This work shows an alternative methodology based on a portable near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy coupled to independent components analysis (ICA) in a pseudo-univariate calibration way to determine total anthocyanins (TA) concentration and antioxidant activity (AA) in whole grape juice. To this, the scores proportions more related to TA and AA were plotted against TA and AA obtained by its respective references methodology to build pseudo-univariate calibration models with correlation coefficients of 0.9699 and 0.9814, respectively. From the results, it is possible the suggestion that NIR spectra coupled to ICA enable to overcome interferences using first-order data and work properly when there is enough selectivity for the analyte profile in the sample data.

Digital images associated with chemometric tools, in a non-destructive approach, have been applied for the evaluation of the Brazilian monovarietal extra virgin olive oil. Independent component analysis (ICA) was employed in the image data evaluation of olive oils produced from distinctive olive varieties, and it was successful in highlighting the natural grouping among the samples based on the color histograms (red, green and blue (RGB) channels). The study’s proposal indicates the ability of accurate separation of the twenty-four samples considering their color. To conclude and support the hypothesis, principal component analysis (PCA) was applied in the visible spectra of the Brazilian monovarietal extra virgin olive oil, to observe the similarities between the samples, and the results are in agreement with those obtained by image analysis coupled with ICA. This method demonstrates the possibility for the characterization of olive oils respecting the principles of Green Chemistry.

In order to provide an effective and environmentally correct alternative for oil extraction, subcritical n-propane was used under different temperature and pressure conditions to obtain Brazil nut oil. The composition of the oil was determined and compared to the oils obtained by conventional methods. The result of the extraction yield obtained using subcritical fluid extraction (SFE) at 60 ºC, 6 MPa and granulometry < 1.40 mm (63.13%) presented minor differences to the yield obtained by Soxhlet extraction (SE) (68.44%) and Bligh and Dyer extraction (BD) (59.54%). The composition in fatty acids was similar regardless of the method of extraction used. Oxidized triacylglycerols (TAGs) were found in the oils extracted by SE and BD while they were not detected in the oils extracted by SFE. The quantity of bioactive compounds was higher in the oils obtained by SFE. Thus, the SFE using n-propane preserves the nutritional characteristics and lipophilic components of the oil, besides improving the availability of bioactive compounds from an effective “green extraction” without the use of toxic solvents.

The investigation of the distribution of antioxidant compounds between emulsions phases, employing natural sources of these compounds directly in the emulsions, is rarely addressed. The use of ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer (UPLC-MS), combined with accelerated oxidation tests and oxygen radical absorbance capacity method (ORAC), using the fluorescein (FL) decay curve (ORACFL) assay, enable an improved evaluation of the distribution of the antioxidant compounds and their lipid protection abilities. The lipid protection tendency observed was in agreement with the polar paradox theory. The ORACFL results reported here are higher than other reported in the literature, even when performing a sample extraction directly into one of the emulsion phases, thus demonstrating the effectiveness of this direct addition regarding the antioxidant activity. The analysis of the mass spectra of the emulsions enabled to verify the existence and distribution of some phenolic compounds in both phases. The direct extraction in the aqueous and oil phases of the emulsion increased, in a general way, the amount of identified compounds in each phase.

Response surface methodology was used to optimize the total phenolic content (TPC) result in white rice, using a new methodology that employed Fast Blue BB (FBBB) reagent, which reacts more specifically with phenolic compounds, along with direct QUENCHER procedure. This is the first time in which such conciliation between FBBB reagent and QUENCHER was done. The obtained model allowed to evaluate how the factors influenced the method linearity (R2), improving the choice of the optimal system condition. Furthermore, the similarity between experimental results and values generated by the model indicated the method validity within the studied region. Thus, the optimal condition determined in the present work was 30 min reaction time, 0.17 mL FBBB reagent and use of 5% NaOH as the catalyst for the reaction. This optimized condition suggested that the combination of the method, which used FBBB reagent and the direct QUENCHER procedure, was rapid and effective, yielding high TPC values (1488.73 mg of gallic acid equivalent per 100 g).

A 23 factorial design with center point in triplicate was used to evaluate the application of different enzymes in extraction of sunflower oil, comparing its quality with the oil obtained by conventional methods (solvent and pressing) in relation to antioxidant capacity, phytosterol and tocopherol contents, and fatty acid composition. Three enzymes were used; Pectinex Ultra SPL, Celluclast 1.5 L and Alcalase 2.4 L; and three factors were evaluated: enzyme concentration, sample/water ratio and extraction time. Enzymatic aqueous extraction produced oil with better quality in relation to some of the evaluated parameters: highest antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radicals (371 µmol Trolox g-1 of oil), total phytosterols (183 mg 100 g-1 of oil) and omega-3 fatty acid content, as well the lowest content of saturated fatty acids. The application of enzymes in sunflower oil extraction represents an environmentally friendly methodology, free of toxic solvent residues and providing a final product of high quality.

