Abstract Herbicides are agrochemicals applied in the control of weeds. With the frequent and repetitive use of these substances, serious problems have been reported. Compounds of natural origin and their derivatives are attractive options to obtain new compounds with herbicidal properties. By aiming to develop compounds with potentiated herbicidal activity, phenoxyacetic acids were synthesized from eugenol and guaiacol. The synthesized compounds were characterized and the herbicidal potential of phenoxyacetic acids and precursors was evaluated through bioassays regarding the germination and initial development of Lactuca sativa and Sorghum bicolor seedlings, with the induction of DNA damage. The induction of changes in the mitotic cycle of meristematic cells of roots of L. sativa was also analyzed. At the concentration of 3 mmol L-1, phenols and their respective phenoxyacetic acids presented phytotoxic and cytotoxic activities in L. sativa and S. bicolor. Eugenol and guaiacol also presented genotoxic action in L. sativa. The toxic effect of eugenoxyacetic acid was more pronounced in L. sativa than in S. bicolor, similar to the commercial 2,4-D herbicide. Molecular properties of the phenols and their derivatives phenoxyacetic acids were compared with the ones obtained for the herbicide 2,4-D, where it was found a correlation between their molecular properties and bioactivity.

Abstract To determine the chemical composition of silage of taro tubers and foliage (Colocasia esculenta L. Schott) and its effect on productive indicators of rearing pigs, pH, temperature, dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, crude fiber, ash, ether extract, nitrogen free extract and gross energy were evaluated. For the study of productive indicators, daily food intake, daily weight gain, feed conversion and final weight were determined. Sixteen castrated male pigs (Landrace x Belgian White), 45 days old, with a mean live weight of 12 ± 2 kg were used. Animals were distributed into two treatments: T0 (corn and protein concentrate) and T30 (inclusion of 30% of silage in the diet), in equal parts, according to a completely randomized design. Data was analyzed by ANOVA and the comparison of means was made with the Fisher test (P <0.05). Silage presented pH (4.39), temperature (22 ºC), dry matter (30.91%), crude protein (12.07%), nitrogen free extract (77.03%), crude energy (17.88 kJ g DM-1), crude fiber (3.24%), ashes (4.74%) and ether extract (2.89%). There was no effect (P>0.05) for daily food intake (1.15; 1.11 kg), daily weight gain (0.55; 0.53 kg), food conversion (2.08; 2.09 kg / kg) and final weight (30.50; 29.06 kg) of animals, respectively. The inclusion of 30% of silage of tubers with taro foliage in the diet of rearing pigs did not affect the productive performance of animals, so it constitutes an alternative food with adequate nutritional characteristics for this category.

Resumen Para determinar la composición química de un ensilado de tubérculos y follaje de taro (Colocasia esculenta L. Schott) y su efecto en indicadores productivos de cerdos en recría, se comprobó pH, temperatura, materia seca, materia orgánica, proteína bruta, fibra bruta, cenizas, extracto etéreo, extracto libre de nitrógeno y energía bruta. Para el estudio de indicadores productivos, se determinó el consumo diario de alimento, la ganancia diaria de peso, conversión alimentaria y peso final. Se utilizaron 16 cerdos machos castrados (Landrace x Blanco Belga), de 45 días de edad, con peso vivo promedio de 12 ± 2 kg. Los animales se distribuyeron en dos tratamientos: T0 (maíz y concentrado proteico) y T30 (inclusión de 30 % de ensilado en la dieta), en partes iguales, según diseño completamente aleatorizado. Los datos se analizaron por ANOVA y la comparación de medias se efectuó con la dócima de Fisher (P < 0.05). El ensilado presentó pH (4.39), temperatura (22 ºC), materia seca (30.91%), proteína bruta (12.07 %), extracto libre de nitrógeno (77.03%), energía bruta (17.88 kJ g MS-1), fibra bruta (3.24 %), cenizas (4.74%) y extracto etéreo (2.89%). No hubo efecto (P > 0,05) para el consumo diario de alimento (1.15; 1.11 kg), ganancia diaria de peso (0.55; 0.53 kg), conversión alimentaria (2.08; 2.09 kg/kg) y peso final (30.50; 29.06 kg) de los animales, respectivamente. La inclusión de 30 % de ensilado de tubérculos y follaje de taro en la dieta de cerdos en recría no afectó el comportamiento productivo de los animales, por lo que constituye un alimento alternativo de adecuadas características nutritivas para esta categoría.

