Resumen El actual territorio de Trujillo, una ciudad costera en el norte de Perú, fue ocupado por diversas culturas precolombinas a lo largo de la historia. Con la llegada de los conquistadores europeos en el siglo XVI, se inició un proceso de mestizaje que continúa hasta la actualidad. Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron identificar y caracterizar haplogrupos del cromosoma Y presentes en una muestra de voluntarios de Trujillo y evidenciar fenómenos de mestizaje y posibles similitudes entre la población en estudio y otras de Perú y Argentina. Se analizaron los linajes paternos a través de la región no recombinante del cromosoma Y por medio de un método de amplificación alelo-específica (PCR-AFLP) en reacciones multiplex para la identificación de marcadores bialélicos (SNPs) que determinan haplogrupos autóctonos y alóctonos para América. Tal como se esperaba, esta población presentó una ancestralidad predominantemente nativa, pero también se encontró una alta incidencia de linajes europeos.

Resumo O atual território de Trujillo, uma cidade costeira no norte do Peru, foi povoado por várias culturas pré-colombianas ao longo da história. Com a chegada dos conquistadores europeus no século XVI, iniciou-se um processo de miscigenação que continua até hoje. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram identificar e caracterizar os haplogrupos do cromossomo Y em uma amostra da população de Trujillo para compreender os fenômenos de mestiçagem e possíveis semelhanças com outras populações do Peru e da Argentina. As linhagens paternas foram analisadas através da região não recombinante do cromossomo Y, empregando um método de amplificação alelo-específico (PCR-AFLP) em reações multiplex para a identificação de marcadores bialélicos (SNPs) que determinam haplogrupos autóctones e alóctones para a América. Segundo o esperado, essa população apresentou ascendência predominantemente nativa, com alta prevalência de linhagens europeias.

Abstract The current territory of Trujillo, a coastal city in northern Peru, was occupied by various pre-Columbian cultures throughout history. With the arrival of European conquerors in the 16th century, process of admixture began that continues to this day. The goals of this article were to identify and characterize Y chromosome haplogroups in a sample of Trujillo inhabitants, and to compare its admixture processes with those in other Peru and Argentina populations. We analyzed paternal lineages by focusing on the non-recombinant region of the Y chromosome. An allele-specific amplification (PCR-AFLP) method was used in a multiplex reactions to identify biallelic markers (SNPs) that determine autochthonous and allochthonous haplogroups for America. As expected, this population showed a predominantly native ancestry, with high incidence of European lineages.

Abstract Influenza is a costly disease for the population. It is a cause of seasonal morbidity and mortality, epidemics and pandemics or syndemics. Given the variability of the virus, surveillance systems are implemented in order to update the strains and include them in the annual influenza vaccine. This vaccine is currently recommended in some high-risk groups. However, universal vaccination remains controversial. Objective: To evaluate the evidence and describe the position of a panel of experts on the relevance of universal vaccination against influenza virus. Material and methods: Five clinical questions were asked, whereby a systematic search of the literature in electronic sources and a Delphi panel was carried out. The evidence was analyzed and recommendations were issued by the experts. Results: The group of experts recommends vaccinating the population starting at six months of age include people who live with egg protein allergy; with comorbidities (diabetes, obesity, cancer) health workers and pregnant women. Conclusions: Vaccination, starting with vulnerable groups, is a necessary, ethical and cost-effective strategy. However, extending coverage to achieve universal vaccination could reduce the transmission of the disease and its consequences in the population.

