BACKGROUND: Growth in aging of the population has led to increasing numbers of elderly people presenting cognitive impairment and evolution to dementia. There is still no consensus within primary care on the best strategy for screening for cognitive impairment among elderly people. Standardization of a simple but reasonably accurate instrument for a brief cognitive test, in primary care environments, would enable healthcare professionals to identify individuals who require a more in-depth assessment of cognition. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the instruments used by healthcare professionals in studies conducted worldwide and ascertain the most suitable instruments for screening for cognitive impairment among individuals aged 60 years or over, in the Brazilian population. DESIGN AND SETTING: Scoping review developed at Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, Brazil. METHOD: A systematic search of the literature was conducted for primary studies using instruments to screen for cognitive impairment among individuals aged 60 years or over, in the MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central and LILACS databases. RESULTS: A total of 983 articles were identified by two independent reviewers, from which 49 were selected for full-text reading, based on the criteria defined for this review. From this, 16 articles adhering to the theme of screening for cognitive impairment among the elderly were selected for in-depth analysis. CONCLUSION: The Mini-Mental State Examination was the instrument most cited in these studies. The Pfeffer Functional Activities Questionnaire and the Verbal Fluency Test (semantic category) present characteristics favoring further studies, for testing as screening instruments for cognitive impairment among elderly people in Brazil.

Resumo Avaliou-se a agressividade de isolados de Phytophthora cinnamomi em abacateiro e estudou-se o efeito de concentrações de inóculo do patógeno e períodos de inundação do substrato na podridão radicular e no desenvolvimento das plantas. A inoculação de 12 isolados do patógeno foi realizada no colo de mudas de abacateiro, com ou sem ferimento. Apenas 31,3% das plantas inoculadas sem ferimento desenvolveram lesões, comparado a 100% das plantas com ferimento, com diferenças entre os isolados quanto à agressividade. Mudas de abacateiro tiveram o substrato inoculado com 0; 0,1 e 1,0% (m/v) de sementes de trigo colonizadas pelo patógeno por vaso, sendo submetidos a quatro períodos de inundação do substrato em intervalos quinzenais, a saber: 0, 12 e 24 horas. Avaliou-se o número de folhas por planta, o diâmetro do colo, a altura da planta, o índice de área foliar, a severidade visual (%) de raízes doentes, a porcentagem de massa fresca de raízes doentes e a massa seca da parte aérea e das raízes. Tanto a inoculação do patógeno como a inundação do substrato causaram podridão radicular, contudo, a combinação destes dois fatores resultou em um efeito aditivo nos sintomas da doença. Períodos de inundação de 12-24 h após a infestação do substrato com 0,1% (m/v) de inóculo de P. cinnamomi provocaram severidade superior a 50% de podridão radicular, podendo ser recomendados em estudos de patogenicidade e de controle da doença em plantas envasadas de abacateiro.

Abstract The present study evaluated the aggressiveness of Phytophthora cinnamomi isolates and the effect of pathogen inoculum concentration and periods of substrate flooding on root rot and plant development. Twelve pathogen isolates were inoculated on the collar region of avocado seedlings with or without wounding. Only 31.3% of the inoculated plants without wounding developed lesions, compared to 100% of the plants with wounding, while the isolates showed different aggressiveness levels. Avocado seedlings had their substrate inoculated with 0, 0.1% and 1.0% (m/v) wheat seeds colonized by the pathogen per pot, and four periods of 0, 12 and 24 h substrate flooding were produced at fortnightly intervals. The assessed parameters were number of leaves per plant, collar diameter, plant height, leaf area index, visual severity percentage of infected roots, fresh mass (%) of diseased roots and dry mass of shoot and roots. Both pathogen inoculation and substrate flooding caused root rot; however, combination of these two factors produced an additional effect on disease symptoms. Root rot severity was superior to 50% when soilless substrate had 0.1% (m/v) P. cinnamomi inoculum and flooded for 12-24 h after inoculation, conditions that can be recommended for pathogenicity and disease control studies using potted avocado plants.

Estudaram-se clones de porta-enxertos de citros (Citrus spp.), híbridos e genitores quanto à tolerância das raízes a Phytophthora nicotianae através de inoculações em substrato de argila expandida. Investigaram-se progênies nucelares dos clones Poncirus trifoliata 'Rich 16-6', citrumelo 'Swingle' (C. paradisi x P. trifoliolata ), tangerinas 'Cleópatra' (Citrus reshni) e 'Suen Kat' (C. sunki), limão'Volkameriano' (C. volkameriana), dos genitores tangerina 'Sunki' (C. sunki) (S), limão 'Cravo' (C. limonia) (C), laranja 'Azeda' (C. aurantium) ((A), Poncirus trifoliata 'Davis A' (T), e progênies nucelares de híbridos entre eles, totalizando 2303 plântulas. Avaliou-se a taxa de sobrevivência, redução de raízes e partes aéreas, peso de raízes e de partes aéreas, diâmetro do caule e altura, comparando-se plântulas inoculadas e não inoculadas. Atribuíram-se também notas subjetivas para volume de raízes, enfolhamento, coloração das folhas e altura. Desenvolveu-se um índice total de redução (ITR) baseado na taxa de sobrevivência e nos parâmetros mencionados. Mostraram-se altamente tolerantes os trifoliatas 'Davis A' e 'Rich 16-6', o citrumelo 'Swingle', três híbridos TxS, dois SxT e dois SxA, com ITR < 20%. Laranja 'Azeda', tangerina 'Suen Kat', limões 'Cravo' e 'Volkameriano', oito híbridos TxS, quatro SxT, dois TxA e um SxA mostraram-se tolerantes, com ITR entre 20 e 40%. Três híbridos SxA mostraram-se moderadamente tolerantes, com ITR entre 40 e 60%. Tangerinas 'Sunki' e 'Cleópatra', dois híbridos SxA, um TxA e dois SxC mostraram-se intolerantes, com ITR entre 60 e 80%. Cinco híbridos SxC mostraram-se altamente intolerantes, com ITR > 80%. A metodologia de inoculação e avaliação discriminou com precisão progênies nucelares dos clones e dos híbridos, evidenciando o potencial de seleção principalmente dos híbridos SxT e recíprocos.