Abstract Thirty-two White New Zealand rabbits, at 55 days of age, were used to estimate in vivo digestibility of nutrients in moringa forage meal. Eight animals were randomly distributed in each of the four experimental groups: 0, 100, 200 and 300 g/kg of moringa forage meal. Apparent fecal digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, crude energy, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber was determined. The other evaluated indicator was total content of digestible nutrients (protein and energy). Feed intake was reduced (P> 0.05) in rabbits consuming diets with moringa forage meal. There were no differences in apparent fecal digestibility of nutrients among treatments. Digestible energy: digestible protein relationship increased in rabbits fed with the moringa forage meal in 5.88, 5.29 and 2.50 kcal/g, with respect to control diet. The results demonstrated the nutritional potential of moringa forage meal, when up to 30% is used in rabbit feeding.

Resumen Se utilizaron 32 conejos Nueva Zelanda Blanco, a los 55 días de edad, para estimar la digestibilidad in vivo de los nutrientes de la harina de forraje de moringa. Se distribuyeron de forma aleatorizada ocho animales en cada uno de los cuatro grupos experimentales: 0, 100, 200 y 300 g/kg de harina de forraje de moringa. Se determinó la digestibilidad fecal aparente de la materia seca, materia orgánica, proteína bruta, energía bruta, fibra neutro detergente y fibra ácido detergente. El otro indicador que se evaluó fue el contenido total de nutrientes digestibles (proteína y energía). El consumo de alimento se redujo (P > 0.05) en los conejos que consumieron las dietas con harina de forraje de moringa. No se observaron diferencias en la digestibilidad fecal aparente de los nutrientes entre tratamientos. La relación energía digestible: proteína digestible aumentó en los conejos alimentados con la harina de forraje de moringa en 5.88, 5.29 y 2.50 kcal/g, con respecto a la dieta control. Los resultados demostraron el potencial nutritivo de la harina de forraje de moringa, cuando se utiliza hasta 30 % en la alimentación cunícula.

Abstract In order to determine protein content, total phenols and antioxidant activity of green orito banana (Musa acuminata AA) fruit silage, inoculated with whey, for its use as animal feeding, a completely randomized design was implemented, with six treatments (ensiling time): 0, 1, 4, 8, 15 and 30 days. The best results (P <0.05) for crude protein were obtained on days 4 (15.54%), 8 (15.44%), 15 (15.41%) and 30 (15.33%). Total phenols showed their best results on day 30 (35,812.85 μMol GAE/kg DM) and antioxidant activity on day 15 (3,034.98 μMol TROLOX/kg DM). It is concluded that, through fermentation process of the waste green orito banana fruit, between 0 and 30 days, the best protein content and antioxidant activity were achieved at 15 days, which resulted in a food with potential for animal health.

Resumen Para determinar los contenidos de proteína, fenoles totales y actividad antioxidante del ensilado de fruto de banano orito (Musa acuminata AA) verde, inoculado con suero de leche, para su uso en la alimentación animal, se utilizó un diseño completamente aleatorizado con seis tratamientos (tiempo de ensilado): 0, 1, 4, 8, 15 y 30 días. Los mejores resultados (P < 0.05) para proteína bruta se obtuvieron en los días 4 (15.54%), 8 (15.44%), 15 (15.41%) y 30 (15.33%). Los fenoles totales, en el día 30 (35812.85 μMol EAG/kg MS) y la actividad antioxidante en el 15 (3034.98 μMol TROLOX/kg MS). Se concluye que mediante el proceso de fermentación, entre 0 y 30 días, del fruto de banano orito verde de rechazo, se lograron a los 15 días los mejores contenidos de proteína y actividad antioxidante, lo que dio lugar a un alimento con potencialidades para la salud de los animales.

Abstract In order to determine the physicochemical and organoleptic indicators of orito banana (Musa acuminata AA) rachis, treated with whey, a completely randomized design was applied with seven treatments: natural (control) and fermented (0, 1, 4, 8, 15 and 30 d). Results showed the highest (P <0.05) pH values on day zero (4.91); crude protein on days eight (16.12 %), 15 (16.07%) and 30 (16.07 %); total phenols on day 30 (323,361.91 μMol GAE/100 g DM) and antioxidant activity on day eight (29,595.62 μMol TROLOX/100 g DM). Silage had a sweet smell (days zero and one) and a mild acidity (days four, eight, 15 and 30). It showed a light brown color and solid consistency. It is concluded that, through orito banana rachis fermentation, improvements were achieved for contents of crude protein, total phenols and antioxidant activity, which makes possible to obtain a functional food that can be used for animal feed.

