ABSTRACT The vegetation cover is the result of many biological and abiotic interactions. To identify the different factors that cause changes is crucial when defining future sustainable development and protection of natural resources. In the Brazilian semiarid region, the vegetation cover has been subjected to drastic deforestation and land use at centennial-scale that has led to desertification. Pollen analysis is an efficient tool to reconstruct the different processes of degradation of the vegetation cover over time. We built a referential data set for the vegetation cover using 48 pollen surface samples collected in the reservoirs of the Ceará. We used satellite images for comparison with the pollen signatures and defined an alteration score to express the correlation between terrestrial pollen and anthropic cover. Our results showed our surface samples to be generally representative of the vegetation cover and of the general degradation of the landscape. Our study areas can be considered as degraded as the initial categories “preserved” or “intermediary” are not reflected in the pollen assemblages, in agreement with results of botanical surveys and the historical background. The on-going process of desertification is climate-independent and was initiated many decades or centuries ago by intensive land use for agriculture and grazing.

ABSTRACT The semiarid region of northeastern Brazil possesses a set of wetlands characterized by hydrographic basins with deficient drainage networks, a few large and permanent lotic systems and several permanent and temporary lagoons. Aquatic plants are widely distributed in these wetlands and the present study aims to determine if those of Ceará state have similar species compositions and differences in species richness. We hypothesized that lentic ecosystems would have more species and different growth forms of aquatic angiosperms than lotic ecosystems. A total of 1619 records of aquatic angiosperms in 43 wetland areas were analysed. The most representative families were Cyperaceae, Poaceae, Fabaceae, Alismataceae, Malvaceae, Nymphaeaceae and Pontederiaceae. Most of the species are helophytes and bottom-rooted emergent hydrophytes. Permanent lentic ecosystems had the highest number of exclusive species (27.85 %), followed by temporary lentic ecosystems (20.54 %). Contrary to our hypothesis, the different aquatic ecosystems were found to possess distinct species compositions and different proportions of growth forms, and all wetland types contributed to the macrophyte richness of the study area, although they differ in species richness. Therefore, conservation plans for the native aquatic macrophyte biota should include all wetland ecosystems in the semiarid state of Ceará.

ABSTRACT The species-area relationship (SAR) is one of the oldest and most studied ecological models, having even served as the foundation of the Theory of Island Biogeography. Nevertheless, the relative importance of habitat heterogeneity to SAR remains poorly understood. Our aim was to test the relative importance of habitat heterogeneity to the SAR of bryophyte assemblages of soil islands of rocky outcrops in the semi-arid region of Brazil. We randomly selected 15 to 20 soil islands on each of four outcrops for a total of 59 soil islands, and calculated the area, mean depth, and number of substrates for each. We used Generalized Linear Models (GLM) to test the SAR with two models, one using species richness and another using life-form richness as the dependent variables. We found no positive relationship between area and habitat heterogeneity, nor any evidence of a SAR, such as a positive relationship between area and species or life-form richness neither between habitat heterogeneity and species richness. However, our findings did show that life-form richness is related to bryophyte species richness on the soil islands. We conclude by suggesting that not only can microclimate influence bryophyte richness, but opportunistic colonization by bryophytes is also important.

Lianas interagem de forma negativa com as árvores, uma vez que aumentam suas taxas de mortalidade. Seria esperado, portanto, que árvores apresentassem possíveis caracteres que as defenderiam contra lianas. O objetivo desse estudo foi testar se os seguintes caracteres das árvores limitam sua infestação por lianas: 1) baixa altura; 2) tronco com ramificações altas (fuste alto); 3) casca lisa; 4) casca esfoliante, e 5) menor índice de iluminação da copa. O estudo foi realizado em um fragmento de Floresta Estacional Semidecídua no município de Alfenas (MG) no qual foi amostrado em 0,1 ha, todas as árvores com diâmetro na altura do peito maior do que 3 cm. Para cada árvore registrou-se os caracteres citados anteriormente, bem como foi estimada a porcentagem de cobertura de lianas na copa. Encontrou-se que quanto maior a altura e o índice de iluminação da copa, maior a sua ocupação por lianas. Essas árvores, apesar de atingirem o dossel da floresta e, portanto, adquirirem mais luz para crescimento e reprodução, estão também mais sujeitas à ocupação por lianas. Apesar disso, supõe-se que as árvores não investem em estruturas que poderiam diminuir a ocupação por lianas, provavelmente porque a competição com outras plantas da vizinhança pode ser também intensa.

Lianas (woody climbers) interact negatively with trees, increasing their mortality rates. We expect, therefore, that trees have developed supposed traits that would defend them against lianas. The aim of this paper was test if these tree traits limit their liana occupation: 1) smaller height; 2) taller free bole height; 3) smooth bark; 4) exfoliating bark, and 5) low crown illumination. This study was carried out in a fragment of a seasonal semideciduous forest in Alfenas (Minas Gerais; Southeastern Brasil). We sampled in 0.1 ha all trees with diameter at breast height larger than 3 cm. For each tree we noted the traits previously cited, as well as we estimated the percentage of liana occupation on the tree crowns. We found that, for taller trees and trees with higher crown illumination, the probability of a tree to carry lianas was higher. These trees, in spite of reaching the forest canopy, and, therefore, acquire more light for reproduction and growth, they are also more prone to liana occupation. In spite of that, we suppose that the trees do not invest on traits that could decrease the liana occupation, probably because the competition with neighbor's plants may also be intense.