ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE This study aims to assess the degree of adequacy of prenatal care (PNC) in the state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS) and in its 7 macro-regions considering the time of PNC initiation and the number of appointments attended. It also aims to verify the mode of delivery prevalence and the factors associated with PNC adequacy by mode of delivery. METHODS Sub analysis from a cross-sectional study conducted among 13,432 childbearing women aged 15–49 years assisted in 66 maternity hospitals of the Unified Health System (SUS) and private associated facilities from September 2017 to October 2019. A standardized form was used to collect sociodemographic data, and information about PNC and delivery from the childbearing women’s prenatal cards, hospital records, and medical reports. RESULTS The PNC coverage was (98.4%), but only 57.5% of the participants had an adequate PNC defined as the one initiated until the 12th gestational week, with attendance of at least 6 appointments. The cesarean rate was 57.2%. Among women who performed vaginal delivery, multivariate analysis showed that for each 1-year increase in the age of the parturient, the chance of having an adequate PNC increased by 5%. White parturients with higher education and fewer deliveries residing in the macro-region of Valleys were more likely to have an adequate PNC when compared with non-white parturients, who were illiterate and/or had incomplete elementary school, with 3 or more deliveries and who resided in other macro-regions. During pregnancy, 96.0% of the women performed at least one anti-HIV test, 55.8% a rapid test for syphilis, and 75.0% a Venereal Disease Research Laboratory test (VDRL). CONCLUSIONS Despite the almost universal PNC coverage in RS, the PNC offered by the SUS was adequate for just half of the population, therefore public health policies targeted at women receiving care in this setting shall be revisited.

ABSTRACT Background: Women living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (WLWH) are more likely to be infected with the oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV). We assessed the prevalence of high-risk (HR) (16/18/31/33/35/39/45/51/52/56/58/59/68/73/82), probable high-risk (pHR) (26/53/66), and low-risk (LR) (6/11/40/42/43/44/54/61/70) HPV types and their associated risk factors. Methods: This cross-sectional study of WLWH aged 18-64 years included one laboratory and eight HIV-specialty healthcare facilities in the pilot network. Descriptive statistics were used to assess sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics. Adjusted analyses were conducted to evaluate risk factors associated with HR and/or pHR HPV infection in WLWH. Results: From May/2021 to May/2022, 1,914 (92.5%) WLWH participated in the pilot study and had valid HPV-DNA results of self-collected vaginal samples. The median age of the participants was 45 years, 60.1% had ≥ 9 years of schooling, 80.5% were ≤ 18 years at first sexual intercourse, and 51.7% had > 4 sexual partners throughout life. The prevalence of any HPV type, HR HPV, pHR HPV, and LR HPV was 65.8%, 49.6%, 16.7%, and 40.0%, respectively. Age was inversely associated with pHR and/or HR-HPV (p < 0.001), and education level was inversely associated with HR-HPV (p = 0.003) types. Any HR or pHR was associated with being single (p = 0.029) and exchanging sex for drugs (p = 0.037). Conclusions: The prevalence of HPV, especially HR HPV, among WLWH is high in Brazil, highlighting the need for HPV screening in this population. Self-collection of vaginal samples is an important strategy for increasing testing access.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE This study aims to assess the degree of adequacy of prenatal care (PNC) in the state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS) and in its 7 macro-regions considering the time of PNC initiation and the number of appointments attended. It also aims to verify the mode of delivery prevalence and the factors associated with PNC adequacy by mode of delivery. METHODS Sub analysis from a cross-sectional study conducted among 13,432 childbearing women aged 15–49 years assisted in 66 maternity hospitals of the Unified Health System (SUS) and private associated facilities from September 2017 to October 2019. A standardized form was used to collect sociodemographic data, and information about PNC and delivery from the childbearing women’s prenatal cards, hospital records, and medical reports. RESULTS The PNC coverage was (98.4%), but only 57.5% of the participants had an adequate PNC defined as the one initiated until the 12th gestational week, with attendance of at least 6 appointments. The cesarean rate was 57.2%. Among women who performed vaginal delivery, multivariate analysis showed that for each 1-year increase in the age of the parturient, the chance of having an adequate PNC increased by 5%. White parturients with higher education and fewer deliveries residing in the macro-region of Valleys were more likely to have an adequate PNC when compared with non-white parturients, who were illiterate and/or had incomplete elementary school, with 3 or more deliveries and who resided in other macro-regions. During pregnancy, 96.0% of the women performed at least one anti-HIV test, 55.8% a rapid test for syphilis, and 75.0% a Venereal Disease Research Laboratory test (VDRL). CONCLUSIONS Despite the almost universal PNC coverage in RS, the PNC offered by the SUS was adequate for just half of the population, therefore public health policies targeted at women receiving care in this setting shall be revisited.