Resumen Para determinar los indicadores fisicoquímicos y organolépticos del ensilado de raquis de banano orito (Musa acuminata AA), tratado con suero de leche, se aplicó un diseño completamente aleatorizado con siete tratamientos: natural (control) y fermentado (0, 1, 4, 8, 15 y 30 d). Los resultados mostraron los mayores (P < 0.05) valores de pH en el día cero (4.91); proteína bruta en los días ocho (16.12 %), 15 (16.07 %) y 30 (16.07 %); fenoles totales el día 30 (323361.91 μMol EAG/100 g MS) y actividad antioxidante el día ocho (29595.62 μMol TROLOX/100 g MS). El ensilado tuvo olor dulce (días cero y uno) y ácido suave (días cuatro, ocho, 15 y 30). Mostró color marrón claro y consistencia sólida. Se concluye que mediante la fermentación del raquis de banano orito se lograron mejoras en los contenidos de proteína bruta, fenoles totales y actividad antioxidante, lo que hace posible la obtención de un alimento funcional que se puede utilizar para la alimentación animal.

RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da inclusão da torta de algodão (TA) com adição de enzimas na ração de suínos na fase de crescimento e seus efeitos sobre o desempenho, as características de carcaças, bem como sua viabilidade econômica. Para tanto, foram utilizados 20 suínos machos castrados, distribuídos em um delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com peso corporal inicial de 56,28±5,78kg e final de 79,79±7,32kg. Os níveis de inclusão da TA foram 0%, 8%, 16% e 24%. Todas as rações tiveram os valores de exigência em energia metabolizável, proteína bruta e fósforo subestimados em 1,5% com a utilização de 300g/t do complexo enzimático. Os parâmetros de desempenho e as características de carcaça não apresentaram diferenças significativas entre os níveis de inclusão da TA. A torta de algodão pode ser utilizada em até o nível de 24% de inclusão com adição de complexo enzimático em rações de suínos na fase de crescimento II, sem alterar os parâmetros de desempenho e as características de carcaças, além de apresentar redução do custo/kg de suíno produzido.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the inclusion of cottonseed cake (CC) with enzyme complex in the diet of pigs in the growth phase and its effects on performance, carcass characteristics and economic viability. Thus, 20 barrows were distributed in a completely randomized block design, with initial body weight of 56.28±5.78kg and final weight of 79.79±7.32kg. The inclusion levels of CC were 0%, 8%, 16% and 24%. All diets had the requirement values of metabolizable energy, crude protein and phosphorus underestimated by 1.5% and were added to 300g/t enzyme complex. The performance parameters and carcass characteristics there was no difference between the levels of inclusion of cottonseed cake. The cottonseed cake can be used up to the 24% inclusion level with addition of enzyme complex in the growth phase II, without affecting performance and carcass characteristics, besides reducing the cost/kg of pig produced.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência de talos de couve como enriquecimento ambiental sobre o comportamento de calopsitas (Nymphicus hollandicus) mantidas em cativeiro. Dezesseis aves foram alojadas individualmente em gaiolas e alimentadas com dieta comercial para psitacídeos e mistura de sementes, com água ad libitum durante 12 dias, em câmara climática com temperatura e umidade relativa do ar simulando condições tropicais. Os animais (n=8) foram divididos em dois grupos, controle e enriquecido, e o período experimental foi dividido em duas fases (durante e após o enriquecimento) de quatro dias cada. Os talos de couve foram usados como enriquecimento apenas durante o primeiro período do experimento, trocados diariamente e mantidos apenas durante o dia. Os talos aumentaram o consumo de ração e diminuíram o comportamento dormir. Nenhum efeito foi observado nas outras atividades de descanso, na temperatura da superfície corporal, na locomoção e manutenção. Foram detectadas pequenas atividades indesejáveis. Concluiu-se que os talos de couve podem ser usados como enriquecimento ambiental, formando parte das preferências alimentares de calopsitas. No entanto, seu uso não altera de maneira expressiva o comportamento das aves.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of collard green stalks as environmental enrichment on the behavior of cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) maintained in captivity. Sixteen birds were housed individually in cages and fed a commercial diet for parrots and seed mix, with water ad libitum during 12 days in climatic chamber with temperature and relative humidity simulating tropical conditions. The animals (n = 8) were divided into two groups, control and enriched, and the experimental period was divided into two phases (during and after enrichment) of four days each. The collard green stalks were used as enrichment only during the first period of the experiment, daily changed and maintained only during the day. The stalks increased the feed intake and decreased the sleep activities. No effect was observed on the body surface temperature, locomotion, maintenance and other resting activities. Small undesirable activities were detected. It was concluded that collard green stalks can be used as environmental enrichment, becoming part of food preferences of cockatiels. However, its use does not significantly alter the behavior of birds kept in captivity

