https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2020.1879).

RESUMEN Brasil ha sido históricamente un actor relevante en la gobernanza global del cambio climático. A finales de los 2000s, bajo la Presidencia de Lula, el país parecía convertirse además en un líder global, dando muestras de compromiso climático en varios niveles de análisis, con emisiones decreciendo y actores nacionales, subnacionales, organizaciones de la sociedad civil y del mercado comprometidos con la mitigación. A 10 años de aquella euforia, el contraste no podría ser mayor. El gobierno federal está comandado por uno de los pocos líderes negadores del cambio climático a nivel global, Jair Bolsonaro, que ha coronado un proceso de retracción conservadora en todos los niveles iniciada en 2011. Este artículo analiza la trayectoria del compromiso climático brasileño entre 2009 y 2020, desde una perspectiva de gobernanza multinivel y usando como marco analítico el enfoque del compromiso climático.

ABSTRACT Brazil has historically been a relevant actor in the global governance of climate change. In the late 2000s, under President Lula, the country also seemed to become a global leader, showing signs of climate commitment at various levels of analysis, with declining emissions and national, sub-national, civil society and market actors committed to mitigation. Ten years after that euphoria, the contrast could not be greater. The federal government is led by one of the few global climate change denial leaders, Jair Bolsonaro, who has crowned a process of conservative retrenchment at all levels that began in 2011. This article analyses the trajectory of Brazil’s climate commitment between 2009 and 2020, from a multilevel governance perspective and using the climate commitment approach as an analytical framework.

ABSTRACT Hydrosedimentological modeling is a useful tool to predict the water dynamic in a basin and for water resources management. This study aimed to i) evaluate the ability of Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to model sediment load and continuous monthly streamflow in the Mortes River Basin (MRB) in Southeastern Brazil; ii) estimate the sediment yield spatially distributed by sub-basins; iii) estimate the sediment load export to the Funil Hydroelectric Power Plant reservoir (FHPP), located in the MRB outlet. For the sensitivity analysis, calibration, and uncertainty analysis of the model, a semi-automatic calibration in SWAT-CUP version 5.1.6 software with the “Sequential Uncertainty Fitting” algorithm was used. To evaluate the ability of SWAT to reproduce the continuous MRB monthly streamflow and sediment load, statistical indexes, and graphical analyses were used to compare the simulated and observed data. For the sediment evaluation, a spatial and temporal comparison of sediment yield maps was used as well as the sediment yield observed in sub-basins, aiming to identify the areas with a more significant contribution to the sediment generation in the basin. The results demonstrated that SWAT performed satisfactorily in simulating both monthly sediment load and streamflow. For discharge calibration, 99 % of the measured data were bracketed by the 95 % prediction uncertainty (95PPU), and for validation, 97 % of the data were bracketed by the 95PPU, which indicates proper bracketing of the measured data within model prediction uncertainty. Uncertainty analysis indicated that 95PPU could capture 78 % of the sediment loads measured during the calibration and 72 % of the measured data during the validation period at MRB. The hydrologic response unit with pasture and Argissolos (Ultisols), Neossolos Litólicos (Entisols), and Cambissolos (Inceptisols) combined with undulated relief were the main areas responsible for the highest sediment contributions. The sediment load delivered to the reservoir from its filling 2002 to 2015 was estimated in 6,682,704 m3 (16,706,761 Mg) (density of 2.5-Mg m-3) which value corresponded to 2.6 % of storage capacity (water plus sediment) in 14 years. These results are strategic since to become feasible identifying priority areas for soil and water conservation practices as well as useful information for water resources planning and management in the studied basin.

Abstract Aim To evaluate the cytotoxicity, biocompatibility and mineralization capacity of BIO-C PULPO, and MTA. Methodology L929 fibroblasts were cultured and MTT assay was used to determine the material cytotoxicity on 6, 24, and 48 h. A total of 30 male rats (Wistar) aged between 4 and 6 months, weighing between 250 and 300 g were used. Polyethylene tubes containing BIO-C PULPO, MTA, and empty tubes were implanted into dorsal connective tissue. After the experimental periods (7, 15, 30, 60, and 90 days) the tubes were histologically analyzed using hematoxylin-eosin (H&E), immunolabeling of IL-1β and TNF-α, and von Kossa staining, or without staining for polarized light analysis. The average number of inflammatory cells was quantified; the mineralization assessment was determined by the area marked in μm2 and semiquantitative immunolabeling analyses of IL-1β and TNF-α were performed. Then, data underwent statistical analysis with a 5% significance level. Results It was observed that BIO-C PULPO and MTA presented cytocompatibility at 6, 24, and 48 similar or higher than control for all evaluated period. On periods 7 and 15 days, BIO-C PULPO was the material with the highest number of inflammatory cells (p<0.05). On periods 30, 60, and 90 days, BIO-C PULPO and MTA presented similar inflammatory reactions (p>0.05). No statistical differences were found between Control, BIO-C PULPO, and MTA for immunolabeling of IL-1β and TNF-α in the different periods of analysis (p<0.05). Positive von Kossa staining and birefringent structures under polarized light were observed in all analyzed periods in contact with both materials, but larger mineralization area was found with BIO-C PULPO on day 90 (p<0.05). Conclusion BIO-C PULPO was biocompatible and induced mineralization similar to MTA.