ABSTRACT Background: Gonorrhea is not a notifiable disease in Brazil, and the national health information system does not collect data on reported cases or infection prevalence. Methods: We compiled published data on gonorrhea prevalence in Brazil from cross-sectional surveys and clinical trials between 2000 and 2020. The study entry criteria included a sample size of 50 or more, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection detected in urine, urethral, anal, or cervicovaginal specimens using either Nucleic Acid Amplification Test or culture. Gonorrhea prevalence trends between 2000 and 2020 were generated using Spectrum-STI, a statistical trend-fitting model. Results: Forty-five studies with 59 gonorrhea prevalence data points were identified. Fifty data points were for women and represented 21,815 individuals, eight for men encompassing a total of 4,587 individuals, and one for transgender people comprising 345 individuals. The Spectrum-STI estimate for the prevalence of urogenital infection with gonorrhea in women 15-49 in 2020 was 0.63% (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.13-2.23) and was lower than the 1.05% estimated value for 2000 (95% CI: 0.36-2.79). The corresponding figures for men were 0.70% (95% CI: 0.16-2.44) and 1.14% (95% CI: 0.34-3.15). Anal prevalence estimates could not be generated because of insufficient data (three data points). Conclusions: These results suggest that the overall prevalence of genitourinary gonococcal infections in Brazil is less than 1%. Data on gonorrhea prevalence in men and in populations at increased STI vulnerability are limited.

Resumo: A profilaxia pré-exposição ao HIV (PrEP) tem sido considerada uma estratégia fundamental para o controle da epidemia de HIV/aids, e desde 2018 tem sido objeto de estudo de implementação (Estudo ImPrEP Stakeholders), realizado no Brasil, no México e no Peru. Um componente qualitativo desse estudo foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de identificar os contextos sociais e estruturais que envolvem e organizam a oferta de serviços de PrEP no Brasil, as subjetividades dos atores envolvidos e as diferentes percepções que podem impactar a efetivação dessa estratégia. O presente artigo teve como foco de análise o acesso das populações vulneráveis aos serviços de PrEP, na perspectiva de gestores, profissionais de saúde, lideranças ou ativistas e usuários de PrEP. É um estudo qualitativo com o uso de metodologia compreensiva, realizado em seis capitais brasileiras, em que foram entrevistados 71 atores-chave no período de novembro de 2018 a maio de 2019. A análise foi pautada pelos modelos analíticos sobre acesso propostos por Giovanella & Fleury, McIntyre et al. e Penchansky & Thomas. Os resultados são apresentados com base em três eixos: “percepções sobre prevenção combinada e PrEP”; “disponibilidade e adequação: perfil e estrutura dos serviços no contexto do ImPrEP”; e “aceitabilidade: atitudes e práticas dos profissionais de saúde e usuários”.

Abstract: HIV preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has been considered a fundamental strategy for controlling the HIV/AIDS epidemic, and since 2018 it has been the object of an implementation study (ImPrEP Stakeholders Study), conducted in Brazil, México, and Peru. A qualitative component of this study was developed with the objective of identifying the social and structural contexts that involve and organize the supply of PrEP services in Brazil, the stakeholders’ subjectivities, and the different perceptions that can impact the strategy’s implementation. The current article’s focus was to analyze access by vulnerable populations to PrEP services from the perspective of managers, health professionals, leaders or activists, and users of PrEP. This was a qualitative study using a comprehensive methodology, conducted in six Brazilian state capitals, interviewing 71 key actors from November 2018 to May 2019. The analysis was based on access analysis models as proposed by Giovanella & Fleury, McIntyre et al. and Penchansky & Thomas. The results are presented along three lines: “perceptions of combined prevention and PrEP”, “availability and adequacy: profile and structure of services in the context of ImPrEP”, and “acceptability: attitudes and practices of health professionals and users”.