ABSTRACT This study estimated the reference evapotranspiration rate (ETo) for the Itacaiúnas River Watershed (IRW), Eastern Amazonia, and measured the accuracy of eight empirical equations: Penman-Monteith (PM), Priestley-Taylor (PT), Hargreaves and Samani (HS), Camargo (CAM), Thornthwaite (TH), Hamon (HM), Kharrufa (KF) and Turc (TC) using monthly data from 1980 to 2013. In addition, it verifies the regional applicability to the IRW using a for the Marabá-PA station. The methods TC and PM (FAO56) presented the best results, which demonstrate that radiation and higher temperatures are the dominant drivers in the Evapotranspiration process, while relative humidity and wind speed have a much smaller impact. The temporal and spatial variability of ETo for IRW show has strong seasonality, increasing during the dry season and decreasing during the rainy season. The statistical analyses at 1% level of significance, indicates that there is no correlation of the residuals between the dry and rainy seasons, and test of the physical parameters such as mean temperature, solar radiation and relative air humidity explains the variations of ETo.

A fim de comparar as abordagens abdominais, pela linha mediana ventral e lateral direita em cadelas pré-púberes e adultas submetidas a ovariossalpingo-histerectomia, utilizaram-se 28 cadelas hígidas, distribuídas em dois grupos experimentais de igual número: grupo abordagem mediana ventral (AMV) e grupo abordagem lateral direita (ALD), com sete animais adultos e sete animais pré-púberes em cada grupo. O procedimento cirúrgico foi dividido em nove manobras cirúrgicas distintas, e o tempo para conclusão de cada uma delas, suas facilidades e dificuldades, assim como o tempo cirúrgico total, foram determinados. O tempo médio desde o início da incisão da pele até a entrada na cavidade peritoneal foi menor nas cadelas adultas (P≤0,001) e pré-púberes (P≤0,001) do grupo AMV, mas o tempo médio para identificação uterina foi menor nas cadelas pré-púberes (P≤0,001) do grupo ALD. O tempo cirúrgico total foi menor utilizando-se a abordagem lateral direita (grupo ALD) nas cadelas adultas (P≤0,001) e pré-púberes (P≤0,001). Seu uso não se relacionou com complicações cirúrgicas e facilitou a identificação uterina, possibilitando redução no tempo cirúrgico total. Assim, a abordagem lateral direita demonstrou ser uma alternativa segura em cadelas adultas e pré-púberes submetidas à OSH eletiva.

In order to compare the abdominal approaches, through the ventral midline and right lateral in pre-pubertal adult female dogs undergoing ovariohysterectory we used 28 otherwise healthy dogs, divided into two experimental groups of equal number: Ventral Median Approach Group (VMA) and Right Side Approach Group (RSA), with seven adult animals and seven pre-pubertal animals in each group. The surgical procedure was divided into nine different surgical maneuvers, and the time required for completion of each of them, their strengths and difficulties, as well as the total surgical time were determined. The time from the start of the skin incision to the entrance into the peritoneal cavity was lower in adult female dogs (P≤0.001) and pre-pubertal (P≤0.001) in the VAM group, but the time for uterine identification was lower in pre-pubertal female dogs (P≤ 0.001) in the RSA group. The total surgical time was shorter using the right lateral approach (RSA group) in adult (P≤ 0.001) and pre-pubertal (P≤0.001) female dogs. Thus, the right-side approach has proved to be a safe alternative in adult and pre-pubertal dogs undergoing elective OSH. Its use was not associated with surgical complications, and facilitated uterine identification, allowing a reduction in the total surgical time.

