Abstract IAC Herculândia is a Coffea canephora cultivar multiresistant to Meloidogyne exigua, M. incognita, and M. paranaensis to be used as a rootstock for Coffea arabica cultivars. It is a synthetic cultivar resulting from recombination among the clonal cultivars IAC WG, IAC FEBS, IAC PM, IAC LCCBF, and IAC ARM.

ABSTRACT This research is related to the evaluation of vegetative growth parameters, initial yield and incidence of pests and diseases of twelve Arabica coffee cultivars submitted to the subtropical humidity environment of Vale do Ribeira Paulista, Brazil. The experiment was performed in the Experimental Campus of the UNESP in Registro, in a randomized block design, with three replications. Stem diameter, number of plagiotropic branches, plant height, number of internodes of plagiotropic branches, length of the first plagiotropic branch, incidence of brown eye spot and phoma leaf spot on coffee leaves, infestation by leaf miner and the yield of cultivars were evaluated. The results obtained allowed to conclude that: i) cultivars Catuaí Amarelo IAC 62, Catuaí Vermelho IAC 99 and Mundo Novo IAC 379-1 were higher than the others, with yield above the national average in 2020 and percentage of flat beans below 10%; ii) all cultivars evaluated showed a similar level of increment of variables that indicate plant growth and reproductive development; iii) the cultivation environment is favorable to infestation by the leaf miner and unfavorable to the incidence of rust; iv) The prevailing climatic conditions in the Vale do Ribeira Paulista is suitable for the production of Arabica coffee.

RESUMO: Com o objetivo de investigar o grau de parasitismo de duas populações de Meloidogyne exigua, o índice de galhas (IG) e o fator de reprodução (FR) de M. exigua raças 1 (Est E2) e 2 (Est E1) foram analisados em 47 progênies na geração F3:4 ou F4:5, derivadas do cruzamento entre Coffea arabica cv. Catuaí Amarelo e Híbrido de Timor. Plantas de C. canephora cv. Apoatã IAC 2258 e C. arabica cv. Catuaí Vermelho IAC 144 foram usadas como padrão de resistência e de suscetibilidade, respectivamente. Os genótipos que foram classificados como resistentes ou suscetíveis pelo FR foram similarmente classificados pelo IG, mostrando uma estreita relação entre as duas metodologias para a avaliação da resistência. Os dados também indicaram que não houve diferenças quanto à virulência entre as duas populações do nematoide, uma vez que as progênies mostraram similar reação de resistência a M. exigua raça 1 e 2. De acordo com o IG, das 47 plantas-mãe avaliadas, 27 progenies (57,4%) foram classificadas como resistentes a M. exigua raças 1 e 2, com IG variando de 0,0 a 1,4 e 20 progenies (42,6%) foram suscetíveis, com IG variando de 2,6 a 4,4. Esses resultados mostraram que a maioria dos germoplasmas avaliados foi muito promissora em relação ao desenvolvimento de novas cultivares de café Arábica com resistência a M. exigua.

ABSTRACT: To investigate the degree of parasitism of two populations of Meloidogyne exigua, the gall index (GI) and the reproduction factor (RF) of M. exigua races 1 (Est E2) and 2 (Est E1) were analyzed in 47 progenies on F3:4 or F4:5 generation derived from the crossing between Coffea arabica cv. Catuaí Amarelo and Timor Hybrid. C. canephora cv. Apoatã IAC 2258 and C. arabica cv. Catuaí Vermelho IAC 144 were used as resistance and susceptibility checks, respectively. The genotypes that were classified as resistant or susceptible by RF were similarly classified by GI, showing a close relationship between both methodologies. The data also indicated no differences in virulence between the nematode populations, since the progenies showed similar resistance reactions to the M. exigua races 1 and 2. According to GI from the 47 mother plants evaluated, 27 progenies (57.4%) were classified as resistant to M. exigua races 1 and 2, with GI ranging from 0.0 to 1.4 and 20 progenies (42.6%) were susceptible with GI from 2.6 to 4.4. These results showed that most of the evaluated germplasm was very promising in relation to the development of new Arabica coffee cultivars with resistance to M. exigua.