Resumen La influenza es una enfermedad costosa para la población. Es causa de morbimortalidad estacional, epidemias y pandemias o sindemias. Debido a la variabilidad del virus, se implementan sistemas de vigilancia para actualizar las cepas e incluirlas en la vacuna antiinfluenza anual. Actualmente se recomienda esta vacuna en algunos grupos de alto riesgo. Sin embargo, la vacunación universal es aún controvertida. Objetivo: Evaluar la evidencia y describir la posición de un panel de expertos sobre la pertinencia de la vacunación universal contra el virus de influenza. Material y métodos: Se realizaron cinco preguntas clínicas, con las que se realizó una búsqueda sistemática de la literatura en fuentes electrónicas y un panel Delphi. Se analizó la evidencia y se emitieron recomendaciones por los expertos. Resultados: El grupo de expertos recomienda vacunar a la población desde los seis meses de edad e incluir a personas que viven con alergia a la proteína del huevo, con comorbilidades (diabetes, obesidad, cáncer), trabajadores de la salud y embarazadas. Conclusiones: La vacunación, iniciando con los grupos vulnerables, es una estrategia necesaria, ética y costo-efectiva. Sin embargo, extender la cobertura para lograr la vacunación universal podría disminuir la transmisión de la enfermedad y sus consecuencias en la población.

Abstract Phytophthora capsici is the main phytopathogen of the chili pepper crop (Capsicum annuum) and diverse commercial plants in Mexico. The limited knowledge of farmers on the presence of this pathogen in cropping areas makes it difficult to prevent and manage the disease. In order to identify and morphologically characterize isolates obtained from cucurbits and solanaceous crops with “wilt” symptoms, in Jalisco and Michoacán, Mexico, samples were collected during 2016 and 2017. The 41 P. capsici isolates obtained from diseased plants were analyzed by comparative morphology based on sexual and asexual characteristics. Were characterized 33 isolates from the C. annuum crop, six from C. pepo and two S. lycopersicum. Most isolates showed typical characteristics of P. capsici, whereas only one isolate showed terminal, globose chlamydospores (isolated from Queréndaro, Mich.). Forty heterothallic isolates were registered and only one homothallic isolate was reported. The pathogenicity of seven isolates was tested, therefore according to the results obtained, P. capsici is the main causal agent of wilt for these isolates and for seven more analyzed in a previous study, the remaining 27 are associated with the disease. Calling for the development of a strategy for integrated management of this pathogen in the Jalisco and Michoacán production areas.

Resumen Phytophthora capsici es el principal fitopatógeno del cultivo de chile (Capsicum annuum) y de diversas plantas de interés comercial en México. El desconocimiento por parte de los productores sobre la presencia de este patógeno en zonas de cultivo dificulta la prevención y manejo de la enfermedad. El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar y caracterizar morfológicamente aislados obtenidos de cultivos de cucurbitáceas y solanáceas con síntomas de “marchitez” en Jalisco y Michoacán, México. Los muestreos se realizaron durante 2016 y 2017. Los 41 aislados de P. capsici obtenidos de plantas enfermas se analizaron por morfología comparativa con base a caracteres sexuales y asexuales. Se caracterizaron 33 aislamientos del cultivo de C. annuum, seis de C. pepo y dos de S. lycopersicum. La mayoría de los aislados presentaron características morfológicas típicas de P. capsici. Solo un aislado presentó clamidosporas, globosas y terminales (aislado de Queréndaro, Mich). Se registraron 40 aislados heterotálicos y un aislado homotálico. Se determinó la patogenicidad de siete aislados, asociando a P. capsici como el agente causal de la marchitez para estos aislados y para siete analizados en un estudio previo. Los 27 aislamientos restantes solo se asociaron a la enfermedad. Se sugiere realizar un manejo integrado de este patógeno en las zonas de producción de Jalisco y Michoacán.

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Schistosomiasis, caused by infection from Schistosoma mansoni, is a disease that represents an important public health problem for Brazil, especially for states in the Northeast region. Thus, the aim of this study is to present a new epidemiological profile for the disease in a municipality with low prevalence in the state of Alagoas, Brazil. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted through a coproparasitological and malacological survey. A structured questionnaire was applied to the study participants to survey possible risk factors and a spatial analysis (kernel density) was used to measure the risk of infection. RESULTS: Of the 347 participants, 106 (30.5%) were infected by Schistosoma mansoni, most of them from the urban area of the municipality (68.9%; 73/106). A 3-fold risk of infection was found for individuals living in the urban area and a risk of 2.15 times for self-declared farmers. Biomphalaria glabrata and B. straminea were the species found in the municipality, but no animals were diagnosed as infected by the parasite. Spatial analysis showed a random distribution of vectors and human cases of the disease, and the formation of two clusters of human cases in the urban area was seen. CONCLUSIONS: A new epidemiological profile for schistosomiasis from S. mansoni infection was presented in a municipality of low endemicity: a high proportion of positive individuals in the urban area; presence of snails without positive diagnosis for S. mansoni infection; random distribution of vectors and human cases; and absence of association between classical risk factors and human infection.