A complete 22 experimental planning (two factors at two levels) with central point in quintuplicate was used to investigate the influence of the factors: chia and azuki flours on fatty acids composition of gluten-free chocolate cake. Both factors were significant, but chia flour presented greater influence on the results. Increased values of both factors contributed to improve contents of polyunsaturated fatty acids (380.96 g kg-1 of product), mainly n-3 series (70.25 g kg-1 of product), and provided more adequate nutritional indices. The principal component analysis and desirability function indicated the sample with higher level of both factors as the optimal region. This sample showed an increase in contents of alpha-linolenic acid (188.03%) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (18.16%) when compared to control formulation. The addition of chia flour can improve nutritional characteristics of food stuffs such as bakery products, especially their lipid composition.

O óleo de perilla (Perilla frutescens) foi extraído utilizando n-propano subcrítico e também pela metodologia oficial de Soxhlet, para efeito de comparação. Objetivou-se avaliar a influência dos fatores temperatura e pressão sobre a composição dos ácidos graxos (FA), através de um fatorial 22 completo em triplicata com ponto central. Ambos os fatores analisados contribuíram significativamente para o rendimento dos FA extraídos. As superfícies de resposta indicaram que o aumento da pressão e temperatura permitiu maior extração de ácidos graxos omega-3 e poli‑insaturados (PUFA), e uma melhor razão entre PUFA e ácido graxos saturados (SFA). Através da função de desejabilidade, a melhor condição de extração com n-propano foi temperatura de 80 °C e pressão de 8 MPa. A análise multivariada distinguiu a condição ótima no grupo de maior conteúdo de PUFA, com destaque para o ácido alfa-linolênico, enquanto a metodologia de Soxhlet caracterizou-se com elevado teor de SFA.

Oil from perilla (Perilla frutescens) was extracted using subcritical n-propane and also the Soxhlet official methodology, for comparison. This work aimed at assessing the influence of the temperature and pressure factors on the composition of fatty acids (FA), using a full 22 completo em triplicata com ponto central. Ambos os fatores analisados contribuíram significativamente para o rendimento dos FA extraídos. As superfícies de resposta indicaram que o aumento da pressão e temperatura permitiu maior extração de ácidos graxos omega-3 e poli‑insaturados (PUFA), e uma melhor razão entre PUFA e ácido graxos saturados (SFA). Através da função de desejabilidade, a melhor condição de extração com n-propano foi temperatura de 80 °C e pressão de 8 MPa. A análise multivariada distinguiu a condição ótima no grupo de maior conteúdo de PUFA, com destaque para o ácido alfa-linolênico, enquanto a metodologia de Soxhlet caracterizou-se com elevado teor de SFA.

Cada matriz alimentar é única. Os antioxidantes endógenos de um produto de panificação não estudados podem mostrar diferentes respostas para atividade antioxidante total (TAA)/resistência a oxidação forçada (ROF) do que é esperado para outros alimentos reportados na literatura. Neste contexto, um design Box-Behnken e estudos de correlação foram aplicados para obter mais informações sobre como compostos antioxidantes específicos afetam o TAA/ROF em pães com sementes de chia e folhas de cenoura. Hipóteses de sinergismo/antagonismo entre os compostos estudados foram elucidadas para tentar justificar os resultados obtidos. Neste tipo específico de amostra, carotenóides e colesterol tiveram as maiores relações com resultados de ensaios de TAA, bem como com pontos de indução provenientes do equipamento Oxitest®, enquanto que α-tocoferol e fitosteróis mostraram correlações negativas. Compostos fenólicos não tiveram nenhuma influência no sistema porque o cozimento em alta temperatura das amostras destruiu grande parte desses analitos.

Each food matrix is unique. Thus, the endogenous antioxidants of an underexplored bakery product might show different responses regarding free radical scavenging/resistance to forced oxidation than what is expected for other foods previously reported in the literature. In this context, a Box-Behnken design and correlation studies were applied in order to obtain more information about how specific antioxidants affect the total antioxidant activity (TAC) and the degree of forced oxidation in white breads with chia seeds and carrot leaves. Hypotheses of synergism/antagonism between the studied compounds were also elucidated in order to justify the obtained results. In this specific sample type, carotenoids and cholesterol showed the greatest relationships with results from TAC assays, as well with induction points using Oxitest® equipment, while α-tocopherol and phytosterols showed negative correlations. Phenolic compounds did not have any influence on the system because the baking procedure at high temperature had severe impacts on them.

