Resumo Este artigo apresenta os resultados da análise petrográfica realizada em 22 fragmentos de cerâmicas provenientes da fase Bacabal, do sambaqui Monte Castelo (Rondônia), uma das cerâmicas mais antigas da Amazônia, datada de mais de 4.000 anos AP. A análise petrográfica confirmou a alta frequência de espículas de espongiários dulcícolas (cauixi) como antiplástico, com dados inéditos sobre a distribuição das espículas, que permitem inferir o processo de preparação da pasta cerâmica e de manufatura do vasilhame. A mesma proporção entre matriz argilosa e cauixi foi detectada ao longo de todas as camadas Bacabal, independente de variações individuais para cada elemento. Isso permite supor a existência de uma receita de cerâmica mantida ao longo da ocupação Bacabal do sítio. O mesmo tipo de cauixi descrito na pasta cerâmica foi identificado em sedimentos argilosos prospectados na região, embora em frequência menor. Assim, a fabricação das cerâmicas Bacabal poderia ter envolvido uma combinação entre: seleção de argilas naturalmente ricas em espículas e cauixi adicionado intencionalmente. O cauixi na fase Bacabal representa um caso excepcional para a investigação sobre o desenvolvimento de tecnologias cerâmicas, sustentadas pela utilização desses antiplásticos, que se tornaram populares durante o Holoceno Superior nas terras baixas da América do Sul.

Abstract This paper contains the results of petrographic analysis on 22 ceramic fragments from the Bacabal phase of the Monte Castelo shell mound (Rondônia), one of the oldest Amazonian potteries dating up to 4,000 years BP. The petrographic analysis confirmed the high frequency of freshwater sponge spicules (cauixi) as a non-plastic, with novel data on the distribution of spicules that allow us to infer the process of ceramic paste preparation and vessel manufacture. The same proportion between clay matrix and sponge spicules was maintained throughout all Bacabal layers, independent of individual variations for each element. This allows us to infer the existence of a pottery recipe maintained throughout the Bacabal occupation of the site. The same type of sponge spicule described in the ceramic paste was identified in clayey sediments surveyed in the region, although at a lower frequency. Thus, the manufacture of Bacabal ceramics could have involved a combination of: selection of spicule-rich clays; and intentionally added sponge spicules. Sponge spicules in the Bacabal pottery represent an exceptional case for research into the development of ceramic technologies supported by the use of these non-plastics, which became popular during the Upper Holocene in the lowlands of South America.

Abstract Chronic hepatitis B is an important health problem that can progress to cirrhosis and complications such as hepatocellular carcinoma. There is approximately 290 million of people with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection worldwide, however only 10% of patients are currently identified.Most part of Brazil is considered of low prevalence of HBV infection but there are some regions with higher frequency of carriers. Unfortunately, many infected patients are not yet identified nor evaluated for treatment.The Brazilian Society of Infectious Diseases (SBI) and the Brazilian Society of Hepatology worked together to elaborate a guideline for diagnosis and treatment of hepatitis B. The document includes information regarding the population to be tested, diagnostic tools, indications of treatment, therapeutic schemes and also how to handle HBV infection in specific situations (pregnancy, children, immunosuppression, etc).Delta infection is also part of the guideline, since it is an important infection in some parts of the country.

RESUMO O carcinoma hepatocelular é uma neoplasia de importância global e associada a altos índices de mortalidade. Recentes avanços no diagnóstico e tratamento da doença tornaram necessárias que se atualizassem as recomendações sobre o manejo da doença. Para definir as recomendações sobre o diagnóstico e tratamento do carcinoma hepatocelular, a Sociedade Brasileira de Hepatologia organizou uma reunião monotemática em João Pessoa (PB). Todos expositores foram solicitados a fazer uma revisão sistemática da literatura e apresentar os temas relacionados a fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de carcinoma hepatocelular, métodos para rastreamento, diagnóstico radiológico e sistemas de estadiamento da doença, tratamentos curativos e paliativos e carcinoma hepatocelular em fígado não cirrótico. Após o encontro, todos os expositores se reuniram para discussão dos tópico e elaboração dessas recomendações. O texto resultante foi ainda submetido a avaliação e aprovação por todos membros da Sociedade através de sua homepage. O documento atual é a versão final que contêm as recomendações da Sociedade Brasileira de Hepatologia.

