ABSTRACT Background: The wood heat treatment results in the partial degradation of its chemical constituents, mainly cellulose and hemicellulose, reducing the hygroscopicity of the material. This process improves the dimensional stability and resistance to biodeterioration and worsens the mechanical resistance. This work aimed to evaluate the effect of heat treatment on the physical, anatomical, chemical, and mechanical properties of Fraxinus excelsior wood. In untreated and heat-treated wood, the pH, buffering capacity, basic density, equilibrium moisture content, shrinkage, wood anatomy, thermogravimetric behavior, and chemistry by conventional and FTIR methods were determined. Results: Heat treated wood had lower pH (5.50), equilibrium moisture content (6.26%), shrinkage (7,29%), holocellulose contents (55,96%) and higher buffering capacity (0,479 mmol/L), extractives (8,25%), and lignin contents (35,78%). Heat treatment reduced the pH and increased the buffering capacity of the wood, reduced the holocellulose content, and increased the lignin content, leaving the wood less hygroscopic and reducing its volumetric and linear variation. The process did not change the basic density and fiber length, but it reduced their width, lumen diameter, and wall thickness. The FTIR analysis confirmed the degradation of holocellulose and division of aliphatic side chains in lignin. The maximum dredging range of untreated and heat-treated wood occurred at 350 ºC, and the heat-treated wood had a higher residual mass when subjected to 500 ºC. Conclusion: Heat-treated wood can be indicated for products used in external environments, such as floors, fences, coatings, door and window structures.

Resumo: O presente artigo busca analisar os direitos humanos com a lente do gênero. E para isso volta ao passado com a finalidade explicar o desenvolvimento da sociedade de direitos e dos direitos das mulheres. A análise parte da premissa de que os direitos humanos são produtos sociais e que, portanto, vão refletir e representar os valores e interesses da sociedade que os produziu, neste caso, da sociedade capitalista. Um dos valores dessa sociedade é o patriarcado e a ideia da superioridade do homem enquanto ator social frente ás mulheres. Esse valor está representado, então, nos direitos humanos que, no entanto, têm como uma das suas características a universalidade, a ideia que todos são sujeitos de tais direitos independente de qualquer identidade. Portanto a letra jurídica na qual os direitos humanos foram cunhados afirma uma igualdade que não existe na prática, já que mulheres são violentadas e têm seus direitos violados todos os dias, além da desigualdade de gênero presente em todo o mundo. Como forma de exemplificar e materializar tal realidade é apresentado um caso da Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos, o Caso Campo Algodonero, primeiro caso da Corte a citar a possibilidade de feminicídio e no qual se mostra a vulnerabilidade da vida e da integridade das mulheres.

Abstract: The present article seeks to analyze human rights from a gender perspective. To do so, it goes back to the past to explain the development of the society of rights and women's rights. The analysis starts from the premise that human rights are social products and therefore will reflect and represent the values and interests of the society that produced them, in this case, capitalist society. One of the values of this society is patriarchy and the idea of the superiority of men as a social actor in relation to women. This value is represented in human rights that nevertheless have universality as one of its characteristics: the idea that all people are subjects of such rights independently of any identities. Therefore, the legal text in which human rights were coined affirms an equality that does not exist in practice, since women are violated and their rights are violated every day, in addition to the gender inequality present throughout the world. As an example and materialization of this reality, the Campo Algodonero Case, introduced to the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, appears as the first case of the Court to mention femicide, showing the vulnerability of women’s life and integrity.