A doença celíaca é definida como a intolerância às proteínas do glúten presente em certos cereais usados na produção de alimentos. Três formulações de biscoitos sem glúten, contendo Linum usitatissimum L. e diferentes concentrações de Chenopodium quinoa BRS Piabiru, foram desenvolvidos e avaliados em relação as caracterísiticas fisico-químicas, nutricionais e sensoriais. Não foi detectado glúten nos biscoitos formulados. O conteúdo de proteína bruta e lipídios totais variaram 85,58 a 97,55 e 121,69 a 166,19 g por kg de amostra, respectivamente. A variação da razão entre os ácidos graxos n-6:n-3 e poliinsaturados/saturados foi de 0.85:1 a 0.92:1 e 3.08:1 a 4.38:1, respectivamente. A Formulação C apresentou melhores teores de ácido alfa-linolênico, índices nutricionais da fração lipídica e conteúdo mineral por porção, com excelentes características sensoriais. A análise multivariada destacou o efeito da concentração de quinoa nas qualidades nutricionais e sensoriais do produto.

Celiac disease is defined as intolerance to the gluten proteins present in certain cereals used to prepare foodstuffs. We developed and performed physico-chemical, sensory, and nutritional assessments of three formulations of gluten-free cookies containing Linum usitatissimum L. and different levels of whole Chenopodium quinoa BRS Piabiru flour. No gluten was detected in the prepared cookie formulations. The crude protein and total lipid contents ranged from 85.58 to 97.55 and 121.69 to 166.19 g per kg of sample, respectively. The polyunsaturated/saturated and n-6:n-3 fatty acid ratios ranged from 0.85:1 to 0.92:1 and 3.08:1 to 4.38:1, respectively. Formulation C had the best alpha-linolenic acid content, lipid fraction nutritional indices and mineral content per portion, with excellent sensory characteristics. Multivariate analysis highlighted the effect of the concentration of quinoa on the nutritional and sensory qualities of the product.

Este estudo avaliou a composição centesimal de ácidos graxos e a atividade antioxidante total de pães utilizando um design Box-Behnken composto de quinze experimentos e três fatores. Os pães estudados tiveram parte do seu tempo de cozimento alterado, assim como parte da sua farinha de trigo substituída por sementes de chia e folhas de cenoura. Os resultados de capacidade antioxidante de cada experimento foram superiores aos obtidos para um pão controle (495,33 µmol TEAC g-1 para ensaio DPPH e 413,85 µmol TEAC g-1 para ensaio FRAP), mostrando níveis de aumento de até 97 e 102% para os ensaios DPPH e FRAP, respectivamente. Os pães modificados também mostraram aumentos de até 216,69 e 18,88% na quantidade de ácido alfa-linolênico e na razão PUFA:SFA, respectivamente, em relação ao mesmo pão controle (este com 34,03 mg g-1 de ácido alfa-linolênico e razão de 2,86), bem como máxima redução de 70,01% na razão omega-3:omega-6 (15,59 para o pão controle).

This work determined the proximate/fatty acid composition and the antioxidant activity of breads using a Box-Behnken design composed of fifteen experiments and three factors. The studied breads had altered baking times and the wheat flour was partially substituted by chia seeds and carrot leaves. Total antioxidant capacity results were superior to those obtained from control bread (495.33 µmol TEAC g-1 for DPPH assays and 413.85 µmol TEAC g-1 for FRAP assays), showing increased levels of 97 and 102% for DPPH and FRAP assays, respectively. The addition of chia seeds and carrot leaves led to maximal alpha-linolenic acid increase of 216.69% and maximum PUFA:SFA ratio increase of 18.88% in relation to control bread (this with alpha-linolenic acid amount of 34.03 mg g-1 total lipid and a 2.86 ratio value), as well as a maximum omega-3:omega-6 ratio reduction of 70.01% (15.59 ratio value for control bread).

Um planejamento fatorial completo 2² (dois fatores em dois níveis) com duplicata foi realizado para investigar a influência das porcentagens de chia e azuki (os dois fatores) adicionados ao bolo de chocolate isento de glúten no teor mineral (Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn e Zn). No estudo foi utilizada farinha parcialmente desengordurada de chia e farinha integral de azuki. Os fatores porcentagem de chia e azuki foram significativos, e os aumentos destes valores contribuíram positivamente para as respostas. O efeito de interação não foi significativo para as respostas de Ca, Fe, Mg e Zn. A análise de componentes principais (PCA) distinguiu as amostras com teor mais elevado de chia através do PC1, e PC2 separou as formulações de teores mais elevados de azuki das de menores teores. Através de análise de variância (ANOVA) e de superfícies de respostas, foi possível concluir que o aumento no teor mineral foi maior com a adição de 20% de ambas as farinhas.

