The ancient problem of tides, phenomena observed since the humanity early days, still today provides important analysis. In this work, starting with the study of tides, but considering the law gravity, we determine Moon’s characteristics, such as mass, volume, and some aspects of its chemical composition. This approach is carried out by using an inverse-like method, proposed by Henrique Fleming. The formulation provides a way to revisit the Galilei qualitative studies about tides, starting exclusively from the Earth motion. We point out the importance of galilean formulation, what is under criticism in some studies.

O antigo problema das marés, fenômeno observado desde os primórdios da humanidade, ainda nos lega análises importantes. Nesse trabalho, a partir do estudo desse fenômeno, mas levando em conta a gravitação, determinamos características da Lua, tais como como a massa, volume e aspectos da composição química. Essa determinação é feita usando um tipo de método inverso, proposto por Henrique Fleming. Essa abordagem nos permite reexaminar a análise qualitativa de Galilei sobre o problema, partindo exclusivamente dos movimentos da Terra. Apontamos para a importância da formulação galileana, criticada em certos estudos.

ABSTRACT Objectives: To estimate the risk of post-vasectomy infections in various settings and across various surgical techniques and sanitization practices. Patients and Methods: Retrospective review of the records of 133,044 vasectomized patients from four large practices/network of practices using the no-scalpel vasectomy (NSV) technique in Canada (2011-2021), Colombia (2015-2020), New Zealand (2018-2021), and the United Kingdom (2006-2019). We defined infection as any mention in medical records of any antibiotics prescribed for a genital or urinary condition following vasectomy. Results: Post-vasectomy infection risks were 0.8% (219 infections/26,809 procedures), 2.1% (390/18,490), 1.0% (100/10,506), and 1.3% (1,007/77,239) in Canada, Colombia, New Zealand, and the UK, respectively. Audit period comparison suggests a limited effect on the risk of infection of excising a short vas segment, applying topical antibiotic on scrotal opening, wearing a surgical mask in Canada, type of skin disinfectant, and use of non-sterile gloves in New Zealand. Risk of infection was lower in Colombia when mucosal cautery and fascial interposition [FI] were used for vas occlusion compared to ligation, excision, and FI (0.9% vs. 2.1%, p<0.00001). Low level of infection certainty in 56% to 60% of patients who received antibiotics indicates that the true risk might be overestimated. Lack of information in medical records and patients not consulting their vasectomy providers might have led to underestimation of the risk. Conclusion: Risk of infection after vasectomy is low, about 1%, among international high-volume vasectomy practices performing NSV and various occlusion techniques. Apart from vasectomy occlusion technique, no other factor modified the risk of post-vasectomy infection.

ABSTRACT Studies about the combining ability and genetic diversity can provide information on the genetic resources contained in the working collection of germplasm. The objective of this study was to estimate the combining ability of ten soybean parents and their hybrids in the F1 generation using diallel analysis and genetic diversity analysis to evaluate the dissimilarity between parents and crosses. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse, in a completely randomized design with five replications, during the 2019/2020 crop season, in the municipality of Rio Verde, State of Goiás, Brazil. Agronomic and physiological variables were evaluated. Data were subjected to analysis of variance. Diallel analysis was performed using the Griffing method 2. Analysis of genetic diversity was performed with the Mahalanobis generalized distance and the hierarchical average linkage clustering. Additive gene effects were predominant in the control of all variables analyzed in the F1 generation. The parents SYN 1163 RR and CG 7370 RR showed good complementarity for the variable grain yield. The thirty-five genotypes were separated into six groups, and the variable weight of one hundred seeds had the greatest contribution to genetic diversity.

Abstract Paper aims The main objective of this article is to present and validate a method to integrate multiple management tools aiming for organizational excellence in medium and large enterprises. Originality There is a scarcity of methods to integrate management tools to support companies in their operations. This study aims to fill this gap, proposing a manner for companies to perform this integration. Research method The method was developed considering tools and concepts well-established in the literature, such as Lean Thinking, Six Sigma, Balanced ScoreCard, among other management tools. The mentioned method was validated through a survey with managers and directors who are experts in organizational strategies. They were carefully selected considering their professional background. Main findings The proposed method provides an alignment between strategy and execution, presenting a cyclical characteristic to be continuously reviewed method, considering market needs. The survey verified the adherence of the method and to conclude that it is a feasible alternative to reach organizational excellence. Although integration of management methods is fundamental for companies to reach organizational excellence status, this kind of guidelines is scarce in the literature. Implications for theory and practice This method can be used to increase companies’ performance and competitivity.