RESUMO Sete acessos selvagens de Coffea arabica da Etiópia prospectados pela FAO Coffee Mission 1964-1965 foram investigados quanto à resistência a 18 linhagens brasileiras e duas linhagens quenianas de Pseudomonas syringae pv. garcae e quatro P. syringae pv. tabaci, agentes etiológicos da mancha-aureolada e da mancha-foliar-bacterina, respectivamente. As cultivares de C. arabica IPR 102, resistente às doenças, e Mundo Novo IAC 376-4, suscetível, foram utilizadas como controle experimental. Nossos resultados indicaram que os acessos etíopes apresentaram altos níveis de resistência a todas as linhagens brasileiras de P. syringae pv. garcae avaliados, mas suscetíveis à infecção causada por linhagens quenianas, que causa diferentes níveis de severidade em acessos selvagens e nos controles experimentais. Os acessos etíopes também foram considerados resistentes às quatro linhagens de P. syringae pv. tabaci, tendo sido observada baixa suscetibilidade, um ponto na escala de severidade, no acesso E-268 em resposta a uma linhagem da bactéria.

ABSTRACT Seven wild accessions of Coffea arabica from Ethiopia prospected by FAO Coffee Mission 1964-1965 were investigated concerning the resistance to 18 Brazilian strains and two Kenyan strains of Pseudomonas syringae pv. garcae and four P. syringae pv. tabaci strains, causal agents of bacterial halo blight and bacterial leaf spot, respectively. The cultivars of C. arabica IPR 102, resistant to the diseases, and Mundo Novo IAC 376-4, susceptible, were used as experimental controls. Our results indicated that the Ethiopian accessions presented high levels of resistance to all Brazilian strains of P. syringae pv. garcae but were susceptible to infection caused by Kenyan strains, which causes different levels of severity in wild accessions and experimental controls. Ethiopian accessions were also considered resistant to the four P. syringae pv. tabaci strains, with low susceptibility observed, one point on the severity scale, in access E-268 in response to a strain of the bacterium.

Abstract The cultivar IAC Catuaí SH3 was developed by the pedigree method, from the recombination of the coffee tree H 2077-2-5-46, of the Catuaí Vermelho germplasm, with accession IAC 1110-8, from the exotic cultivar BA10. Cultivar IAC Catuaí SH3 is high-yielding, resistant to coffee leaf rust and tolerant to drought.

ABSTRACT: Plants of Coffea arabica Icatu IAC 925 germplasm show resistance to Meloidogyne paranaensis under field conditions, but with variable rates of segregation. One mother plant, IAC 3, of Icatu IAC 925 was evaluated under controlled conditions through the reaction of its clones, obtained by somatic embryogenesis. Reproduction of nematodes in clones were compared with an open-pollinated progeny from the same mother plant, C. arabica cultivar Mundo Novo IAC 515-20, susceptible to nematodes, and Clone IAC 1, also susceptible and obtained by somatic embryogenesis. Open-pollinated progeny showed segregation to resistance and was classified as susceptible according to the reproduction factor. The average number of nematodes (eggs and J2) per gram of roots in clones was eight fold lower than that of open-pollinated progeny, and 51 fold lower than Mundo Novo IAC 515-20. Based on Seinhorst model, IAC 3 clone showed a tolerance limit of 7.7 nematodes per cm3 of soil, while in Mundo Novo the tolerance limit was 3.9 nematodes per cm3 of soil. These results revealed that clonal Arabica coffee nematode-resistant trees represent an alternative to the time consuming and expensive process inherent to conventional breeding strategies.

RESUMO O melhoramento de plantas para resistência genética é um método importante para o manejo de doenças, pelos inúmeros benefícios e baixo custo de implementação. No presente estudo, progênies de 11 espécies de Coffea e 16 acessos selvagens de C. arabica foram testados quanto à resposta a Pseudomonas syringae pv. garcae, agente causal da mancha aureolada, doença disseminada nas principais regiões produtoras de café do Brasil e considerada fator limitante para o cultivo em áreas favoráveis a patógenos; e também para P. syringae pv. tabaci, agente causal da mancha foliar bacteriana, doença altamente agressiva detectada recentemente no Brasil. Experimentos separados para cada doença foram realizados em estufa, por meio da inoculação artificial dos patógenos em condições ideais de umidade para o desenvolvimento das doenças. Os resultados mostraram que as progênies Coffea canephora, C. congensis, C. eugenioides, C. stenophylla e C. salvatrix, além dos acessos selvagens de C. arabica Dilla & Alghe e Palido Viridis e da cultivar IPR 102, possuem níveis satisfatórios de resistência simultânea contra mancha aureolada e mancha foliar bacteriana. Os resultados descritos são úteis em programas de melhoramento para resistência duradoura a múltiplos agentes bióticos, fornecendo novas combinações de alelos de resistência por hibridização, bem como para estudos fitopatológicos, para identificar a variabilidade infraespecífica dos patógenos.

