RESUMEN Objetivo. El objetivo de este estudio ha sido determinar el efecto protector del ácido p-cumárico (p-CA) contra la hepatotoxicidad, nefrotoxicidad y neurotoxicidad inducida por tolueno en ratas. Materiales y métodos. Se utilizaron un total de 32 ratas macho Sprague-Dawley, 8 en cada grupo. Se formaron 4 grupos: el de control, tolueno, p-CA y tolueno + p-CA. Los animales del grupo de control, el grupo de tolueno y el grupo de p-CA recibieron NaCl al 0,9%, 0,9 mg / kg de peso corporal de tolueno y 100 mg / kg de peso corporal de p-CA por vía oral durante 21 días, respectivamente. Los animales del grupo tolueno + p-CA recibieron p-CA durante 3 días y desde el día 4, el tolueno y el p-CA se aplicaron juntos diariamente hasta el día 25. El día 25, se terminó el estudio, se tomaron muestras de sangre y tejido. Se determinaron los niveles de aspartato aminotransferasa (AST), alanina aminotransferasa (ALT) y creatinina en suero, actividad de glutatión peroxidasa (GSH-Px) y niveles de malondialdehído (MDA) y glutatión (GSH) en las muestras de tejido. Resultados. En este estudio, se determinó que hubo aumentos significativos en las actividades de ALT y AST, y los niveles de creatinina en el grupo inducido por tolueno en comparación con el grupo de control. Además, hubo una disminución en las actividades de GSH-Px y los niveles de GSH, y un aumento en los niveles de MDA en comparación con el grupo de control. Sin embargo, en el grupo de tolueno + p-CA, se observaron disminuciones significativas en las actividades de las aminotransferasas, niveles de creatinina y MDA, y aumentos significativos en las actividades de GSH-Px y los niveles de GSH en comparación con el grupo de tolueno. Conclusiones. Se ha determinado que el p-CA tiene un efecto protector contra la hepatotoxicidad, nefrotoxicidad y neurotoxicidad inducidas por el tolueno.

ABSTRACT Objective. The aim of this study was to determine the protective effect of p-coumaric acid (p-CA) against toluene-induced hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity in rats. Materials and methods. A total of 32 Sprague-Dawley male rats, 8 in each group, were used. 4 groups were formed as control, toluene, p-CA and toluene+p-CA. Animals in the control group, toluene group and p-CA group were given 0.9% NaCl, 0.9 mg/kg b.w toluene and 100 mg/kg b.w p-CA orally for 21 days, respectively. The animals in toluene+p-CA group were received p-CA for 3 days and from day 4, toluene and p-CA were applied together daily until day 25. On the 25th day, the study was terminated, blood and tissue samples were collected. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and creatinine levels in serum, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels in the tissue samples were determined. Results. In this study, it was determined that there were significant increases in ALT and AST activities, and creatinine levels in toluene-induced group compared to control group. Moreover, there was a decrease in the GSH-Px activities and GSH levels, and an increase in the MDA levels compared to the control group. However, in the toluene+p-CA group, significant decreases in aminotransferases activities, creatinine and MDA levels, and significant increases in GSH-Px activities and GSH levels were determined compared to the toluene group. Conclusions. It has been determined that p-CA has a protective effect against toluene-induced hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity.

Monosubstitute thiazolyl amines were diazotized in acetic acid, coupled to 1-phenyl-3-aminopyrazol-5-one (1a-1c) and acetylated to obtain the 2a-2c dyes. The dyes were characterized by elemental analysis and spectroscopic (Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), ultraviolet (UV)) methods. The effects on the visible absorption spectra of the substituents present, solvents, pH, concentration and temperature were investigated in detail. Tautomerism of the dyes were investigated by spectroscopic methods. Fastness properties of dyes were studied using the standard method for the assessment of color fastness of textile.

