RESUMO O objetivo desse estudo foi traduzir e adaptar culturalmente a escala Self-Talk Questionnaire for Sports (S-TQ). O processo de tradução e adaptação cultural para o idioma português do Brasil foi feito em quatro etapas, a saber: tradução, retrotradução, teste de compreensão com especialistas, teste de compreensão com público-alvo. Após o processo de tradução independente, as duas versões foram comparadas e alcançaram uma igualdade de tradução em 93,59% do texto. Após o processo de retrotradução, esse percentual foi de 85,83%. Nas etapas subsequentes, a versão do S-TQ foi considerada com bom nível de compreensão, manteve um percentual acima dos 90% nesse quesito. Diante disso, conclui-se que o S-TQ está apto para os processos de validação da escala.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to translate and culturally adapt the Self-Talk Questionnaire for Sports (S-TQ). The process of its translation and cultural adaptation to the Brazilian Portuguese language was carried out in 4 stages: translation, backtranslation, comprehension test with specialists, and comprehension test with the target audience. After the independent translation process, the two versions were compared, and it was found that translation equality was reached for 93.59% of the text and 85.83% after the backtranslation process. In the subsequent steps, the S-TQ version was considered to have a good level of understanding, and it maintained greater than 90% in this regard. Therefore, it is concluded that the S-TQ for sports is suitable for scale validation processes.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue traducir y adaptar culturalmente la escala Self-Talk Questionnaire for Sports (S-TQ). El proceso de traducción y adaptación cultural al portugués de Brasil se llevó a cabo en 4 etapas, a saber: traducción, retrotraducción, prueba de comprensión de los especialistas y prueba de comprensión del público objetivo. Después del proceso de traducción independiente, se compararon las dos versiones fueron y se alcanzó una igualdad en la traducción del 93,59% del texto y del 85,83% después de la retrotraducción. En las etapas posteriores, se estimó que la versión del S-TQ tenía un buen nivel de comprensión al mantener un porcentaje por encima del 90% en ese aspecto. Por tanto, se concluye que el S-TQ es apto para los procesos de validación de la escala.

ABSTRACT Body condition is an important measure to estimate the energy reserve of an organism. Scientists frequently use body condition indices (BCIs) with morphometric measures but direct measurements, such as blood glucose, seem to be more reliable. We observed oscillations in the body condition and glucose indexes of individuals of Artibeus planirostris (Spix, 1823) during 13 nights in the field. We assume that if glucose levels are proportional to feeding state and body condition is a measure of energy reserve, blood glucose and BCI should be positively correlated and both are expected to increase during the night as the bats leave their diurnal roost to feed. To test this, we examined the relationship between blood glucose levels, BCI and reproductive phase of free flying male bats (n = 70) for 12 hours after sunset for 13 nights. Bats were captured in Reserva Biológica de Guaribas (Paraíba, Brazil) using mist nets. Blood glucose was analyzed with a portable glucometer. Supporting our assumptions, the number of hours after sunset and BCI presented significant positive correlations with glucose levels in A. planirostris. Reproductive phase did not present a significant correlation with any other variables. As we predicted, glucose level can be used as proxy for morphometric BCI and it can be measured with a simple portable glucometer. The increase both in glucose and BCI around the night can be explained by the efficient assimilation of nutrients present in fruits ingested by bats and the quick metabolism that increases the levels of glucose (an other nutrients) in blood, increasing the body mass.

ResumenLa estructura de grupos funcionales del fitoplancton y la abundancia de especies varían de acuerdo con las condiciones ambientales. Este estudio investigó los estresores naturales y antropogénicos que afectan la biomasa de grupos funcionales de fitoplancton en una represa (la represa de Argemiro de Figueiredo) en una región semiárida de Brasil. La recolecta de datos fue entre agosto 2007 y julio 2009 de forma bimensual durante el primer año, y de forma mensual durante los últimos dos años. Estos se recolectaron en tres sitios (PC: confluencia del río; PNC: cerca de las jaulas; PD: sitio de la represa). El análisis de las variables abióticas del agua incluyó: temperatura, transparencia, coeficiente de atenuación vertical de la luz, oxígeno disuelto, pH, conductividad eléctrica, alcalinidad, nitrógeno inorgánico disuelto y fósforo reactivo soluble. Las muestras de fitoplancton fueron recolectadas en una botella Van Dorn, y fueron preservadas en lugol acético y cuantificadas utilizando un microscopio invertido para determinar la densidad y la biomasa del fitoplancton, las especies identificadas fueron agrupadas en grupos funcionales. Los datos fueron explorados mediante un análisis de correspondencia canónica. Los análisis individuales fueron hechos para probar la variabilidad espacial y temporal de los datos y los factores que más interfieren con las variables bióticas y abióticas. Los grupos funcionales S1, SN, y K, incluyen las algas filamentosas: Planktothrix agardhii (Gomont) Anagnostidis & Komárek, Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Woloszynska) Seenaya & Subba Raju, y algas cocoides: Aphanocapsa incerta (Lemmermann) Cronberg & Komárek, respectivamente dominando los meses cálidos cuando el agua estuvo caliente, turbia y alcalina. El desbordamiento de la reserva funciona como una alteración natural, reduciendo la biomasa del fitoplancton a menos de un 50 % y la dominancia de cianobacterias, promoviendo el dominio de los grupos funcionales F, M, MP, Lo y X2. La llegada de nutrientes debido a la pesca intensiva, asociado con una baja profundidad local (Zmax = 7.7 m), cerca de las jaulas (PNC), resulta en una alteración humana significativa que incrementa la prevalencia de los grupos funcionales S1, SN y K, los cuales están compuestos principalmente por cianobacterias. Concluimos que, en las represas, eventos de desborde son perturbaciones naturales que tienen la habilidad para reducir la biomasa del fitoplancton y alterar la estructura de las comunidades locales, y que la pesca intensa es una alteración antropogénica que incrementa la disponibilidad de nutrientes y estimula el incremento de la biomasa de los grupos funcionales que incluyen las cianobacterias. Además, los grupos funcionales de fitoplancton fueron controles confiables de las condiciones ambientales en las represas de las regiones semiáridas tropicales.