ABSTRACT Hepatocellular carcinoma is a malignancy of global importance and is associated with a high rate of mortality. Recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of this disease make it imperative to update the recommendations on the management of the disease. In order to draw evidence-based recommendations concering the diagnosis and management of hepatocellular carcinoma, the Brazilian Society of Hepatology has sponsored a single-topic meeting in João Pessoa (PB). All the invited pannelists were asked to make a systematic review of the literature and to present topics related to the risk factors for its development, methods of screening, radiological diagnosis, staging systems, curative and palliative treatments and hepatocellular carcinoma in noncirrhotic liver. After the meeting, all panelists gathered together for the discussion of the topics and the elaboration of those recommendations. The text was subsequently submitted for suggestions and approval of all members of the Brazilian Society of Hepatology through its homepage. The present paper is the final version of the reviewed manuscript containing the recommendations of the Brazilian Society of Hepatology.

ABSTRACT Introduction: There is evidence that patients suffering from chronic hepatic diseases, including chronic hepatitis B and chronic hepatitis C, have a reduced health-related quality of life. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of the notification of test results for hepatitis B and hepatitis C on the quality of life of blood donors. Methods: Over a 29-month period, this study assessed the quality of life of 105 blood donors with positive serological screening tests for hepatitis B and hepatitis C and donors who presented false-positive test results. The Medical Outcome Study 36-Item Short Form Health Survey Questionnaire was applied at three time points: (1) when an additional blood sample was collected for confirmatory tests; (2) when donors were notified about their serological status; and (3) when donors, positive for hepatitis B and hepatitis C, started clinical follow- up. Quality of life scores for the confirmed hepatitis B and hepatitis C groups were compared to the false-positive control group. Results: The domains bodily pain, general health perception, social function, and mental health and the physical component improved significantly in donors with hepatitis C from Time Point 1 to Time Point 3. Health-related quality of life scores of donors diagnosed with hepatitis B and hepatitis C were significantly lower in six and four of the eight domains, respectively, compared to the false-positive control group. Conclusion: A decreased quality of life was detected before and after diagnosis in blood donors with hepatitis B and hepatitis C. Contrary to hepatitis B positive donors, the pos- sibility of medical care may have improved the quality of life among hepatitis C positive donors.

Objetivo: Identificar la influencia que la percepción sobre los factores de contexto de trabajo tiene sobre desgaste psíquico en trabajadores de Centro Oriente y Suroccidente en Colombia en 2013. Materiales y Métodos: Diseño no experimental, transversal, cuantitativo. Muestra no probabilística, seleccionada por conveniencia, 193 trabajadores de población laboral de diversos sectores empresariales. Instrumento: batería para estudio de condiciones de trabajo de carácter psicosocial "CTCPS-MAC" validada para población iberoamericana, evalúa cuatro dimensiones: contexto de trabajo, contenido de trabajo, factores individuales y desgaste psíquico e incluye 14 factores psicosociales. El tipo de investigación es descriptivo, comparativo y correlacional de tipo multivariante. El análisis de datos y los resultados de los instrumentos se hicieron en el programa IBM SPSS Statistics 21. Resultados: cultura organizacional [p = 0,000 Exp (B) = 9,300] y formación técnica o superior [p = 0,001 Exp (B) = 5,600] infieren mayor riesgo para provocar desgaste psíquico cognitivo-emocional. A nivel conductual el rol [p = 0,000 Exp (B) = 30,714] y las relaciones interpersonales en el trabajo [p = 0,001 Exp (B) = 16,381]. El trabajador con formación técnica o superior y percepción nociva de cultura de empresa tiene una probabilidad del 70,70% de desgaste psíquico cognitivo-emocional. Una mala percepción de rol y de las relaciones interpersonales una probabilidad del 35,10% de desgaste psíquico conductual. Conclusiones: El estudio permite profundizar en el conocimiento de factores psicosociales de contexto de trabajo y muestran la importancia que, una buena cultura de organización y gestión, adecuado papel o rol en la organización y buenas relaciones interpersonales en el trabajo, tienen en la consecución de una organización saludable, promotora de salud y bienestar en todos sus integrantes.