A 2² full factorial design (two factors at two levels) with duplicate was performed to investigate the influence of the percentages of chia and azuki (the two factors) added to gluten-free chocolate cake on the mineral contents (Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg , Mn and Zn). In the study, partially defatted chia flour and wholemeal azuki flour were used. The percentage factors of chia and azuki were significant and the increases in these values contributed positively to the responses. The interaction effect was not significant for the Ca, Fe, Mg and Zn responses. The principal component analysis (PCA) distinguished samples with higher content of chia by means of PC1, and PC2 separated the formulations with the highest levels of azuki from the ones with the lowest levels. Using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and response surface analyses, it was possible to conclude that the increase in mineral content was higher with the addition of 20% of both flours.

Este trabalho investigou a qualidade lipídica de leites processados por quantificação de ácidos graxos. Dez amostras de leite em pó integral de vaca e duas de cabra foram submetidas à extração de lipídios totais e à preparação dos ésteres metílicos de ácidos graxos. Estes foram separados em cromatógrafo a gás. A variação da quantidade de ácidos graxos por gramas de lipídios para compostos poliinsaturados, ômega 6, ômega 3 e ácido linoléico conjugado, foi respectivamente: 25,20-46,67, 12,82-31,45, 1,77-7,65 e 7,77-11,60 mg g-1. A razão n-6/n-3 foi menor para os leites em pó de vaca (2,85-6,07) em relação aos de cabra (11,31-12,75) e a quantidade de ácidos graxos trans variou de 0,09 a 0,17 g por porção de 26 g. As amostras apresentaram ácidos graxos essenciais ômega 6 e ômega 3, isômeros do ácido linoléico conjugado e quantidade de ácidos graxos trans em conformidade com a legislação brasileira.

This work investigated of the lipid quality of processed milks by fatty acid quantification. Ten samples of dry whole milk from cow and two from goat were submitted to total lipid extraction and to fatty acid methyl ester synthesis. Then, the synthesized products were separated in a gas chromatograph. The variation of the fatty acid per total lipid gram for polyunsaturated compounds, omega-6, omega-3 and conjugated linoleic acid, was 25.20-46.67, 12.82-31.45, 1.77-7.65 and 7.77-11.60, respectively. The n-6/n-3 ratio for the cow powdered milk samples (2.85-6.07) was lesser reagarding goat milk samples (11.31-12.75) and the trans fatty acid amount varied from 0.09 to 0.17 g per 26 g portion. Essential fatty acids from the omega-3 and omega-6 groups were present in every sample, besides conjugated linoleic acid isomers. The trans fatty acid contents of the samples is in accordance with the Brazilian legislation.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo realizar um estudo sobre a composição físico-química e, especialmente sobre a composição de ácidos graxos nos lipídios totais de cabeças de tilápias (Oreochromis niloticus), submetidas a diferentes tempos (0, 10, 20, 30 dias) de fornecimento de ração suplementada com óleo de linhaça (fonte do ácido a-linolênico, 18:3n-3 LNA), em substituição ao óleo de girassol. Não houveram diferenças (P>0,05) entre os teores de umidade, cinza, proteína e lipídios totais para os diferentes tratamentos (tempos de fornecimento). Os teores de lipídios totais das cabeças variaram de 8,41 a 10,13% e foi encontrado um total de 27 ácidos graxos nestes lipídios para todos os tratamentos. Os ácidos graxos majoritários foram 18:2n-6 (29,66 a 32,11%), 18:1n-9 (29,68 a 31,71%) e 16:0 (15,53 a 16,63%). Houve um aumento nos teores percentuais do ácido 18:3n-3, da somatória de ácidos graxos ômega-3 e uma diminuição da razão n-6/n-3, com diferenças (P<0,05) entre o tratamento A (tempo zero) e os demais tratamentos que receberam óleo de linhaça. Não houveram diferenças (P>0,05) entre os tratamentos para a razão entre ácidos graxos polinsaturados e saturados (AGPI/AGS).

The main of this study was to analyze the physical-chemical composition and, especially the fatty acids composition, in the total lipids of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) heads, submitted to different ration supply times (0, 10, 20, 30 days) with flaxseed oil (source of a-linolenic acid 18:3 n-3, LNA), in substitution to the sunflower oil. There were not significant differences among (P>0,05) the moisture, ash, protein, and total lipids values for the different treatments (times of supply). The values of total lipids found in the heads varied from 8.41 to 10.13%, and 27 fatty acids were found in these lipids in all treatments. The majority fatty acids were 18:2n-6, 18:1n-9 and 16:0. There was an increase in the LNA acid percentage values, in the omega-3 (n-3) sum, and a decrease of the n-6/n-3 reason, with significant differences among the treatment A (zero time) and other treatments that received flaxseed oil. There were not significant differences among the treatments in relation to polyunsaturated fatty acids/saturated fatty acids (PUFA/SFA) rate.