Older persons face an array of challenges with regard to parenting a delinquent grandchild. The study adopted a qualitative approach with the use of an explorative and descriptive design, with data collected from in-depth interviews with grandparents, communities and probation officers. The study also adopted phenomenology as the specific research approach. Findings revealed that grandparents parenting their grandchildren face the pernicious experiences of grandchildren's delinquency; financial challenges and poverty; and deterioration of their health and social life. This paper recommends that the government prioritise the grandparents' vulnerability to address the delinquency of their grandchildren and ensure that they are freed from such a pernicious preoccupation. Policies should be developed to ensure that grandparents above the age of 60 years should not assume full custody of children, as they are also a vulnerable population.

A mecânica quântica é aqui construída a partir de elementos constitutivos gerais com ênfase nos aspectos experimentais que fundam a teoria. A presente abordagem estabelece como pontos de partida as definições de sistemas de referências e a estrutura do espaço tempo, a natureza das simetrias e dos sistemas de referência, a noção de estado e as relações causais entre estados diferentes, o que leva a equação de Schrödinger. Um aspecto importante é que a mecânica quântica é decodificada como uma teoria de campo; nesse sentido o conceito de ponto material é descrito. A abordagem tem sido aplicada com sucesso em cursos de Pós-gradução do Mestrado Nacional Profissionalizante em Ensino de Física e se mostra muito eficiente na discussão dos fundamentos da mecânica quântica, em particular quanto às bases experimentais da teoria.

In this paper, the quantum mechanics is presented from general constitutive elements with emphasis on the experimental aspects that support the theory. This approach establishes as starting points the definitions of reference systems and the structure of the space time, the nature of symmetries and reference systems, the notion of state and the causal relationships between different states, which leads to the Schrödinger equation. A crucial aspect is that the quantum mechanics is decoded as a field theory, in which meaning the concept of material point is described. The approach has been successfully applied in post-graduate courses of the National Professional Master?s Degree in Physics Teaching and proves very efficient in discussing the fundamentals of quantum mechanics, in particular as the experimental pillars of the theory.

Resumo A axiomática de László Tisza da termodinâmica é revisitada, identificada a partir de cinco elementos constitutivos, e incluída em uma perspectiva histórica. Através de uma definição de medida, uma análise detalhada da associação do formalismo de Tisza com o experimento é conduzida. A ênfase da apresentação é para a relação da axiomatização de Tisza com os desenvolvimentos da física térmica no século XX, incluindo os trabalhos de Landau e colaboradores, e os desenvolvimentos que conduziram à teoria quântica de campos a temperatura finita.

Abstract The László Tisza axiomatization of thermodynamics is revisited, considered from five constitutive elements, and included in a historical perspective. Using a definition of measurement, a detailed analysis of the Tisza approach, in association with experiments, is carried out. The emphasis in the presentation is on the relation of Tisza formulation with developments of the thermal physics in the 20th Century, including results derived by Landau and coworkers and the developments that led to the quantum field theory at finite temperature.

BACKGROUND: Rotaviruses are the primary cause of acute gastroenteritis in young children worldwide and a significant proportion of these infections occur in Africa OBJECTIVES: In the present study, we determined the prevalence and risk factors of rotavirus infection among children younger than age 5 years with or without diarrhoea in Calabar, Nigeria, using a rapid point-of-care test METHODS: Two hundred infants younger than age 5 years presenting with acute gastroenteritis and a control group of 200 infants without diarrhoea were tested for rotavirus. Each stool sample was homogenised in an extraction buffer and the supernatant added into the sample well of the Rida Quick rotavirus test cassette and allowed to run for 5 minutes at room temperature. When both the control band and test band were visible on the test cassette a positive result was recorded, whereas when only the control band was visible a negative results was recorded RESULTS: Rotavirus was detected in 25 (12.5%) of children with diarrhoea and in no children without diarrhoea. Our results demonstrated that children who were exclusively breast-fed by their mothers were not infected with rotavirus and that 92% of the infants infected with rotavirus experienced vomiting CONCLUSION: These data demonstrate that asymptomatic rotavirus infection is rare and that rotavirus is commonly detected in stool samples of children suffering from diarrhoea with concomitant vomiting. Use of point-of-care rotavirus tests will enhance early diagnosis of rotavirus-associated diarrhoea and reduce irrational use of antibiotics