Resumen: La profilaxis preexposición al VIH (PrEP) ha sido considerada una estrategia fundamental para el control de la epidemia de VIH/sida y desde 2018 ha sido objeto de estudio de implementación (Estudio ImPrEP Stakeholders), realizado en Brasil, México y Perú. Un componente cualitativo de este estudio se desarrolló con el objetivo de identificar los contextos sociales y estructurales que engloban y organizan la oferta de servicios de PrEP en Brasil, las subjetividades de los actores implicados y las diferentes percepciones que pueden impactar en hacer efectiva esa estrategia. El objetivo de este artículo es el análisis del acceso de las poblaciones vulnerables a los servicios de PrEP, desde la perspectiva de los gestores, profesionales de salud, líderes o activistas y usuarios de la PrEP. Se trata de un estudio cualitativo con uso de metodología comprensiva, realizado en seis capitales brasileñas, en las que fueron entrevistados 71 actores-clave, durante el período de noviembre de 2018 a mayo de 2019. El análisis se pautó mediante modelos analíticos sobre acceso, propuestos por Giovanella & Fleury, McIntyre et al. y Penchansky & Thomas. Los resultados se presentan a partir de tres ejes: “percepciones sobre prevención combinada y PrEP”, “disponibilidad y adecuación: perfil y estructura de los servicios en el contexto de la ImPrEP” y “aceptabilidad: actitudes y prácticas de los profesionales de salud y usuarios”.

Resumo: A profilaxia pré-exposição ao HIV (PrEP) tem sido considerada uma estratégia fundamental para o controle da epidemia de HIV/aids, e desde 2018 tem sido objeto de estudo de implementação (Estudo ImPrEP Stakeholders), realizado no Brasil, no México e no Peru. Um componente qualitativo desse estudo foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de identificar os contextos sociais e estruturais que envolvem e organizam a oferta de serviços de PrEP no Brasil, as subjetividades dos atores envolvidos e as diferentes percepções que podem impactar a efetivação dessa estratégia. O presente artigo teve como foco de análise o acesso das populações vulneráveis aos serviços de PrEP, na perspectiva de gestores, profissionais de saúde, lideranças ou ativistas e usuários de PrEP. É um estudo qualitativo com o uso de metodologia compreensiva, realizado em seis capitais brasileiras, em que foram entrevistados 71 atores-chave no período de novembro de 2018 a maio de 2019. A análise foi pautada pelos modelos analíticos sobre acesso propostos por Giovanella & Fleury, McIntyre et al. e Penchansky & Thomas. Os resultados são apresentados com base em três eixos: “percepções sobre prevenção combinada e PrEP”; “disponibilidade e adequação: perfil e estrutura dos serviços no contexto do ImPrEP”; e “aceitabilidade: atitudes e práticas dos profissionais de saúde e usuários”.

Abstract: HIV preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has been considered a fundamental strategy for controlling the HIV/AIDS epidemic, and since 2018 it has been the object of an implementation study (ImPrEP Stakeholders Study), conducted in Brazil, México, and Peru. A qualitative component of this study was developed with the objective of identifying the social and structural contexts that involve and organize the supply of PrEP services in Brazil, the stakeholders’ subjectivities, and the different perceptions that can impact the strategy’s implementation. The current article’s focus was to analyze access by vulnerable populations to PrEP services from the perspective of managers, health professionals, leaders or activists, and users of PrEP. This was a qualitative study using a comprehensive methodology, conducted in six Brazilian state capitals, interviewing 71 key actors from November 2018 to May 2019. The analysis was based on access analysis models as proposed by Giovanella & Fleury, McIntyre et al. and Penchansky & Thomas. The results are presented along three lines: “perceptions of combined prevention and PrEP”, “availability and adequacy: profile and structure of services in the context of ImPrEP”, and “acceptability: attitudes and practices of health professionals and users”.