Realizou-se um estudo retrospectivo das indicações de ovariossalpingo-histerectomia - eletiva e terapêutica - no período de um ano. Foram analisados 193 prontuários de cadelas e gatas atendidas em Hospital Veterinário Escola, entre março de 2010 e março de 2011, levando em consideração a espécie, a idade e o uso ou não de anticoncepcional. Constatou-se que a demanda de OSH com caráter terapêutico (78,8%) é consideravelmente mais alta que a eletiva (21,2%). Observou-se que as anormalidades reprodutivas detectadas com maior frequência foram piometra (53,36%) e complicações obstétricas (25,38%) e que o uso de anticoncepcional foi o fator relevante para o delineamento desses quadros.

An ovariosalpingohisterectomy procedure indication - elective and therapeutic - retrospective study was conducted during one year. Record files from 193 bitches and queens assisted at a Veterinary School Hospital between March 2010 and March 2011 were analyzed, considering species, age and contraceptive use. It was possible to conclude that the therapeutic OSH demand (78.8%) is remarkably superior to the elective OSH request (21.2%). It was also observed that the most frequently detected reproductive abnormalities were pyometra (53.36%) and gestational complications (25.38%), and also that the use of contraceptives is a relevant factor for those events.

Avaliou-se o efeito da substituição do feno de capim tifton pela casca de mamona, 0, 33, 66 e 100% na dieta de ovinos, sobre o peso e rendimento dos componentes não constituintes da carcaça e o rendimento de buchada e panelada. Vinte e oito animais não castrados, com sete meses de idade e peso inicial médio de 19,5±2,45kg, foram distribuídos em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos e sete repetições, e abatidos após 70 dias de confinamento. Houve decréscimo linear nos pesos da língua (0,084 a 0,079kg), traqueia+pulmão (0,50 a 0,42kg), coração (0,14 a 0,12kg), timo (0,035 a 0,025kg), rins (0,100 a 0,088kg) e peso total dos órgãos (2,14 a 1,90kg) de acordo com o percentual de substituição. O mesmo comportamento foi verificado para os pesos do esôfago (0,051 a 0,045kg), rúmen-retículo (0,73 a 0,64kg), intestino delgado (0,78 a 0,64kg) e total de vísceras (2,17 a 1,92kg). Para os pesos da cabeça (1,99 a 1,66kg), patas (0,86 a 0,73kg), pele (2,49 a 1,99kg), sangue (1,36 a 1,19kg) e total de subprodutos (7,12 a 5,96kg) verificou-se efeito linear negativo de acordo com a substituição. O mesmo foi observado para os pesos de buchada (4,71 a 4,22kg) e panelada (7,55 a 6,61kg). A casca de mamona não deve substituir o feno de capim tifton na dieta de ovinos por causar decréscimo no peso de órgãos, vísceras e subprodutos e influenciar negativamente os pesos e rendimentos de buchada e panelada.

The effects of replacing tifton hay with 0, 33, 66 and 100% of castor bean hulls in the diet of sheep on the non-carcass components of weight and dressing and on the "buchada" and "panelada" yield were evaluated in this research. Twenty-eight non castrated sheep averaging seven months of age and with initial weight of 19.5±2.45kg were assigned to a randomized block design with four treatments and seven replicates, and were slaughtered after 70 days of confinement. A linear decrease of tongue (0.084 to 0.079kg), trachea + lungs (0.50 to 0.42kg), heart (0.14 to 0.12kg), thymus (0.035 to 0.025kg), kidneys (0.100 to 0.088kg) weights and total weight of organs (2.14 to 1.90kg) was observed. The same behavior was observed for the esophagus (0.051 to 0.045kg), rumen-reticulum (0.73 to 0.64kg), small intestine (0.78 to 0.64kg) and total viscera (2.17 to 1.92kg) weights. There was a linear effect for the head (1.99 to 1.66kg), feet (0.86 to 0.73kg), skin (2.49 to 1.99kg), blood (1.36 to 1.19kg) and total by-products (7.12 to 5.96kg) weights according to the treatments and also for "buchada" (4.71 to 4.22kg) and "panelada" (7.55 to 6.61kg) weights. Castor bean hulls should not replace tifton hay because it decreases the weight of organs, viscera and by-products and adversely affects the "buchada" and "panelada" weight and dressing.