Clones of citrus rootstocks, hybrids and their parents were evaluated for tolerance to root rot incited by Phytophthora nicotianae. It were evaluated 'Rich 16-6' Trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata), citrumelo 'Swingle' (C. paradisi x P. trifoliolata), 'Cleopatra' (Citrus reshni) and 'Suen Kat' (C. sunki) mandarins, 'Volkamer' lemon (C. volkameriana), the parents 'Sunki' mandarin (C. sunki) (S), Rangpur lime (C. limonia) (C), Sour orange (C. aurantium) (A) and 'Davis A' Trifoliate orange (T), and the nucellar progenies of hybrids between them, in a total of 2303 seedlings maintained in expanded clay. Tolerance was determined by survival rate, root and shoot growth reduction, root and shoot weight, stem diameter, plant height, visual ratings of root volume, shoot growth, leaf color and plant height comparing inoculated with non inoculated plants. A Total Reduction Index (ITR) based on survival rate and all the other parameters ranked clones and their hybrids. Trifoliate oranges, 'Swingle' citrumelo, three hybrids TxS, two SxT and two SxA performed as highly tolerant with ITR < 20%. Sour orange, 'Suen Kat' mandarin, 'Volkamer' lemon, Rangpur lime, eight hybrids TxS, four SxT, two TxA and one SxA were tolerant with ITR between 20 and 40%. Three hybrids SxA were moderately tolerant, with ITR between 40 and 60%. 'Sunki' and 'Cleopatra' mandarins, two hybrids SxA, one TxA and two SxC were intolerant, with ITR ranging from 60 to 80%. Five SxC hybrids were highly intolerant with ITR values > 80%. The methodology of inoculation and evaluation discriminated with good precision different levels of tolerance of nucellar progenies of clones and hybrids showing their selection potential, specially of the SxT hybrids and reciprocals.

Sete grupos de híbridos entre porta-enxertos elite de citros (Citrus sp.) e seus genitores foram estudados quanto a reação à infecção de tronco por Phytophthora parasitica, em plantas adultas no campo. Inocularam-se artificialmente, em duas posições do tronco, 132 plantas nucelares dos genitores e 486 híbridos entre limão (Citrus limonia) Cravo 'Limeira' (C), Poncirus trifoliata 'Davis A' (T), tangerina (C.sunki) 'Sunki' (S) e laranja Azeda (C. aurantium) 'São Paulo' (A). A classificação do grau de resistência à gomose de tronco em plantas adultas no campo foi possível somente quando baseada na média do tamanho de lesões de mais de 30 plantas nucelares, devido às grandes variações observadas em plantas individuais do mesmo clone, impossibilitando a seleção precoce de híbridos baseada em valores de plantas individuais. O trifoliata e a laranja Azeda mostraram-se bastante resistentes, desenvolvendo, em geral, lesões de tamanho reduzido. A tangerina Sunki e o limão Cravo desenvolveram lesões maiores, embora a tangerina Sunki tenha mostrado uma tendência em desenvolver lesões maiores que às do limão Cravo. Híbridos de trifoliata apresentaram, no geral, lesões intermediárias. Os híbridos de Azeda apresentaram lesões de tamanhos bastante variáveis, porém a maioria, com lesões grandes. Da mesma forma comportaram-se os híbridos recíprocos entre Sunki e Cravo.

Seven groups of elite citrus (Citrus sp.) rootstock hybrids and their genitors were field tested for gummosis caused by Phytophthora parasitica. Two trunk inoculations were made in 132 nucellar clones of the genitors and in 486 hybrids between 'Limeira' rangpur lime (Citrus limonia) (C), 'Davis A' trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata) (T), 'Sunki' mandarin (C. sunki) (S) and 'São Paulo' sour orange (C. aurantium) (A). The degree of resistance to gummosis could be estimated from inoculation of adult plants in the field only when it was based on the mean lesions of more than 30 nucellar plants. This was due to the great variations observed in single individuals of the same clone although the conditions were well controlled. For this reason, it was not possible to make an early selection of hybrids based on the mean lesion area developed in single individuals. Trifoliate and sour oranges were quite resistant, displaying small-size lesions. Sunki mandarin and rangpur lime developed larger lesions, although Sunki mandarin tended to develop larger lesions than rangpur lime. In general, trifoliate hybrids showed lesions of intermediate size. Sour orange hybrids developed lesions that were quite variable in size although most of them were large. This same behaviour was observed among reciprocal SxC hybrids.