ABSTRACT Breeding for genetic resistance is an important method of crop disease management, due to the numerous benefits and low cost of establishment. In this study, progenies of 11 Coffea species and 16 wild C. arabica accessions were tested for their response to Pseudomonas syringae pv. garcae, the causal agent of bacterial halo blight, a widespread disease in the main coffee-producing regions of Brazil and considered a limiting factor for cultivation in pathogen-favorable areas; and also to P. syringae pv. tabaci, causal agent of bacterial leaf spot, a highly aggressive disease recently detected in Brazil. Separate experiments for each disease were carried out in a greenhouse, with artificial pathogen inoculations and ideal moisture conditions for disease development. The results showed that C. canephora, C. congensis, C. eugenioides, C. stenophylla, and C. salvatrix progenies, the wild C. arabica accessions Dilla & Alghe and Palido Viridis, and cultivar IPR 102 contain satisfactory levels of simultaneous resistance against bacterial halo blight and bacterial leaf spot. These results are useful in breeding programs for durable resistance to multiple biotic agents, providing new combinations of resistance alleles by hybridization, as well as for phytopathological studies, to identify infraspecific variability of the pathogens.

Abstract The coffee cultivar Catuaí is among the most successful cultivars in Brazilian agriculture; it has been on the market for more than 40 years. It was obtained by Dr. Alcides Carvalho, a researcher of the Instituto Agronômico de Campinas (IAC), from the cross between ‘Caturra’ and ‘Mundo Novo’ carried out in 1949 for the purpose of joining plant vigor with small plant size. Our aim was to report the activities that culminated in the recommendation of 16 lines of ‘Catuaí’, consisting of eight lines with red fruit and eight with yellow fruit, analyzing the data of several experiments. The decision regarding what to recommend was made in the F1:2 generation, based on two harvests. It became clear that Dr. Alcides should be taken as an example by all breeders, above all in his persistence, scientific rigor, and belief that farmers can be an important ally of breeders.

Abstract Cultivar IAC Obatã 4739 was derived from a cross between coffee tree IAC 1669-20-1 and cultivar Catuaí Amarelo IAC 62. It is short and high-yielding, rust-resistant, has large and yellow fruits, medium to late maturation, excellent cup quality, and responds effectively to irrigation.

Abstract IAC 125 RN was derived from a cross between the coffee cultivar Villa Sarchí and the Hibrido de Timor CIFC 832/2. The coffee trees are short and resistant to races 1 and 2 of the nematode Meloidogyne exigua and to all races of coffee rust, Hemileia vastatrix, present in Brazil. Brazil.

ABSTRACT Bacterial halo blight, caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. garcae, is an important disease of coffee crop occurring in Brazil and other countries. In recent years, outbreaks of this disease have damaged several coffee crops in Brazil. Aggressiveness and genetic diversity of 25 strains of P. s. pv. garcae, obtained between the years 1958 and 2011, in 23 cities of São Paulo and Minas Gerais states, as well as three strains from Kenya were evaluated in this study. The strains were inoculated on coffee seedlings cultivar Mundo Novo, and their genetic diversity was evaluated by ERIC-PCR, REP-PCR, and their combination. All the strains were pathogenic to the coffee seedlings; the results of pathogenicity tests, in both experiments, could be divided in four aggressiviness classes (highly aggressive; aggressive; moderately aggressive and less aggressive). The Kenyan strains grouped separately from the Brazilian strains with ERIC-PCR and the combination of ERIC- and REP-PCR. The Brazilian strains could be grouped in two sub-clusters, the first including the older strains, obtained from 1958 to 1978, and the other comprising the remaining strains. With a few exceptions, strains isolated from 1997 to 2011, grouped mainly by their region of origin, were predominantly isolated from higher altitude regions, above 800 m. This probably occurred because the climatic conditions that prevail in these regions, characterized by milder temperatures and regular rainfall, are favorable for the coffee crop and for the production of high quality coffee beverage, but can be also favorable to bacterial halo blight.