ABSTRACT Setting: Treatment of tuberculosis (TB) can result in Drug-Induced Liver Injury (DILI) since hepatotoxic metabolites are formed during the biotransformation of isoniazid (INH).DILI can be related to the genetic profile of the patient. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the CYP2E1 gene and GSTM1 and GSTT1 deletion polymorphisms have been associated with adverse events caused by INH. Objective: To characterize the genetic polymorphisms of CYP2E1, GSTT1 and GSTM1 in TB carriers. Design: This is an observational prospective cohort study of 45 patients undergoing treatment of TB. PCR-RFLP and multiplex-PCR were used. Results: The distribution of genotypic frequency in the promoter region (CYP2E1 gene) was: 98% wild genotype and 2% heterozygous. Intronic region: 78% wild genotype; 20% heterozygous and 2% homozygous variant. GST enzyme genes: 24% Null GSTM1 and 22% Null GSTT1. Patients with any variant allele of the CYP2E1 gene were grouped in the statistical analyses. Conclusion: Patients with the CYP2E1 variant genotype or Null GSTT1 showed higher risk of presenting DILI (p = 0.09; OR: 4.57; 95% CI: 0.75-27.6). Individuals with both genotypes had no increased risk compared to individuals with one genotype.

Problems related to the use of fossil fuels and greenhouse gas emissions have become global concerns. To address this issue, the strategy adopted in the present study was to use Ananas comosus residues as a source of fermentable carbohydrates to produce second generation ethanol and briquettes. The demand for biofuel is addressed in the present study by the integrated processing of several stages of treatment of the lignocellulosic substrate: chemical characterization, pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation. It was verified under the conditions used that the enzymatic hydrolysis liberated after 72 hours 58.44 and 21.91 g L-1 of glucose and xylose, respectively. Conversion of the sugars in the fermentation step resulted in 18.80 g L-1 ethanol in 24 hours. The briquettes produced from the remaining solid fraction of the enzymatic hydrolysis presented a calorific value of 18.41 kJ kg -1.

Tuberculosis remains among the top causes of death triggered by a single pathogen. Herein, a greener synthetic approach for isonicotinoylhydrazones is described using ultrasound energy. These compounds were used as starting materials for synthesizing pentacyanoferrate(II)-isonicotinoylhydrazones, which inhibited the reaction catalyzed by Mycobacterium tuberculosis 2-trans-enoyl-ACP(CoA) reductase (MtInhA) in a time-dependent manner. The most active coordination complex showed an increase of more than ten-fold in the MtInhA inhibition rate constant compared with lead pentacyano(isoniazid)ferrate(II) (IQG607). Additionally, the new series of metal-based compounds demonstrated antitubercular activity against a drug-susceptible Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) strain and was devoid of toxicity to mammalian cells (IC50 > 20 µmol L-1, half maximal inhibitory concentration). Finally, one of the synthesized compounds showed intracellular activity similar to isoniazid in a macrophage model of Mtb infection, indicating that this chemical class may furnish novel structures to embark on the preclinical phase of anti-tuberculosis drug development.

Resumo Tomando como base os discursos escravistas sobre a necessidade de reformar a escravidão e de encontrar soluções ao problema da reprodução da mão da obra cativa após a cessação legal do trafico de africanos escravizados em 1831, este texto desvenda o papel central e o valor simbólico que as “mães escravas” vieram ocupar nos debates políticos mais importantes do Brasil oitocentista. Usando tropos e metáforas da natureza, o discurso escravocrata definiu a função reprodutora das mulheres escravizadas como seu papel “natural” - um papel que também ajudaria a domesticar os “instintos rebeldes” dos escravos masculinos. Este texto argumenta também que dentro desse contexto, proprietários de escravos e juristas enfatizaram a importância do conceito legal partus sequitur ventrem para comunicar a ideia de legalidade da escravidão, precisamente durante o período de crescente deslegitimização da instituição, tanto dentro quanto fora do Brasil.