Abstract Countries have a self-image of their role in global climate governance. If that image does not correspond to the country’s actual level of climate power, commitment and leadership, it becomes a myth. In this article, we define climate self-images/myths and analyze comprehensively the Brazilian case between 1989 and 2019. For most of this period, Brazil’s self-image was a myth.

Abstract This study evaluated the effect of hypertension on tissue response and biomineralization capacity of white Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA), High-plasticity MTA (MTA HP), and Biodentine® (BDT) in rats. Polyethylene tubes filled with MTA, MTA HP, BDT, and the control group (empty tubes) were placed into the dorsal subcutaneous tissue of 32 male rats (16 normotensive (NT) and 16 hypertensive rats - 8 per group). After 7 and 30 days, the polyethylene tubes surrounded by connective tissue were removed, fixed, and embedded in histological resin. The mean number of inflammatory cells was estimated in HE-stained sections, biomineralization was quantified as area (µm2) by Kossa (VK) staining, and examination by polarized light (LP) microscopy was performed. The differences amongst the groups were analyzed statistically by the Mann-Whitney or Student’s t test, according to Shapiro-Wilk test of normality (p < 0.05). The inflammatory responses to all materials were greater in hypertensive rats than in NT rats (p < 0.05). Positive VK staining in MTA and BDT were more pronounced in NT rats at 7 and 30 days (p < 0.05). Birefringent structures in LP for MTA, MTA HP, and BDT were more pronounced in NT rats at 7 days (p<0.05). In rats, hypertension was able to increase inflammatory infiltrate and decrease biomineralization of the tested materials.

Resumo Esse artigo propõe uma reflexão sobre os desafios da política ambiental global no Antropoceno. Primeiro, destaca-se a inconsistência entre as instituições da política ambiental internacional e a progressiva degradação das fronteiras planetárias. Em segundo lugar, argumenta-se que, uma vez que a transição para o Antropoceno exige a construção consciente de um novo espaço de operação segura para a humanidade, é necessário mudar radicalmente a estrutura institucional da cooperação, baseada em regimes internacionais: a transição da política ambiental para a governança global. O marco fundamental deste caminho é a superação do sistema internacional de hegemonia conservadora, isto é, o abandono de tendências soberanistas - egoístas e de curto prazo - por parte de seus atores, particularmente as grandes potências. Finalmente, é proposta uma série de premissas para a governança do Antropoceno da perspectiva das Relações Internacionais, tendo como substrato a transição pós-soberana.

Abstract : This article proposes a reflection on the challenges of global environmental policy in the Anthropocene. Firstly, the inconsistency between the institutions of international environmental policy and the progressive degradation of the planetary boundaries is highlighted. Secondly, it is stated that, since the transition to Anthropocene requires the conscious construction of a new space of safe operation for humanity, it is necessary to radically modify the institutional structure of cooperation, based on international regimes: the transition from environmental politics to global governance. The fundamental milestone of this path is the overcoming of the international system of conservative hegemony, that is, the abandonment of the sovereignist tendencies - egotistical and short-term - on the part of its actors, particularly the great powers. Finally, a series of premises for the governance of the Anthropocene is proposed from the point of view of International Relations, with the post-sovereign transition as the main pillar.

Resumen Este artículo propone una reflexión sobre los desafíos de la política ambiental global en el Antropoceno. Primeramente, se destaca la inconsistencia entre las instituciones de la política ambiental internacional y la degradación progresiva de las fronteras planetarias. En segundo lugar, se afirma que, dado que la transición hacia el Antropoceno demanda la construcción consciente un nuevo espacio de operación segura para la humanidad, es necesario modificar radicalmente la estructura institucional de la cooperación, basada en regímenes internacionales: la transición de la política ambiental hacia la gobernanza global. El hito fundamental de este camino es la superación del sistema internacional de hegemonía conservadora, es decir, el abandono de las tendencias soberanistas - egoístas y de corto plazo - por parte de sus actores, particularmente las grandes potencias. Finalmente, se proponen una serie de premisas para la gobernanza del Antropoceno desde la óptica de las Relaciones Internacionales, teniendo como substrato la transición post-soberana.

Although integration has been a part of South American discourse for decades, the level at which it is actually promoted remains far from that which is observed in dynamic production and trading centers. Given transformations in global trade, the phenomenon of global value chains is, in fact, very regionalized. We ask whether the trading pattern of Mercosur countries is aligned with approaches based on regional value chain, and if not, how it differs and why. In our evidence and analysis, we primarily use traditional gross trade data and Trade in Value Added (TiVA) indicators, and we look more at countries' profiles. We show that there has been a decrease in Brazilian trade with Mercosur, with manufactured exports being the main reason for the decline. We indicate that, in addition to the effect of China in the 2000s, there has been a structural movement of Mercosur economies, mainly regarding Brazil, which supports a hypothesis of primarization or deindustrialization. Our results show that Brazil and Argentina are both relatively closed to foreign trade, as well as global and regional value chains, which makes them even more poorly integrated with one another. This reinforces what we call Mercosur's 'introspective' model of integration, making it less outward-oriented, which is divergent with what is observed when regional value chains are encouraged.