RESUMO Objetivos: Avaliar as diferenças de desempenho cognitivo entre pacientes com glaucoma primário de ângulo aberto (POAG), glaucoma de pressão normal (NTG) e controle de indivíduos saudáveis (C). Métodos: Um total de 60 pessoas (20 POAG, 20 NTG e 20 indivíduos saudáveis) foram incluídos neste estudo. Um exame oftalmológico detalhado foi realizado em todos os participantes. Um sistema de tomografia de coerência óptica de domínio espectral (SD-OCT) foi utilizado para medir as espessuras da camada de células ganglionares plexiforme interna (GC-IPL) e da camada de fibras nervosas da retina (RNFL). Para avaliar o desempenho cognitivo de todos os participantes, foi realizado pelo mesmo neurologista um exame neurológico detalhado, incluindo mini-exame do estado mental (MMSE). Resultados: Não houve diferenças significativas entre os grupos em termos de idade (p=0,348) e sexo (p=0,935). Espessuras médias da RNFL foram significativamente diferentes, sendo 85,2 ± 14,7, 76,8 ± 10,3 e 91,4 ± 7,7 µm nos grupos POAG, NTG e controles, respectivamente (p<0,001). As espessuras médias da GC-IPL observadas foram 77.5 ± 9.7 μm no grupo POAG, 73,4 ± 7,8 µm no grupo NTG e 78,8 ± 3,8 µm nos controlos. As diferenças entre os grupos não foram estatisticamente significantes (p=0,085). Graduações do MMSE foram 26,1 ± 1,4, 25,7 ± 2,3 e 28,8 ± 0,9 nos grupos POAG, NTG e controles, respectivamente. Houve diferenças significativas entre os três grupos (p<0,001). Houve diferença significativa entre NTG e saudáveis (p<0,001). Houve diferença significativa entre POAG e saudáveis (p=0,001). Não houve diferença significativa entre o POAG e NTG (p=0,595). Conclusões: Parecem haver fatores de risco semelhantes no glaucoma e nos distúrbios neurodegenerativos que causam deterioração no desempenho cognitivo. Comparando a baixa graduação do MMSE de pacientes com POAG e NTG com controles saudáveis referenda nossa hipótese. Consequentemente recomenda-se que um neurologista também examine os pacientes de glaucoma.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To assess cognitive performance differences among primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) patients, normal-tension glaucoma (NTG) patients, and healthy control (C) subjects. Methods: A total of 60 participants (20 POAG, 20 NTG, and 20 C subjects) were included in this study. A detailed ophthalmologic examination was performed on all participants. A spectral domain-optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) system was used to measure the ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GC-IPL) and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thicknesses. To assess the cognitive performance of all participants, detailed neurological examinations, including the mini-mental state examination (MMSE), were performed by the same neurologist. Results: There were no significant differences among the groups in terms of age (p =0.348) or gender (p =0.935). The mean RNFL thicknesses were significantly different among the groups (85.2 ± 14.7, 76.8 ± 10.3, and 91.4 ± 7.7 µm in the POAG, NTG, and C subjects, respectively; p <0.001). The mean GC-IPL thicknesses were 77.5 ± 9.7 µm in the POAG group, 73.4 ± 7.8 µm in the NTG group, and 78.8 ± 3.8 µm in the C group. Differences among the groups were not statistically significant (p =0.085). MMSE scores were 26.1 ± 1.4, 25.7 ± 2.3, and 28.8 ± 0.9 in the POAG, NTG, and C groups, respectively. There were significant differences among the three groups (p <0.001). Specifically, there were significant differences between the NTG and C groups (p <0.001), and between the POAG and C groups (p =0.001). There was no significant difference between the POAG and NTG groups (p =0.595). Conclusions: There appear to be similar risk factors in glaucoma and neurodegenerative disorders that cause deterioration in cognitive performance. Comparing the low MMSE scores of the POAG and NTG patients with the scores of healthy C participants supports our hypothesis. Consequently, it is recommended that a neurologist should also examine glaucoma patients.