Abstract Snowden´s whistleblowing on the NSA program had a powerful impact in Brazil, prompting Dilma Rousseff´s administration to promote, at the United Nations, resolutions on Internet privacy, freedom of expression, as well as to host important multistakeholder conferences and, domestically, to approve the innovative legislation known as Marco Civil. These answers were only possible due to a network of officials and activists. However, Brazil´s global leadership in Internet governance is fragile, with many internal contradictions.

For decades anthropologists have discussed how and when the Americas were peopled. The prevailing view is that the first Paleoindians, ancestors of the Amerindians, arrived from Asia and Beringia to the American continent using a Pacific coastal route in pre-Clovis times. In this article skeletal remains dated 9000-4000 BP, excavated from archaeological sites in northern, central and southern Chile, were analyzed using geometric morphometric and ancient mtDNA techniques. Results indicate that the ancient cranial material from southwestern South America exhibit a wide range of cranial vault shape variation which is independent of chronology. mtDNA restriction and sequence analysis performed on the same skeletal remains, revealed only the presence of the main four founding mtDNA haplogroups (A, B, C and D) as early as 9,000 BP. Our results using morphometric and molecular mtDNA haplogroup data show that human populations inhabiting the Americas during archaic times can not be considered as belonging to two different groups on the basis of analyzed data. These results are consistent with those recently obtained using complete sequence mtDNA analyses.

Durante décadas los antropólogos han discutido cómo y cuándo América fue poblada. El punto de vista predominante al respecto plantea que los primeros paleoindios, población amerindia ancestral, llegó en una época pre-Clovis desde Asia y Beringia utilizando como ruta la costa pacífica del continente. En el presente trabajo se analizan mediante morfometría geométrica y técnicas de ADNmt antiguo restos esqueletales de 9.000-4.000 años a.p., excavados de sitios arqueológicos del Norte, Centro y Sur de Chile. Nuestros resultados muestran que el material craneano arcaico del suroeste de América exhibe un amplio rango de variación de la forma de la bóveda, la cual es independiente de la cronología de los cráneos. El análisis del ADNmt realizado en los mismos restos esqueletales revela la presencia sólo de los cuatro haplogrupos fundadores (A, B, C y D) desde los 9.000 a.p. Los resultados obtenidos a partir de datos morfométricos y de mtDNA muestran que, considerando los rasgos analizados, las poblaciones humanas que habitaron América durante la época arcaica no constituyen dos grupos diferentes. Estos resultados son consistentes con los análisis de secuencias completas de DNA mitocondrial recientemente obtenidos.

Cuba passou por muitas transformações após a Guerra Fria. A economia está mais diversificada e o país logrou escapar do isolamento internacional, estabelecendo parcerias com China, União Européia e América Latina. Além disso, a transformação na comunidade cubano-americana coloca em posições de influência ativistas mais jovens, com maior disposição para o diálogo com os Estados Unidos, inclusive em temas comerciais. Contudo, é difícil que as negociações avancem em pontos controversos, pela relutância de Havana em liberalizar o regime político.

Cuba has undergone several transformations after the Cold War. The economy has become more diversified and the country has been able to overcome international isolation, and in so doing establish partnerships with China, the European Union and Latin America. In addition, the changes in the Cuban-American community have put younger activists who are more willing to enter into dialogue with the United States, on such matters for example as foreign trade. However, it is difficult for the negotiations to solve more controversial points because of the continued reluctance of Havana to liberalize the political regime.

Sophisticated molecular genetics techniques allow the typification and posterior comparison of antique haplogroups and mitochondrial DNA sequences from prehistoric groups with contemporary populations. This adds a chronological dimension to these studies and contributes to have a better knowledge of the genetic composition of the Chilean population. This article gives scientific support, using molecular methodology, to the alleged biological links that joined the descendants of proto historic Chango fishermen from Puposo cove, a place located 15 kilometers north of Taltal, with prehistoric fishermen from Chinchorro culture, that developed in Northern Chile and Southern Peru between 7900 and 4000 A.C.