Abstract Through an examination of slaveholders’ discourses on the need to find ways to replenish the slave labor force after the 1831 legal suppression of the African trade, this article demonstrates the centrality of female slave reproduction to the most significant debates on slavery and emancipation during the nineteenth century. Through tropes and metaphors that appealed to nature, this slaveholding discourse emphasized reproduction and mothering labor as the “natural” function of enslaved women - a function that would also serve to pacify rebellious male slaves. This work also demonstrates that, within a context of intensified symbolic value of enslaved women’s reproduction, slaveholders and jurists emphasized the validity of the legal device partus sequitur ventrem in order to communicate a notion of the legality of slavery, precisely at the time of increasing delegitimation of the institution, both within and outside Brazil.

Resumen Con base en los discursos esclavistas sobre la necesidad de reformar la esclavitud y de resolver el problema de la reproducción de la mano de obra cautiva después del fin de la trata legal de africanos esclavizados en 1831, este texto demuestra el valor simbólico que las “madres esclavas” fueron a ocupar en los debates más importantes en el Brasil del siglo XIX. Usando tropos y metáforas de la naturaleza, el discurso esclavista definió la función reproductora de las mujeres esclavas como su papel “natural” - un papel que también ayudaría a domesticar los “instintos rebeldes” de los hombres esclavizados. Este texto también mantiene que, dentro de este contexto, propietarios de esclavos y juristas enfatizaron el concepto legal partus sequitur ventrem para comunicar la idea de legalidad de la esclavitud, precisamente durante el periodo de creciente deslegitimización de la institución esclava, tanto dentro cuanto fuera del Brasil.

Résumé En examinant les discours des propriétaires d’esclaves à propos des moyens pour remplir les rangs après la suppression légale de la traite africaine, cet article montre l’influence de la reproduction des esclaves pour les débats les plus importants au sujet de l’esclavage et de l’affranchissement au cours du XIXe siècle. A travers les tropes et les métaphores faisant référence à la nature, ce discours a insisté sur la reproduction et les soins maternels comme fonction “naturelle” des esclaves féminines - une fonction qui pouvait simultanément pacifier les esclaves masculins turbulents et rebelles. Cet article démontre aussi que, dans un contexte de valeur symbolique intensifiée de la reproduction des femmes esclaves, les propriétaires d’esclaves et les juristes ont souligné l’importance de la formule partus sequitur ventrem pour communiquer une idée de la légalité de l’esclavage, précisement à l’heure de la délégitimisation, dedans et dehors le Brésil.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are obligate biotrophs of higher plants and constitute one of the most widespread groups of soil microorganisms. Classification, taxonomy and description of evolutionary relationships among AMF have been a fundamental part on the study of such organisms. Development of this knowledge can be separated into three major stages starting from the first reported observations of these microorganisms. The first stage corresponds to the recognition of morphological diversity among the species clustered in the genera Endogone (Zygomycota), and its separation into the AMF genera Gigaspora, Acaulospora, Glomus and Sclerocystis, and the non-mycorrhizal Modicella, Glaziella and Endogone, all of these subordinated to Endogonaceae. The second stage involves the study of common morphological features that resulted from the separation of AMF species in a monophyletic group at the rank of an order (Glomales). Finally, the third stage comprises most recent studies thatrely on the use of molecular biology tools coupled with observation of morphological features. One of the most significant contributions of this period was placing AMF species in a higher taxa rank and grouping the species in the Glomales Order into the phylum Glomeromycota. This review addresses these three stages in detail, and provides a general view of the distinct taxonomical changes in AMF classification.