Objective: To identify the influence that the perception on the factors of work context have on the psychological exhaustion of workers in Central East and South-Western Colombia in 2013. Materials and Methods: Non-experimental, cross-sectional and quantitative design. Non-probabilistic sample, selected for convenience, 193 workers from the working population of various business sectors. Instruments: battery for the study of working conditions of psychosocial character "CTCPS-MAC" validated for Iberoamerican population. It evaluates four dimensions: work context, work content, individual factors and psychological exhaustion, and includes 14 psychosocial factors. The research is descriptive, comparative and co-relational of multivariate type. Data analysis and results of the instruments were analyzed through IBM SPSS Statistics 21. Results: The organizational culture [p = 0.000 Exp (B) = 9.300] and technical training or higher education [p = 0.001 Exp (B) = 5.600] cause higher risk to end up in psychological cognitive-emotional exhaustion. At the behavioral level, the role [p = 0.000 Exp (B) = 30.714] and the interpersonal relationships at work [p = 0.001 Exp (B) = 16.381] are the exhaustion cause. The workers with technical training or higher education and a harmful perception of the company culture has a 70.70% chance of psychological cognitive-emotional exhaustion. A bad perception of the role and of interpersonal relationships represent a 35.10% possibility of psychological behavioral exhaustion. Conclusions: This study allows deeper understanding of psychosocial factors of work context and shows the importance that a good organizational culture and management, an appropriate role in the organization and good interpersonal relationships at work, have in achieving a healthy organization that promotes health and wellness in all its members.

Objetivo: Identificar a influencia que a percepção sobre os fatores de contexto de trabalho tem sobre desgaste psíquico em trabalhadores de Centro Oriente e Sul ocidente em Colômbia em 2013. Materiais e Métodos: Desenho no experimental, transversal, qualitativo. Mostra no probabilístico, selecionada por conveniência, 193 trabalhadores de povoação laboral de diversos setores empresariais. Instrumento: bateria para estudo de condições de trabalho de caráter psicossocial "CTCPS-MAC" validada para povoação ibero-americana, avalia quatro dimensões: contexto de trabalho, conteúdo de trabalho, fatores individuais e desgastes psíquico e inclui 14 fatores psicossociais. O tipo de pesquisa é descritiva, comparativa e correlacional de tipo multivariante. O analise de dados e os resultados dos instrumentos se fizeram no programa IBM SPSS Statistics 21. Resultados: cultura organizacional [p = 0,000 Exp (B) = 9,300] e formação técnica ou superior [p = 0,001 Exp (B) = 5,600] inferem maior risco para provocar desgaste psíquico cognitivo-emocional. A nível conductual o rol [p = 0,000 Exp (B) = 30,714] e as relaciones interpessoais no trabalho [p = 0,001 Exp (B) = 16,381]. O trabalhador com formação técnica ou superior e percepção nociva de cultura tem uma probabilidade do 70,70% de desgaste psíquico cognitivo-emocional. Uma má percepção de rol e das relações interpessoais uma probabilidade do 35,10% de desgaste psíquico conductual. Conclusões: O estudo permite aprofundar no conhecimento de fatores psicossociais de contexto de trabalho e mostram a importância que, uma boa cultura de organização e gestão, adequada papel o rol na organização e boas relaciones interpessoais no trabalho, tem na consecução de uma organização saudável, promotora de saúde e bem estar em todos seus integrantes.

Objetivo:Determinar la percepción de trabajadores de distintos sectores empresariales de Colombia sobre los factores psicosociales presentes en su entorno laboral y la relación entre los factores psicosociales nocivos y los síntomas subjetivos y alteraciones de la salud. Materiales y métodos: Estudio no experimental, transversal y cuantitativo. Participaron 370 trabajadores, de diferentes sectores empresariales de Colombia (Centro-Oriente, Suroc-cidente y región Caribe). Instrumento: batería para el estudio de las condiciones de trabajo de carácter psicosocial(CTCPS-MAC), validada para población iberoamericana, permite evaluar cuatro dimensiones: Contexto de trabajo, Contenido de trabajo, Factores individuales y Desgaste psíquico e incluye catorce factores psicosociales. Los datos se analizaron con IBM SPSS statistics 21. Se realizó análisis bivariado y regresión logística multivariante de factores psicosociales nocivos y desgaste psíquico. Resultados:Los factores formación, baja médica, contexto de trabajo, contenido de trabajo y factores individuales están asociados en este estudio con desgaste psíquico. El contexto de trabajo es la variable que infiere mayor riesgo (p=0.000; Exp (B)= 5.355) para provocar desgaste psíquico, seguida de la formación técnica o superior y del contenido del trabajo. Conclusiones: Si bien aquellos trabajadores cuya percepción nociva del contexto de trabajo (interrelación trabajo-vida familiar/personal, cultura de la organización, gestión de la empresa, etc.), del contenido de trabajo (concepción tareas, carga y ritmo de trabajo, etc.) y los que tienen formación técnica o superior tienen mayor probabilidad de padecer desgaste psíquico, se observan aspectos positivos de las condiciones de trabajo psicosocial y su influencia en los trabajadores y en las organizaciones.