The influence of tropical lowland migrations on the emergence of cultural change in the Central Andes has been postulated in general terms since the beginning of last century (Tello 1929). Archeological and molecular genetic evidence, particularly agriculture of tropical cultigens and ancient mtDNA haplogroup typing in northern Chile, suggest a chronologically more precise relationship between both regions. We test in this article the hypothesis that the process of cultural transformation of prehistoric populations living on the coast and the desert valleys of northern Chile can be partially linked to gene flow from the eastern slopes of the Andes and/or from the tropical lowlands during the Late Archaic / Formative periods (ca. 3,500-2,000 B.P.).

La influencia de migraciones desde las tierras bajas tropicales en la emergencia de cambios culturales en los Andes Centrales, ha sido propuesta en términos generales desde comienzos de la última década (Tello 1929). Evidencia arqueológica y genético molecular reciente, particularmente la agricultura de cultígenos tropicales y la haplotipificacion de ADNmt antiguo, obtenida en el norte de Chile, sugieren una relación cronológicamente más acotada entre ambas regiones. Contrastamos en este artículo la hipótesis que el proceso de transformación cultural de las poblaciones prehistóricas costeras y vallunas del norte de Chile podría explicarse parcialmente por flujos migracionales originados en la vertiente oriental de los Andes y/o en las tierras bajas tropicales durante el periodo Arcaico Tardío / Formativo Temprano (ca. 3,500-2,000 A.P.).

The origin of Tiwanaku populations hypothesized on the basis of linguistic and ethnohistorical information is tested using ancient mtDNA extracted from skeletal remains. 18 samples were analyzed of which 13 could be typed for amerindian haplogroups whose distribution (A: 8%, B: 15%, C: 23%, D: 23% y otros 31%) relates genetically the remains from Tiwanaku to extant amazonian and quechua populations. The number of analyzed samples is still to small to allow a subdivision by chronological phases in order to establish more precisely the origin of the Tiwanaku population. Nevertheless, the haplogroup distribution is significantly different from the distribution that characterizes the aymara.

Las hipótesis sobre el origen de las poblaciones que construyeron Tiwanaku basadas en información lingüística y etnohistórica son contrastadas haciendo uso de ADN mitocondrial antiguo, aislado de restos esqueletales. Se analizaron 18 muestras de las cuales 13 rindieron amplificados para los marcadores amerindios. La distribución de haplogrupos (A: 8%, B: 15%, C: 23%, D: 23% y otros 31%) relaciona genéticamente a la población estudiada con grupos amazónicos y quechuas actuales. El número de muestras analizadas no permite aún una subdivisión por fases cronológicas con el objeto de precisar más el origen de las poblaciones Tiwanaku. No obstante, la distribución de haplogrupos es significativamente diferente de aquella que caracteriza a los grupos aymara.

Archeological evidence suggest that the cultural developments occurred in the highlands around lake Titicaca in the Central Andes, exerted influence on the cultural elaborations of the human groups that peopled the valley of Azapa, close to the city of Arica, and the Pacific coast of northern Chile. In this communication we show by means of a distance analysis, that a craniofacial differentiation accompanied the process of cultural evolution in the valley. The biological influence of Tiwanaku is partially reflected in craniofacial morphology, providing preliminary evidence that cultural changes were associated to intermittent gene flow from the highlands, specially during the Alto Ramírez and San Miguel phases

Los desarrollos culturales ocurridos en el altiplano en el área circumtiticaca en los Andes centrales, ejercieron influencia sobre las elaboraciones culturales de los grupos humanos que poblaban el Valle de Azapa cercano a la ciudad de Arica y la costa del norte de Chile. En esta comunicación presentamos un análisis de distancias que demostró que una diferenciación craniofacial acompaño en el valle el proceso de evolución cultural. La influencia biológica de Tiwanaku se refleja parcialmente en la morfología craniofacial, proporcionando evidencia preliminar de que los cambios culturales en el valle se realizaron acompañados de flujo génico intermitente desde el altiplano, especialmente durante las fases Alto Ramírez y San Miguel