AbstractPhytoplankton functional groups structure and species abundance vary according to environmental conditions. The present study investigated the natural and anthropogenic stressors that affect phytoplankton functional group biomass in a Brazilian semiarid region reservoir (Argemiro de Figueiredo reservoir). Sampling occurred between August 2007 and July 2009 on a bi-monthly basis for the first year, and in a monthly basis for the last two years. There were three collection points (PC: river confluence; PNC: near the cages; PD: dam site). The water environment analysis of abiotic variables included: temperature, transparency, coefficient of vertical light attenuation, dissolved oxygen, pH, electrical conductivity, alkalinity, dissolved inorganic nitrogen, and reactive soluble phosphorus. Phytoplankton samples were collected into a Van Dorn bottle, and were then preserved in acetic lugol and were quantified using an inverted microscope to determine phytoplankton density and biomass; the identified species were assembled in functional groups. The data were explored by canonical correspondence analysis. Individual analyses were made to test the temporal and spatial variability of the data and the factors that interfered most with the biotic and abiotic variables. Functional groups S1, SN, and K, consisting of filamentous Planktothrix agardhii (Gomont) Anagnostidis & Komárek, Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Woloszynska) Seenaya & Subba Raju, and the coccoid Aphanocapsa incerta (Lemmermann) Cronberg & Komárek, respectively, dominated the dry months when the water was warm, turbid, and alkaline. The overflow reservoir served as a natural disturbance reducing the phytoplankton biomass to less than 50 % and the dominance of cyanobacteria, promoting the domain of functional groups F, M, MP, Lo, and X2. The nutrient inputs from intensive fish farming, associated with a low local depth (Zmax = 7.7 m) close to the cages (PNC), resulted in a significant human disturbance that increased the prevalence of functional groups S1, SN, and K, which are composed primarily of cyanobacteria. We concluded that, in reservoirs, overflow events are natural disturbances that have the ability to reduce phytoplankton biomass and alter the structure of local communities, and that intensive fish farming is an anthropogenic disturbance that increases the availability of nutrients and stimulates an increase in biomass of the functional groups that include cyanobacteria. Furthermore, the functional groups of phytoplankton were reliable control of environmental conditions in the reservoirs of tropical semiarid regions. Rev. Biol. Trop. 65 (3): 1129-1141. Epub 2017 September 01.

RESUMO Morcegos são integrantes importantes de redes ecológicas, e estudos em áreas degradadas são especialmente importantes para entender o impacto das ocupações humanas em taxocenoses de morcegos. Foi amostrada a fauna de morcegos da Reserva Biológica Guaribas, uma área de Floresta Atlântica protegida no estado da Paraíba, nordeste do Brasil, e comparada com a fauna encontrada em vilas próximas. Nas vilas, 650 morcegos de 14 espécies foram registrados; na reserva, 1.127 de 20 espécies. Estimações de diversidade preveem 19 espécies para as vilas, e 22 para a reserva. Uma análise de similaridade de Sorensen/Bray-Curtis informou que a as áreas da reserva e as vilas formam dois grupos distintos. O teste de Wilcoxon apontou que ambas as áreas têm diferenças significativas de abundância e riqueza. Apenas um subgrupo da taxocenose total, formado por espécies generalistas ou oportunistas, ocupa as vilas, explorando recursos disponibilizados pelas atividades humanas.

ABSTRACT Bats are key components of ecological networks, and studies in degraded areas are especially important to understand the impact of the human settlements on bats communities. Here, we surveyed the bat fauna in Guaribas Biological Reserve, a protected area in the Atlantic Forest in Paraiba state, northeastern Brazil, and compared it with the bat fauna that occupies the nearby villages. In the villages, we recorded 650 individuals from 14 species, while 1,127 individuals from 20 species were recorded in the Reserve. Diversity estimation pointed out 19 species for the settlements, and 22 for the Reserve. A Bray-Curtis/Sorensen similarity cluster analysis informed that the Reserve areas and the villages form two distinct groups. Additionally, a Wilcox test pointed out that both areas have significantly distinct abundances and species richnesses. Only a subset of the assemblage, mainly formed by generalist or opportunist species, occupies the villages, exploring resources that are offered by human activities.