Resumen: La profilaxis preexposición al VIH (PrEP) ha sido considerada una estrategia fundamental para el control de la epidemia de VIH/sida y desde 2018 ha sido objeto de estudio de implementación (Estudio ImPrEP Stakeholders), realizado en Brasil, México y Perú. Un componente cualitativo de este estudio se desarrolló con el objetivo de identificar los contextos sociales y estructurales que engloban y organizan la oferta de servicios de PrEP en Brasil, las subjetividades de los actores implicados y las diferentes percepciones que pueden impactar en hacer efectiva esa estrategia. El objetivo de este artículo es el análisis del acceso de las poblaciones vulnerables a los servicios de PrEP, desde la perspectiva de los gestores, profesionales de salud, líderes o activistas y usuarios de la PrEP. Se trata de un estudio cualitativo con uso de metodología comprensiva, realizado en seis capitales brasileñas, en las que fueron entrevistados 71 actores-clave, durante el período de noviembre de 2018 a mayo de 2019. El análisis se pautó mediante modelos analíticos sobre acceso, propuestos por Giovanella & Fleury, McIntyre et al. y Penchansky & Thomas. Los resultados se presentan a partir de tres ejes: “percepciones sobre prevención combinada y PrEP”, “disponibilidad y adecuación: perfil y estructura de los servicios en el contexto de la ImPrEP” y “aceptabilidad: actitudes y prácticas de los profesionales de salud y usuarios”.

Resumo O artigo sintetiza o capítulo sobre vigilância epidemiológica das infecções sexualmente transmissíveis (IST), que compõe o Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas (PDCT) para Atenção Integral às Pessoas com IST 2020, publicado pela Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, do Ministério da Saúde do Brasil. São apresentadas algumas reflexões sobre as novas definições de caso, para vigilância da sífilis adquirida, sífilis em gestantes e sífilis congênita. O PCDT-IST 2020 foi elaborado com base em evidências científicas e validado em discussões com especialistas. Também são abordados aspectos epidemiológicos e clínicos, bem como orientações para gestores no manejo programático e operacional desses agravos, e para profissionais de saúde na triagem, diagnóstico e tratamento das pessoas com IST e suas parcerias sexuais, além de estratégias de ação para a vigilância, prevenção e controle.

Abstract This article summarizes the chapter on epidemiological surveillance of sexually transmitted infections (STI) that forms part of the Clinical Protocol and Treatment Guidelines (PDCT) for Comprehensive Care for People with STI 2020), published by the Health Surveillance Secretariat of the Ministry of Health of Brazil. It presents some reflections on the new case definitions for surveillance of acquired syphilis, syphilis in pregnant women and congenital syphilis. The PCDT-IST 2020 was developed based on scientific evidence and validated in discussions with specialists. Epidemiological and clinical aspects are addressed, as well as guidelines for health service managers regarding programmatic and operational management of these diseases, guidelines for health professionals on screening, diagnosing and treating people with STIs and their sex partners, in addition to strategies for surveillance, prevention and control actions.

Resumen El artículo resume el capítulo sobre Vigilancia Epidemiológica de las Infecciones de Transmisión Sexual (ITS) que compone el Protocolo Clínico y Directrices Terapéuticas para Atención Integral a las Personas con Infecciones de Transmisión Sexual 2020 (PCDT-ITS 2020), publicado por la Secretaría de Vigilancia Sanitaria del Ministerio de Salud de Brasil y presenta algunas reflexiones sobre las nuevas definiciones de casos de la vigilancia de sífilis adquirida, sífilis en gestantes y sífilis congénita. El PCDT-ITS 2020 fue elaborado en base a la evidencia científica y validado en discusiones con especialistas. En este artículo, se presentan aspectos epidemiológicos y clínicos, así como pautas para los gerentes en el manejo programático y operativo de estas enfermedades, a los profesionales de la salud en la detección, diagnóstico y tratamiento de personas con ITS y sus parejas sexuales, además de estrategias para acciones de vigilancia, prevención y control.

O objetivo foi caracterizar aspectos sociodemográficos, comportamentais e clínicos entre conscritos brasileiros, segundo a prevalência de sífilis. Estudo descritivo desenvolvido valendo-se de pesquisa nacional de base populacional, realizada em 2016, com amostra probabilística de jovens conscritos de 17 a 22 anos de idade. Realizou-se autoaplicação de questionários confidenciais. As amostras de sangue total dos participantes foram coletadas para testagem de sífilis, com a utilização de testes treponêmicos e não treponêmicos. Empregaram-se técnicas de estatística descritiva para estimar as prevalências de sífilis e a distribuição de frequências entre as variáveis pesquisadas, considerando os intervalos de 95% de confiança (IC95%), após a ponderação dos dados. Do total de 37.282 participantes, 73,7% haviam iniciado a vida sexual. As prevalências de sífilis na vida e de sífilis confirmada foram de 1,6% e 1,1%, respectivamente. As seguintes variáveis populacionais apresentaram maior prevalência de sífilis: ausência de acesso à Internet no domicílio; início da atividade sexual antes dos 14 anos; categoria de exposição homens que fazem sexo com homens; práticas sexuais com mais de cinco parcerias; recebimento de presentes, drogas ou outros incentivos em troca de sexo; e história prévia de sintomatologia de infecções sexualmente transmissíveis. Observou-se o aumento de sífilis entre os jovens conscritos brasileiros, em comparação aos inquéritos anteriores. Tal incremento reforça a importância dessa população sentinela para realizar vigilância ativa, de forma a subsidiar estratégias de atenção à saúde dos jovens, incluindo cenários escolares.