Los hongos micorrizógenos arbusculares (HMA) son biótrofos obligados de plantas y constituyen uno de los grupos de microorganismos del suelo de distribución más extensa. Una parte fundamental del estudio de estos organismos se ha enfocado a su clasificación, taxonomía y establecimiento de relaciones evolutivas entre HMA. El proceso en el desarrollo de este conocimiento puede ser separado en tres etapas importantes a partir de las primeras observaciones reportadas de estos microorganismos. La primera etapa corresponde al reconocimiento de la diversidad de especies dentro del género Endogone (Zygomycota) y su división en los géneros de HMA Gigaspora, Acaulospora, Glomus y Sclerocystis, así como en los géneros Modicella, Glaziella y Endogone, que no forman micorriza, todos ellos subordinados a Endogonaceae. La segunda etapa involucra el estudio de distintas características morfológicas comunes dentro del grupo de HMA que fueron suficientes para sustentar su separación en un grupo monofilético a nivel de orden (Glomales). Finalmente, la tercer etapa comprende los estudios más recientes en los que se incluye el uso de herramientas de biología molecular, aunado a las observaciones de las características morfológicas, en donde una de las aportaciones más significativas fue identificar y colocar al grupo de HMA en una posición taxonómica superior, agrupando las especies que integraban al orden Glomales en el phylum Glomeromycota. En la presente revisión se aborda cada una de estas etapas en forma detallada, además se presenta un panorama general de los distintos movimientos taxonómicos a los que los HMA han sido sujetos a lo largo de la historia de su estudio.

Faringotonsilite causada por Streptococcus β-hemolítico afeta principalmente crianças e imunocomprometidos, sendo Streptococcus pyogenes (Grupo A) o agente mais comum em faringotonsilites bacterianas. OBJETIVO: Este trabalho objetivou a busca por Streptococcus β-hemolítico do Grupo A (SBHGA) e Não A (SBHGNA) na orofaringe de indivíduos com necessidades especiais da APAE (Maceió-AL). MÉTODO:Estudo prospectivo com amostras da orofaringe de pacientes com síndrome de Down e outras desordens mentais (teste) e estudantes de escola privada (controle) de 5-15 anos. Culturas em ágar sangue (5%) foram identificadas através dos testes de Gram/catalase e o método de disco difusão com bacitracina/sulfametoxazol-trimetoprim, aplicando-se o teste Chi-quadrado em análises estatísticas. RESULTADOS: Um total de 222 colônias bacterianas foram isoladas em 74 indivíduos da APAE e 65 no grupo controle. No grupo teste, episódios prévios de faringotonsilites foram relatados por 36,49% (27/74) e 9,46% (7/74) foram diagnosticados com sintomas e/ou sinais sugestivos de infecção orofaríngea. Nenhuma amostra de S. pyogenes foi confirmada na APAE, sendo todas identificadas como SBHGNA, com cinco SBHGA no grupo controle. CONCLUSÃO:A identificação precoce de Streptococcus β-hemolítico é importante para o tratamento rápido de faringotonsilites e a ausência de S. pyogenes evita futuras sequelas supurativas ou não supurativas no grupo da APAE.

Pharyngotonsillitis by β-hemolytic Streptococcus mostly affects children and imunocompromissed, being Streptococcuspyogenes (Group A) the most common agent in bacterial pharyngotonsillitis. AIM:This work targeted the research of β-hemolytic Streptococcus Group-A (SBHGA) and No-A (SBHGNA) in the oropharynx of individuals with special health needs from the APAE (Maceió-AL). METHOD: A prospective study with oropharynx samples from patients with Down syndrome and other mental disorders (test) and students from a private school (control) aged 5-15 years. Cultures in blood agar (5%) were identified through Gram/catalase tests and bacitracin/trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole disk diffusion method, applying the chi-squared statistical analysis. RESULTS: A total of 222 bacterial colonies were isolated in 74 individuals from APAE and 65 in the control group. In the test group, previous episodes of pharyngotonsillitis were reported by 36.49% (27/74) and 9.46% (7/74) were diagnosed with symptoms and/or signs suggestive of oropharynx infection. No positive sample of S. pyogenes was confirmed at APAE, being all samples classified as SBHGNA, with 5 SBHGA in the control group. CONCLUSION: The early identification of β-hemolytic Steptococcus is important for the fast treatment of pharyngotonsillitis and the absence of S. pyogenes avoid future suppurative or not-suppurative sequels in the group from APAE.