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AbstractObjective: To compare national human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) policies influencing access to HIV testing and treatment services in six sub-Saharan African countries.Methods: We reviewed HIV policies as part of a multi-country study on adult mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. A policy extraction tool was developed and used to review national HIV policy documents and guidelines published in Kenya, Malawi, South Africa, Uganda, the United Republic of Tanzania and Zimbabwe between 2003 and 2013. Key informant interviews helped to fill gaps in findings. National policies were categorized according to whether they explicitly or implicitly adhered to 54 policy indicators, identified through literature and expert reviews. We also compared the national policies with World Health Organization (WHO) guidance.Findings: There was wide variation in policies between countries; each country was progressive in some areas and not in others. Malawi was particularly advanced in promoting rapid initiation of antiretroviral therapy. However, no country had a consistently enabling policy context expected to increase access to care and prevent attrition. Countries went beyond WHO guidance in certain areas and key informants reported that practice often surpassed policy.Conclusion: Evaluating the impact of policy differences on access to care and health outcomes among people living with HIV is challenging. Certain policies will exert more influence than others and official policies are not always implemented. Future research should assess the extent of policy implementation and link these findings with HIV outcomes.

Objetivo: Comparar las políticas nacionales relativas al virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) que influencian el acceso a las pruebas del VIH y a los tratamientos en seis países sub-saharianos.Métodos: Se revisaron las políticas relativas al VIH como parte de un estudio multinacional sobre la mortalidad de adultos en África Subsahariana. Se desarrolló una herramienta de extracción de políticas y se utilizó para revisar los documentos y guías de las políticas nacionales relativas al VIH publicadas en Kenia, Malawi, República Unida de Tanzania, Sudáfrica, Uganda y Zimbabue entre 2003 y 2013. Se hicieron entrevistas a informantes claves que ayudaron a llenar los vacíos en los resultados. Las políticas nacionales se clasificaron según si se adhirieron explícita o implícitamente a 54 indicadores de políticas, identificados mediante bibliografía y opiniones de expertos. Asimismo, se compararon las políticas nacionales con las directrices de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS).Resultados: Se descubrió que había una amplia variedad entre las políticas de los países. Cada país estaba más avanzado en algunas áreas que en otras. Malawi estaba especialmente avanzado en la promoción de empezar rápidamente la terapia antirretroviral. Sin embargo, ningún país tenía un contexto de introducción de políticas consistente que incrementara el acceso a la atención primaria y evitara la deserción. Algunos países iban más allá de las orientaciones de la OMS en algunas áreas e informantes clave informaron de que la práctica a menudo superaba la política.Conclusión: Evaluar el impacto de las diferencias en las políticas relativas en el acceso a la atención primaria y los resultados en la salud entre aquellas personas con VIH es un reto. Algunas políticas ejercerán más influencia que otras y las políticas oficiales no siempre se aplican. Las investigaciones futuras deberían evaluar el grado de aplicación de las políticas y vincular estos resultados con los resultados del VIH.

Este artigo discute o uso que Werner Heisenberg faz da filosofia grega clássica no âmbito dos debates acerca da teoria quântica realizados na primeira metade do século xx. Para esse autor, a ciência foi determinada pelo influxo de duas correntes de pensamento que surgiram na Grécia antiga: o materialismo e o idealismo. A partir de tal clivagem, Heisenberg fundamenta sua crítica aos opositores da Interpretação de Copenhague, além de justificar filosoficamente suas próprias teses sobre a mecânica quântica. Apesar de suas concepções filosóficas não serem passíveis de uma sistematização completa, a relação que Heisenberg estabeleceu entre a filosofia grega e os problemas da teoria dos quanta acabou por resultar em uma interpretação da realidade física na qual é predominante um platonismo e um incipiente estruturalismo matemático.

This article discusses Werner Heisenberg's use of ancient Greek philosophy in the debates about quantum theory that occurred during the first half of the 20th century. For Heisenberg, science was determined by two concurrent streams of thought that arose in ancient Greece: materialism and idealism. Starting from this separation, Heisenberg not only develops his criticism of the opponents of the Copenhagen interpretation, but also philosophically justifies his own theses regarding quantum mechanics. Although his philosophical conceptions are not themselves open to complete systematization, the relation that Heisenberg established between Greek philosophy and the problems of quantum theory finally resulted in an interpretation of physical reality, which is deeply marked by a kind of Platonism and an incipient mathematical structuralism.