The Amazonian origin of Andean populations, hypothesized on the basis of nuclear genetic markers, is tested using ancient mtDNA extracted from skeletal remains from prehistoric populations of the Azapa valley, northern Chile. Forty two samples were analyzed of which 32 could be typed for Amerindian haplogroups whose distribution (A: 31.2 %, B: 21.9 %, C: 31.2 %, D: 3.1 % and others 12.5 %) relates genetically the prehistoric groups to Amazonian and living Andean populations. The number of samples is still to small to allow a subdivision by chronological phases in order to test hypothesis about the biocultural microevolution of the populations studied

La hipótesis del origen amazónico de las poblaciones andinas basada en el análisis de marcadores genéticos nucleares es contrastada haciendo uso de ADN mitocondrial antiguo aislado de restos esqueletales de poblaciones prehistóricas del Valle de Azapa, Arica, Chile. Se analizaron 42 muestras de las cuales 32 rindieron amplificados para los cuatro marcadores amerindios permitiendo su tipificación. La distribución de haplogrupos (A: 31,2 %, B: 21,9 %, C: 31,2 %, D: 3,1 % y otros 12,5 %) relaciona genéticamente a las poblaciones estudiadas con grupos amazónicos y andinos actuales. El número de muestras analizadas no permite aún una subdivisión por fases cronológicas con el objeto de poner a prueba las hipótesis planteadas por arqueólogos y bioantropológos para explicar la microevolución biocultural de las poblaciones estudiadas

Apresentam-se 76 pacientes operados devido a hérnias inguinais, com o uso rotineiro de telas de polipropilene colocadas sobre a fascia transversalis, em correção sem tensão, através de uma inguinotomia transversa pequena (média de 6cm). Doze pacientes foram operados bilateralmente, perfazendo 88 intervenções. Entre as intervenções, cinqüenta foram sobre hérnias inguinais indiretas (56,8%), 15 sobre hérnias associadas diretas e indiretas (17,1 %), e 23 sobre hérnias diretas (26,1%). Praticamente não houve queixas de dor à exceção da dor superficial. Não houve nenhum caso de infecção ou rejeição. Nenhum paciente referiu sentir a sua presença. Após dois dias, os pacientes foram liberados de qualquer tipo de restrição física ou esportiva. Não há qualquer evidência sugestiva de recidiva. Tempo médio de seguimento de trinta meses. Discute-se a técnica empregada. A HIPA é técnica fácil, rápida, de custo baixo, não exige anestesia geral nem materiais especiais, com baixos índices de recidiva e, por não implicar suturas sob tensão, permite restabelecimento pronto, com mínima dor e sem restrições físicas.

This is the inicial experience in Brazil with the routine use of prosthetic tensionless repair of common inguinal hernias. Before that many groups had been using prosthetic material in selected cases, mostly recurrences. Seventy six patients were operated on, 12 of them bilaterally so that there were 88 procedures over direct (26,1%), indirect (56,8%) and both direct and indirect hernias (17,1 %). The hernia sacs are reduced to the abdominal cavity and the abdominal wall is reinforced by the placement of a polipropilen mesh on the transversalis fascia. The technique is detailed described. Only minimal pain occurred in the postoperative period. There were no infeccion, no rejection, and until now (30 months of medium follow up), no signs of recurrences. Many aspects of the surgical treatment of inguinal hernias are discussed including results, feseability, risks and costs. It is concluded that prosthetic tensionless repair of inguinal hernias is easy, fast, safe and cheap. It does not require general anaesthesia neither complex material. It has excellent results and as it does not create tension sutures, it causes less pain and allows normal physical activity very soon. It suggests that, in common inguinal hernias, maybe we can spare the patient and community from the higher costs of laparoscopic surgery since we can obtain excellent results with an easier and cheaper method.