The objective was to characterize sociodemographic, behavioral, and clinical aspects in young Brazilian military recruits according to prevalence of syphilis. This was a descriptive study based on a nationwide population-based survey in 2016 with a probabilistic sample of military recruits 17 to 22 years of age. A confidential self-applied questionnaire was used. Blood samples were drawn from participants for treponemal and non-treponemal syphilis tests. Descriptive statistical techniques were used to estimate syphilis prevalence rates and distribution of frequencies between the target variables, considering 95% confidence intervals (95%CI), after weighting the data. Of the total of 37,282 participants, 73.7% were sexually initiated. Prevalence rates for lifetime and confirmed syphilis were 1.6% and 1.1%, respectively. The following population variables showed higher prevalence of syphilis: lack of Internet access at home; initiation of sexual activity before 14 years of age; men who have sex with men; more than five sexual partners; having received presents, drugs, or other incentives in exchange for sex; and prior history of symptoms of sexually transmissible infections. An increase was observed in syphilis in Brazilian military recruits when compared to previous surveys. This increase emphasizes the importance of this sentinel population for performing active surveillance in order to support healthcare strategies for youth, including in the school system.

El objetivo fue caracterizar aspectos sociodemográficos, comportamentales y clínicos entre reclutas brasileños, según la prevalencia de sífilis. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo, desarrollado a partir de una investigación nacional de base poblacional, realizada en 2016, con una muestra probabilística de jóvenes reclutas de 17 a 22 años de edad. Se realizó una autoaplicación de cuestionarios confidenciales. Las muestras de sangre total de los participantes fueron recogidas para la prueba de sífilis, con la utilización de pruebas treponémicas y no treponémicas. Se emplearon técnicas de estadística descriptiva para estimar las prevalencias de sífilis y distribución de frecuencias entre las variables investigadas, considerando intervalos del 95% de confianza (IC95%), tras la ponderación de los datos. Del total de 37.282 participantes, un 73,7% habían iniciado su vida sexual. Las prevalencias de sífilis en la vida y de sífilis confirmada fueron de 1,6% y 1,1%, respectivamente. Las siguientes variables poblacionales presentaron una mayor prevalencia de sífilis: ausencia de acceso a Internet en el domicilio; inicio de la actividad sexual antes de los 14 años; categoría de exposición hombres que practican sexo con hombres; prácticas sexuales con más de cinco personas; recibimiento de regalos, drogas u otros incentivos a cambio de sexo; e historia previa de sintomatología de infecciones sexualmente transmisibles. Se observó el aumento de sífilis entre los jóvenes reclutas brasileños, en comparación con las encuestas anteriores. Tal incremento refuerza la importancia de esa población centinela para realizar una vigilancia activa, de forma que se apoyen estrategias de atención a la salud de los jóvenes, incluyendo escenarios escolares.

Resumo O artigo sintetiza o capítulo sobre vigilância epidemiológica das infecções sexualmente transmissíveis (IST), que compõe o Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas (PDCT) para Atenção Integral às Pessoas com IST 2020, publicado pela Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, do Ministério da Saúde do Brasil. São apresentadas algumas reflexões sobre as novas definições de caso, para vigilância da sífilis adquirida, sífilis em gestantes e sífilis congênita. O PCDT-IST 2020 foi elaborado com base em evidências científicas e validado em discussões com especialistas. Também são abordados aspectos epidemiológicos e clínicos, bem como orientações para gestores no manejo programático e operacional desses agravos, e para profissionais de saúde na triagem, diagnóstico e tratamento das pessoas com IST e suas parcerias sexuais, além de estratégias de ação para a vigilância, prevenção e controle.