INTRODUÇÃO: Fatores genéticos podem desempenhar um importante papel na susceptibilidade à tuberculose (TB) ativa, e polimorfismos de base única (SNPs) em diferentes genes que codificam para citocinas têm sido descritos e associados com doenças. OBJETIVOS: Investigar o quanto polimorfismo na região promotora do gene que codifica para TNF-alfa (-238 e -308) estão associados a ocorrência de TB ativa. MÉTODOS: SNPs dentro do gene de TNF-alfa foram analisados por PCR- RFLP em dois grupos de indivíduos: pacientes com TB (n = 234) e pacientes com pneumopatias não TB (n = 113). RESULTADOS: Neste estudo, o alelo -238A esteve associado significantemente com susceptibilidade à ocorrência de TB e gravidade das formas clínicas (p = 0,00002; OR = 0,15; IC = 0,06-0,36). Por outro lado, o alelo -308A esteve associado significantemente com a proteção a outras formas de doença pulmonar (p = 0,02; OR = 1,95; IC = 1,07-3,58). CONCLUSÕES: Estes resultados preliminares sugerem a importância de estudos genéticos na ocorrência da TB. São necessários outros estudos para melhorar a compreensão sobre a patogênese do M. tb.

BACKGROUND: Host genetic factors may play a role in the susceptibility to active tuberculosis (TB), and several polymorphisms in different cytokine coding genes have been described and associated with diseases to date. OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether polymorphisms within the promoter region of the TNF-alpha (-238/-308) coding genes are associated to the occurrence of active TB. METHODS: SNPs within the TNF-alpha gene were analyzed by PCR-RFLP among two groups of individuals: patients with TB (n = 234, and patients non TB (n = 113). RESULTS: In this study, the presence of the -238A allele was associated with susceptibility to TB disease occurrence and severity (p = 0,00002; OR = 0,15; IC = 0,06-0,36. On the contrary, the -308A allele was associated with protection to the occurrence of another pulmonary diseases. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest the importance of genetics studies on TB occurrence. Further studies are needed pursuing a better understanding of the human pathogenesis of M. tb.

N-Carbomethoxyindole derivatives display 1H NMR dynamic processes arising from the hindered rotation about the N-C carbamate bond. Theoretical modeling by Molecular Mechanics predicts two conformational minima A and B, owing to the E and Z isomers of the carbamate group. Conformer A, with the carbonyl carbamate group oriented towards the benzene ring is, in most cases, more stable than the B conformer. A hydrogen bond provides an explanation for the preference of the B conformer in 2. The energy profiles reveal that, between the molecules investigated, compound 3 has the lowest barrier to rotation for the interconversion of the A and B conformers. The relative energies of 3 favored the A conformer in large proportion (97:3). These results are consistent with the observed sharp signals in the ¹H NMR spectrum of 3, while compounds 2, 6 and 7 show some significantly broadened signals in their ¹H and 13C NMR spectra.

Los derivados de indoles N-carbometoxilados exhiben procesos dinámicos en RMN 1H resultantes de la rotación restringida alrededor del enlace N-C del carbamato. El modelado teórico por mecánica molecular predice dos mínimos conformacionales A y B, debido a los isómeros E y Z del grupo carbamato. El confórmero A, que presenta al carbonilo del carbamato orientado hacia el anillo de benceno es, en la mayoría de los casos, más estable que el confórmero B. La preferencia del confórmero B en 2 se atribuye a la presencia de un puente de hidrógeno. Los perfiles energéticos indican que, entre las moléculas investigadas, el compuesto 3 tiene la menor barrera rotacional para la interconversión de los confórmeros A y B. Las energías relativas de 3 favorecen al confórmero A en amplia proporción (97:3). Estos resultados son consistentes con las señales agudas observadas en el espectro de RMN ¹H de 3, mientras que los compuestos 2, 6 y 7 muestran algunas señales significativamente anchas en sus espectros de RMN de ¹H y 13C.