Avaliaram-se os efeitos da suplementação com Lithothamnium calcareum na consolidação de osteotomia experimental em coelhos, por meio de exames radiográfico e histológico. Utilizaram-se 10 coelhos machos da raça Nova Zelândia, de quatro a cinco meses de idade, com massa corporal média de 2,5kg, os quais foram submetidos à osteotomia do terço médio da tíbia direita e à fixação interna com dois pinos intramedulares. Os coelhos foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos experimentais (A e B) com cinco animais cada. O grupo A recebeu diariamente dieta contendo 0,75% de L. calcareum, e o grupo B constituiu o controle sem tratamento adicional à fixação da osteotomia. A evolução clínica ocorreu sem intercorrências. As radiografias foram realizadas antes do estudo e em intervalos de 15 dias até o final do experimento, e a histologia foi realizada aos 60 dias. As avaliações radiográficas permitiram acompanhar a evolução do processo de consolidação que ocorreu em todos os casos. Histologicamente, verificou-se consolidação completa em todos os animais do grupo B (controle) e em 75% do grupo A. Dos resultados pode-se concluir que, embora tenha ocorrido a consolidação clínica e a radiográfica aos 60 dias em todos os casos, histologicamente o grupo-controle (B) foi melhor, mostrando que o organismo sadio não necessita de estímulo para o processo de reparação óssea. Novas pesquisas devem ser realizadas para avaliar o efeito da suplementação mineral em animais portadores de deficiências nutricionais.

The purpose of this work was to evaluate Lithothamnium calcareum suplementation in the consolidation of experimental osteotomy in rabbits, through radiographic and histology examinations. Ten male New Zealand white rabbits, 4-5 months of age with an average body mass of 2.5kg, had surgically induced mid-tibial osteotomies, fixed with two intramedullary pins. The animals were randomly divided into two experimental groups (A and B). Group A received a diet containing 0.75% of L. calcareum, and group B served as control without further treatment of the osteotomy fixation. Radiographs were done every 15 days until the end of the experiment and histology was performed at day 60. Radiographs show consolidation in all cases. Histologically there was bone consolidation in all animals in group B (control), and 75% in group A. From the results we can conclude that, although there was clinical and radiographic bone consolidation in all cases after 60 days, the control group proved to be better histologically, showing that a healthy organism needs no aid to repair bone. Further research should be conducted to assess the effects of mineral supplementation on animals with nutritional deficiencies.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the supplementation of Vitamin C in the productive performance of reverted tilapias (Oreochromis niloticus). Four hundred tilapias were used. The experiment was mounted according to a completely randomized design with 5 treatments (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg/kg of vitamin C monophosphate of ascorbic acid L) in a ration isoproteinic (36% of PB) and isocaloric (3600 kcal of DE/kg) with 4 repetitions. Significant effect was observed in final weight and weight gain for in treatments of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg of vitamin C. It was not observed significant difference for the total length. However, for the standard length was observed significant difference in treatments 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg of vitamin C. Significant effect was observed for protein efficiency rate with supplementation of 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg/kg of vitamin C. Vitamin C supply did not influenced MS percentage, crude protein and protein percentage in weight gain. Significant difference was not observed for ether extract and fat percentage in weight gain. Vitamin C supply did not influence significantly the concentration of muscle glycogen. It was not observed significant difference for liver glycogen.