Objective: Determine the perception of workers in different business sectors in Colombia, on psychosocial factors that are present in their work environment and the relationship between negative psychosocial factors and subjective symptoms and health disorders. Materials and methods: Non-experimental, cross-sectional and quantitative study. 370 employees participated from different business sectors in Colombia (Central East, Southwestern, and Caribbean Region). Instruments: battery for the study of working conditions of psychosocial character (CTCPS-MAC) validated in Latin American population, which allows evaluating four dimensions: work context, work content, individual factors and psychological exhaustion and includes fourteen psychosocial factors. Data was analyzed with IBM SPSS statistics 21. It was performed a bivariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression of adverse psychosocial factors and psychological exhaustion. Results: Factors formation, sick leave, work context, work content and individual factors are associated in this study with psychological exhaustion. The work context is the variable that infers increased risk (p = 0.000, Exp (B) = 5.355) to cause psychological exhaustion, followed by technical or higher education and work content. Conclusions: Although those workers with a noxious perception of work context (interrelation between work and family and personal life, organizational culture, company management, etc.), content of work (tasks content, load and work rate, etc.), and those with technical or higher education, have more probability to suffer psychological exhaustion, positive aspects of psychosocial work conditions and their impact on workers and organizations are observed.

Investiga as relações entre ensino, pesquisa e assistência médica mediante análise de documentos e relatos de nove professores do Departamento de Clínica Médica da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Os resultados apontaram forte tradição da bicentenária escola médica quanto às atividades de ensino e assistência médica e mostraram que, apesar de a atividade de pesquisa preceder a inauguração do tridecenário Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, só depois de sua criação - paralelamente ao desenvolvimento da pós-graduação e ao surgimento da epidemiologia clínica - com a mudança radical da metodologia da pesquisa clínica, essa atividade acadêmica vem ganhando espaço na instituição.

The article explores the relations between teaching, research, and health care through an analysis of documents and reports by a group of professors with the Department of Clinical Medicine at the Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro's School of Medicine. Findings suggest that the two-hundred year old medical school has a strong tradition in teaching and health care and that although research predated inauguration of the thirty-year-old Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital, this academic activity has only gradually occupied a larger space within the institution following creation of the hospital, which brought a radical change in clinical research methodology, concomitant with the development of a graduate program and the emergence of clinical epidemiology.

No ano de 2003 Francisco de Oliveria publicou um artigo intitulado "O Ornitorrinco" no qual fez considerações críticas sobre a conjectura politico-social daquele momento histórico. Tal artigo é permeado por um paralelo entre o evolucionismo darwinista e a visão do autor sobre a sociedade brasileira contemporânea. Entretanto, ao fazer tal analogia ele incorre numa série de equívocos teóricos sobre a teoria evolucionista. Tais equívocos consistem, em grande parte, numa substuição indevida entre aquilo que ficou conhecido como Darwinismo Social e a teoria neodarwinista como entendida pelos seus atuais proponentes. O presente trabalho identifica estes equívocos e os contextualiza dentro da teoria neodarwiniana. Além disso, fazemos um recorte histórico do processo de formação do pensamento evolucionista para enfatizar que a associação entre biologia e darwinismo social é mais complexa do que geralmente se assume.

In 2003 Francisco de Oliveira published an article entitled "The Platypus" in which he makes some critical statements on the political conjecture of that historical moment. This article is full filled by a parallel between Darwinian evolutionism and the vision of the author on the contemporary Brazilian society. In doing such analogy, he incurred in a series of theoretical errors about the evolutionary theory. Those errors consist greatly in an inappropriate substitution between what has been known as "Social Darwinism" and the neo-Darwinist theory as comprehended by their own proponents. The present work identifies those errors and contextualize them into the neo-Darwinian theory. Besides, we show a historical portrait of the formation process of the evolutionary thinking in order to emphasize that the association between biology and social Darwinism is much more complex than it has usually been assumed.

En 2003, Francisco de Oliveira publie un article intitulé "L'ornithorynque", dans lequel il fait des remarques critiques sur la conjecture politique et sociale de cet instant historique. Son article propose une analogie entre l'évolutionnisme darwiniste et l'approche de l'auteur sur la société brésilienne contemporaine. Néanmoins, en proposant une telle analogie, l'auteur encourt dans une série d'erreurs théoriques sur la théorie évolutionniste, dues en grande partie à un remplacement de ce qui est connu comme le darwinisme social et la théorie néodarwiniste telle que comprise para ses défenseurs. Notre travail identifie ces erreurs en les plaçant dans le contexte de la théorie néodarwinienne. Nous procédons, en outre, à un découpage historique du processus de formation de la pensée évolutionniste pour démontrer que l'association entre la biologie et le darwinisme social est plus complexe que ce que l'on admet généralement.