RESUMO: Bactérias da espécie Pseudomonas syringae van Hall, 1902, causam perdas na produção em inúmeras culturas de importância econômica. Em cafeeiros, P. syringae pv. garcae provoca a mancha-aureolada e P. syringae pv. tabaci ocasiona a mancha-foliar-bacteriana, doenças cuja ocorrência e agressividade têm aumentado nos últimos anos no Brasil. Embora a idade das folhas influencie na expressão da severidade de mancha-aureolada, não se sabe ainda se essa influência se mantém em plantas infectadas por estirpes altamente virulentas da bactéria. Desse modo, o presente estudo foi realizado com a finalidade de examinar diferenças na severidade de mancha-aureolada em folhas de cafeeiro com diferentes idades, bem como estudar comparativamente tais aspectos na interação entre cafeeiro e mancha-foliar-bacteriana, empregando-se isolados altamente virulentos. Os resultados evidenciaram que, assim como a mancha-aureolada, a severidade da mancha-bacteriana também é maior em folhas jovens do primeiro internódio, entretanto, as estirpes mais agressivas de P. syringae pv. garcae e P. syringae pv. tabaci provocaram danos de magnitude semelhantes em folhas de diferentes idades, do primeiro ao quinto internódio.

ABSTRACT: Pseudomonas syringae van Hall, 1902, causes yield losses in innumerous economic important crops. On coffee trees, P. syringae pv. garcae causes the bacterial-halo-blight (BHB) and P. syringae pv. tabaci the bacterial-leaf-spot (BLS). Recently, these diseases incidence has increase in occurrence areas and aggressiveness in Brazil. Although leaf age plays a role in the severity response of BHB, it is not known yet if this phenomenon also occurs in coffee-BLS interaction, and with highly virulent strains. So, we examined differences in the diseases severity by inoculation of P. syringae pv. garcae and P. syringae pv. tabaci strains on coffee leaves with different ages, to compare this aspect with coffee-BLS interaction. Our results showed that, for both pathovars, the severity was greater at the first internodes leaves, although for the most aggressive strains it was quite similar on any leaf age.

ABSTRACT The bacterial-halo-blight (Pseudomonas syringae pv. garcae) is disseminated by the main coffee areas in the producing states of Brazil. On the other hand, the disease bacterial-leaf-spot (Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci) was reported only once in coffee seedlings in a sample collected in the State of São Paulo. In mid-2015, samples of coffee leaves with symptoms of foliar lesions surrounded by yellow halo, were collected in coffee plantations in the State of Paraná and fluorescent bacteria producing or not brown pigment in culture medium were isolated and determined as belonging to the Group I of P. syringae. Through biochemical, serological and pathogenicity tests, the pathogens were identified as P. syringae pv. garcae and P. syringae pv. tabaci, with prevalence of isolates belonging to pathovar tabaci and, as well as in certain samples, it was identified simultaneous infection by both etiological agents. Then, this is the first report of associated occurrence of garcae and tabaci pathovars of P. syringae and of the incidence of “bacterial-leaf-spot” under field conditions and in the State of Paraná.

ABSTRACT Coffee resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. garcae has been associated to pleiotropic effect of SH1 allele, present in coffee plants resistant to certain races of Hemileia vastatrix, the causal agent of leaf rust, or genetic linkage between resistance alleles to both pathogens. To validate this hypothesis, 63 coffee plants in F2 generation were evaluated for resistance to 2 isolates of H. vastatrix carriers of alleles, respectively, v2, v5 (isolate I/2015) and v1; v2; v5 (isolate II/2015) with the objective to confirm presence of SH1 allele in resistant plants to isolate I/2015. The same coffee plants were evaluated for resistance to a mixture of P. syringae pv. garcae strains highly pathogenic to coffee. Results showed that, among F2 coffee allele SH1 carriers, resistant to isolate I/2015, resistant and susceptible plants to bacterial halo blight were found; the same segregation occurs between F2 homozygous for SH1 allele, susceptible to the same isolate (I/2015) of H. vastatrix. Results also indicate that there is no pleiotropic effect of gene or allele SH1 connection between genes conferring resistance to leaf rust caused by H. vastatrix and bacterial halo blight caused by P. syringae pv. garcae.

Abstract Brazilian arabica coffee production is based on a set of highly productive cultivars sexually propagated. All of them are susceptible to coffee leaf miner, Leucoptera coffeella, and most of them are also susceptible to coffee leaf rust, Hemileia vastatrix. Aiming to reduce the selection process of cultivars with multiple resistances to both biotic constraints, the Coffea arabica clones 760, 1059, 1064 and 1215 were evaluated under field conditions. The mean yield of four C. arabica clones was not statistically different from the experimental controls; however, the yield of clone 1059 was 21% higher than the control cultivar Obatã IAC 1669-20. Leaf miner resistance level in all the evaluated clones remained the same as the mother plant's. However, the same did not occur for resistance to H. vastatrix, due to the emergence of new pathogen races. In summary, it is potentially feasible the adoption of clone 1059 as a new clonal cultivar resistant to coffee leaf miner.