Objetivou-se avaliar a suplementação de vitamina C no desempenho produtivo de tilápias revertidas (Oreochromis niloticus). Foram utilizadas 400 pós-larvas revertidas num delineamento inteiramente ao acaso com cinco tratamentos (0, 50, 100, 150 e 200 mg/kg de vitamina C monofosfato de ácido ascórbico L) numa ração isoprotéica de 36% de PB e isocalórica 3600 kcal de ED/kg com 4 repetições. Observou-se efeito significativo no peso médio final e ganho de peso com 50, 100 e 200 mg de vitamina C por kg. Não foi observada diferença significativa para o comprimento total. No entanto, para o comprimento padrão foi observada diferença significativa com os tratamentos 50, 100 e 200 mg/kg. Verificou-se efeito significativo na taxa de eficiência protéica com suplemen-tação de 50, 100, 150 e 200 mg/kg de vitamina C. A suplementação de vitamina C não influenciou a porcentagem de MS, proteína bruta e porcentagem de proteína no ganho de peso. Não foi observada diferença significativa dos tratamentos para extrato etéreo, porcentagem de gordura no ganho de peso. A suplementação de vitamina C não influenciou significativamente a concentração de glicogênio no músculo. Não foi observada diferença significativa para glicogênio do fígado.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of vitamin E supplementation in the morphometry and gonadal development of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Considering the weight of the gonad, gonadossomatic index, testes thickness and lumen percentage, significant differences were observed for the treatment with 150 mg/kg of vitamin E. There were observed significant differences for percentage of germinative epithelium to 150 mg/kg of vitamin E and for percentage of Leydig cells in treatment with 50 mg/kg of vitamin E. The percentage of blood vessels was higher in both treatments with 50 and 150 mg. The vitamin E requirement for gonadal development of tilápia is 150 mg/kg.

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da suplementação de vitamina E na morfometria e no desenvolvimento gonadal de tilápia (Oreochromis niloticus). Para peso da gônada, índice gonadossomático (IGS), espessura do testículo e porcentagem de lúmen foram observadas diferenças para tratamento 150 mg/kg de vitamina E. Para epitélio germinativo foi observada diferença para o tratamento com 150 mg e para porcentagem de células de Leydig do tratamento com 50 mg de vitamina E por kg. Para vasos sanguíneos foi maior com 50 e 150 mg. A exigência de vitamina E para desenvolvimento gonadal da tilápia é de 150 mg/kg.

The effect of vitamin E supplementation on performance and carcass quality of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The research was carried out in the experimental frog raising facilities at the Department of Animal Biology, UFV, Minas Gerais state, Brazil. Four hundred post larva reversed (Oreochromis niloticus) were used for studies. The experiments were randomly designed with five treatments (supplying 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mg/kg of vitamin E mono-phosphate) in an isoproteic ration with 36% CP and isocaloric with 3600 kcal/kg of DE with four repetitions. It was not observed significant effect for final weight, total weight gain, daily weight gain, protein efficiency rate and survivor rate. The viscerosomatic index showed significant differences for the treatment without vitamin E supplementation and with 100 and 150 mg of this vitamin. For oleic fatty acid, the treatment without vitamin E was significantly higher. The eicosapen-taenoic fatty acid (C20:5ω3) was statistically significant for the treatment without vitamin E. The fatty acids linoleic (C18:2ω6), γ-linolenic (C18:3ω6), α-linoleic (C18:3ω3), and arachidonic (C20:4ω6) increased in a quadratic way up to the estimated levels of 110 mg, 111mg, 113 mg, and 140 mg of vitamin E/kg of ration, respectively.

Objetivou-se avaliar a suplementação de Vitamina E no desempenho e qualidade de carcaça de tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus). Os experimentos foram conduzidos no ranário experimenta do Departamento de Biologia Animal, UFV, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brasil, no período de 09/01/ 2005 a 25/04/2005, totalizando 106 dias. Foram utilizadas 400 pós larvas revertidas (Oreochromis niloticus)em um experimento com um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso com cinco tratamentos (0, 50, 100, 150 e 200 mg/kg de vitamina E monofosfato) numa ração isoproteíca 36% de PB e isocalórica 3600 kcal de ED/kg com quatro repetições. Não se observou efeito significativo para peso final, para ganho de peso total, para ganho de peso diário dos animais, para taxa de eficiência protéica e para taxa de sobrevivência. Para o índice viscerossomático houve diferença significativa para o tratamento sem suplementação, com 100 mg e com 150 mg/kg desta vitamina. Para o ácido graxo oléico (C18:1) a utilização do tratamento sem vitamina E foi significamente maior em relação aos outros tratamentos. O ácido graxo eicosapentaenóico EPA (C20:5ω3) foi estatisticamente significativo para o tratamento sem suplementação de vitamina E. O ácido graxo linoléico (C18:2ω6), ácido graxo γ-linolênico (C18:3ω6), ácido graxo α-linoléico (C18:3ω3) e ácido graxo araquidônico (C20:4ω6) aumentaram de forma quadrática até o nível estimado de 110 mg, 111 mg, 113 mg e 140 mg de vitamina E por kg de ração, respectivamente.