Resumen El artículo resume el capítulo sobre Vigilancia Epidemiológica de las Infecciones de Transmisión Sexual (ITS) que compone el Protocolo Clínico y Directrices Terapéuticas para Atención Integral a las Personas con Infecciones de Transmisión Sexual 2020 (PCDT-ITS 2020), publicado por la Secretaría de Vigilancia Sanitaria del Ministerio de Salud de Brasil y presenta algunas reflexiones sobre las nuevas definiciones de casos de la vigilancia de sífilis adquirida, sífilis en gestantes y sífilis congénita. El PCDT-ITS 2020 fue elaborado en base a la evidencia científica y validado en discusiones con especialistas. En este artículo, se presentan aspectos epidemiológicos y clínicos, así como pautas para los gerentes en el manejo programático y operativo de estas enfermedades, a los profesionales de la salud en la detección, diagnóstico y tratamiento de personas con ITS y sus parejas sexuales, además de estrategias para acciones de vigilancia, prevención y control.

Abstract This article summarizes the chapter on epidemiological surveillance of sexually transmitted infections (STI) that forms part of the Clinical Protocol and Treatment Guidelines (PDCT) for Comprehensive Care for People with STI 2020), published by the Health Surveillance Secretariat of the Ministry of Health of Brazil. It presents some reflections on the new case definitions for surveillance of acquired syphilis, syphilis in pregnant women and congenital syphilis. The PCDT-IST 2020 was developed based on scientific evidence and validated in discussions with specialists. Epidemiological and clinical aspects are addressed, as well as guidelines for health service managers regarding programmatic and operational management of these diseases, guidelines for health professionals on screening, diagnosing and treating people with STIs and their sex partners, in addition to strategies for surveillance, prevention and control actions.

Abstract This article summarizes the chapter on epidemiological surveillance of sexually transmitted infections (STI) that comprises the 2020 Clinical Protocol and Therapeutic Guidelines (PCDT) for Comprehensive Care for People with STI, published by the Health Surveillance Department of the Brazilian Ministry of Health. It presents some reflections on the new case definitions for surveillance of acquired syphilis, syphilis in pregnant women, and congenital syphilis. The 2020 PCDT-IST was elaborated grounded on scientific evidence and validated in discussions with specialists. Epidemiological and clinical aspects are addressed, and health service managers' guidelines regarding programmatic and operational management of these diseases are presented. Guidelines for health professionals on screening, diagnosing, and treating people with STI and their sex partners, in addition to strategies for surveillance, prevention, and control actions, are also published.

O objetivo foi caracterizar aspectos sociodemográficos, comportamentais e clínicos entre conscritos brasileiros, segundo a prevalência de sífilis. Estudo descritivo desenvolvido valendo-se de pesquisa nacional de base populacional, realizada em 2016, com amostra probabilística de jovens conscritos de 17 a 22 anos de idade. Realizou-se autoaplicação de questionários confidenciais. As amostras de sangue total dos participantes foram coletadas para testagem de sífilis, com a utilização de testes treponêmicos e não treponêmicos. Empregaram-se técnicas de estatística descritiva para estimar as prevalências de sífilis e a distribuição de frequências entre as variáveis pesquisadas, considerando os intervalos de 95% de confiança (IC95%), após a ponderação dos dados. Do total de 37.282 participantes, 73,7% haviam iniciado a vida sexual. As prevalências de sífilis na vida e de sífilis confirmada foram de 1,6% e 1,1%, respectivamente. As seguintes variáveis populacionais apresentaram maior prevalência de sífilis: ausência de acesso à Internet no domicílio; início da atividade sexual antes dos 14 anos; categoria de exposição homens que fazem sexo com homens; práticas sexuais com mais de cinco parcerias; recebimento de presentes, drogas ou outros incentivos em troca de sexo; e história prévia de sintomatologia de infecções sexualmente transmissíveis. Observou-se o aumento de sífilis entre os jovens conscritos brasileiros, em comparação aos inquéritos anteriores. Tal incremento reforça a importância dessa população sentinela para realizar vigilância ativa, de forma a subsidiar estratégias de atenção à saúde dos jovens, incluindo cenários escolares.

The objective was to characterize sociodemographic, behavioral, and clinical aspects in young Brazilian military recruits according to prevalence of syphilis. This was a descriptive study based on a nationwide population-based survey in 2016 with a probabilistic sample of military recruits 17 to 22 years of age. A confidential self-applied questionnaire was used. Blood samples were drawn from participants for treponemal and non-treponemal syphilis tests. Descriptive statistical techniques were used to estimate syphilis prevalence rates and distribution of frequencies between the target variables, considering 95% confidence intervals (95%CI), after weighting the data. Of the total of 37,282 participants, 73.7% were sexually initiated. Prevalence rates for lifetime and confirmed syphilis were 1.6% and 1.1%, respectively. The following population variables showed higher prevalence of syphilis: lack of Internet access at home; initiation of sexual activity before 14 years of age; men who have sex with men; more than five sexual partners; having received presents, drugs, or other incentives in exchange for sex; and prior history of symptoms of sexually transmissible infections. An increase was observed in syphilis in Brazilian military recruits when compared to previous surveys. This increase emphasizes the importance of this sentinel population for performing active surveillance in order to support healthcare strategies for youth, including in the school system.

El objetivo fue caracterizar aspectos sociodemográficos, comportamentales y clínicos entre reclutas brasileños, según la prevalencia de sífilis. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo, desarrollado a partir de una investigación nacional de base poblacional, realizada en 2016, con una muestra probabilística de jóvenes reclutas de 17 a 22 años de edad. Se realizó una autoaplicación de cuestionarios confidenciales. Las muestras de sangre total de los participantes fueron recogidas para la prueba de sífilis, con la utilización de pruebas treponémicas y no treponémicas. Se emplearon técnicas de estadística descriptiva para estimar las prevalencias de sífilis y distribución de frecuencias entre las variables investigadas, considerando intervalos del 95% de confianza (IC95%), tras la ponderación de los datos. Del total de 37.282 participantes, un 73,7% habían iniciado su vida sexual. Las prevalencias de sífilis en la vida y de sífilis confirmada fueron de 1,6% y 1,1%, respectivamente. Las siguientes variables poblacionales presentaron una mayor prevalencia de sífilis: ausencia de acceso a Internet en el domicilio; inicio de la actividad sexual antes de los 14 años; categoría de exposición hombres que practican sexo con hombres; prácticas sexuales con más de cinco personas; recibimiento de regalos, drogas u otros incentivos a cambio de sexo; e historia previa de sintomatología de infecciones sexualmente transmisibles. Se observó el aumento de sífilis entre los jóvenes reclutas brasileños, en comparación con las encuestas anteriores. Tal incremento refuerza la importancia de esa población centinela para realizar una vigilancia activa, de forma que se apoyen estrategias de atención a la salud de los jóvenes, incluyendo escenarios escolares.

ABSTRACT A retrospective cohort of 11,308 chronic hepatitis C infected patients treated with regimens that included Sofosbuvir (SOF), Daclatasvir (DCV), Simeprevir (SMV), or an association of Ombitasvir, Veruprevir/Ritonavir and Dasabuvir (3D) with or without Ribavirin (RBV) were assessed for sustained virologic response (SVR) or viral cure after a 12-week treatment. Logistic regression analyses were used to identify factors independently associated with positive response to direct-acting antivirals (DAA)-based therapies.Overall 57.1% were male; 48.3% self-identified as white; 78.3% were over 50 years old; 44.1% were from the Southeast region; 47.7% had genotype 1b; and 84.5% were treated for 12 weeks. The SVR rates with DAAs ranged from 87% to 100%. Genotypes 1 and 4 had higher SVR rates (96.3–100%), and genotypes 2 and 3 had SVR of 90.6–92.2%, respectively. Treatment durations of 12 and 24 weeks were associated with an average SVR of 95.0% and 95.9%, respectively. Females were half as likely (OR 0.5; 95% CI 0.4−0.6) to have a negative response to therapy compared to males, and those with genotypes 2 and 3 were one and half fold more likely (OR 1.5–2.2; 95 CI% 0.7–2.9; 1.2–3.6 and OR 2.7–2.8; 95% CI 2.0–3.8, respectively) to not have SVR compared to genotype 1. Patients in the age-range of 50–69 years old were 1.2-fold (OR 1.2; 95% CI 0.7–1.9) more likely to not have SVR compared to other age groups, although not statistically significant.This study is the first of this magnitude to be held in a Latin-American country with high SVR results, supported by a free-of-charge universal and public health system. The high performance found in this study gives support to the Brazilian public health policy decision of adopting DAA-based therapies as a strategy to eliminate HCV by 2030.