Abstract The flotation mechanism of galena with xanthate as the collector is generally explained based on the mixed potential of the pulp, in which an anodic electron transfer reaction from the collector to the mineral is combined with an O2 cathodic reduction. Sodium sulphide, often used as a mineral activator, strongly influences the pulp's mixed potential, and depending on the dosage applied, it can become a galena depressor reagent. In this way, the current study assesses galena flotability in the absence of collector, as well as in the presence of the collector potassium amyl xanthate (PAX) and sodium sulphide. The effect of an extremely cathodic potential was also studied through the addition of hydrogen peroxide. In addition, the effect of different stages in the oxidation of the galena surface on the flotability was investigated. Moreover, the zeta potential was measured and contact angle (wettability) tests were carried out. The contact angle measurements were taken for a distilled water, PAX solution and for a mixture of PAX and sodium sulphide solution on the oxidized and non-oxidized surface of galena. All the results showed that galena could be floated in all the PAX concentrations tested. It was observed that a moderate oxidation in the galena surface may contribute to an improvement of its flotation with PAX. However, extremely anodic and cathodic potentials cause flotability close to zero. The zeta potential results showed that sodium sulphide affected the interaction between PAX and galena. The measurements of the contact angle corroborated the results obtained in the microflotation tests. pulp O reduction activator pulps s applied reagent way (PAX peroxide investigated Moreover wettability (wettability out water nonoxidized non tested However zero

Abstract Objective: To analyze the existing state legislation, including not only the ordinary laws, but also their infralegal regulation and the state legislation on Hospital Dentistry. Material and Methods: A survey was carried out in the databases of the Legislative Assemblies of the Brazilian States and the Federal District, as well as the Regional and Federal Councils of Dentistry in Brazil. Subsequently, a survey was carried out in the databases of the Ministry of Health, State Dental Councils and Federal Dental Council in Brazil. Results: Only 8 Brazilian states have legislation in force regarding hospital dentistry, which represents 29.63% of the federative units. Among the Brazilian regions, the Midwest presented the highest prevalence of the laws found (37.50%), followed by the North (25%) and the other regions with the same coverage (12.50%). Also, an orientation and an ordinance from the Ministry of Health, six resolutions from the Federal Council of Dentistry, and a technical note from the National Health Surveillance Agency were found. Conclusion: Several States do not have rules on the subject, making it imperative to create a federal rule that not only imposes the presence of the dentist, but also regulates the proportion of the team, workload, and availability.

ABSTRACT: The main method of sugarcane smut (Sporisoriumscitamineum)control is the genetic resistance. This study assessed the reaction of Brazilian sugarcane genotypes to the smut. The design used was randomized blocks, with 41 genotypes and four replications. The experimental unit consisted of five seedlings per genotype. The genotypes were inoculated by immersing the buds in a smut spores’ suspension. For each genotype, it was obtained the disease incidence in percentage of stalk with whip and with the disease incidence data over time the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) were calculated for each genotype. Based in the AUDPC, three genotypes were classified as highly resistant (7.3%), eighteen as resistant (43.9%), twelve as moderately resistant (29.3%), three as moderately susceptible (7.3%) and five as susceptible (12.2%). Genotypes with higher levels of resistance to smut sugarcane can be used for integrated disease management and can be used as parents in new crosses in order to obtain progenies with higher proportion of genotypes resistant to smut.

RESUMO: O principal método de controle do carvão da cana-de-açúcar (Sporisorium scitamineum)é o controle genético. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a reação de genótipos brasileiros de cana-de-açúcar ao carvão. O experimento foi conduzido em blocos casualizados, com 41 genótipos e quatro repetições. A unidade experimental foi composta por cinco mudas por genótipo. Os genótipos foram inoculados através da imersão das gemas em uma suspensão de esporos do fungo. Para cada genótipo, obteve-se a incidência da doença em percentagem de colmos com chicote de carvão e com os dados de incidência da doença ao longo do tempo foi calculada a área abaixo da curva de progresso da doença (AACPD) para cada genótipo. Baseado na AACPD, três genótipos foram classificados como altamente resistentes (7,3%), dezoito como resistentes (43,9%), doze como moderadamente resistentes (29,3%), três como moderadamente suscetíveis (7,3%) e cinco como suscetíveis (12,2%). Genótipos com os maiores níveis de resistência ao carvão da cana-de-açúcar que podem ser utilizados para o manejo integrado da doença e como genitores em novos cruzamentos para obter progênies com maior proporção de genótipos resistentes ao carvão.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Chronic kidney disease patients have a higher risk of infection and worse clinical outcomes after coronavirus disease. We aimed to assess the prevalence of infection and the humoral response after vaccination in peritoneal dialysis patients. Methods: Three types of vaccines were administered (two doses) with the antibody detection at least six months after. Coronavirus disease 2019 infections, hospital admissions, and deaths were evaluated. Results: From 70 prevalent patients, 45 were included. There was a significant increase in antibody level, with a median of 92 (36, 447) U/mL. Only 4% of patients remained seronegative. History of immunosuppressive therapy was associated with no response (100% vs 60%, p=0.010). There were two infections after the vaccination, without hospital admission. Conclusion: Immunization against coronavirus disease was effective in generating a humoral response in peritoneal dialysis patients. There was also an evident impact of immunosuppressive therapy on vaccine response in peritoneal dialysis patients.

Hypertension is one of the primary modifiable risk factors for morbidity and mortality worldwide, being a major risk factor for coronary artery disease, stroke, and kidney failure. Furthermore, it is highly prevalent, affecting more than one-third of the global population. Blood pressure measurement is a MANDATORY procedure in any medical care setting and is carried out by various healthcare professionals. However, it is still commonly performed without the necessary technical care. Since the diagnosis relies on blood pressure measurement, it is clear how important it is to handle the techniques, methods, and equipment used in its execution with care. It should be emphasized that once the diagnosis is made, all short-term, medium-term, and long-term investigations and treatments are based on the results of blood pressure measurement. Therefore, improper techniques and/or equipment can lead to incorrect diagnoses, either underestimating or overestimating values, resulting in inappropriate actions and significant health and economic losses for individuals and nations. Once the correct diagnosis is made, as knowledge of the importance of proper treatment advances, with the adoption of more detailed normal values and careful treatment objectives towards achieving stricter blood pressure goals, the importance of precision in blood pressure measurement is also reinforced. Blood pressure measurement (described below) is usually performed using the traditional method, the so-called casual or office measurement. Over time, alternatives have been added to it, through the use of semi-automatic or automatic devices by the patients themselves, in waiting rooms or outside the office, in their own homes, or in public spaces. A step further was taken with the use of semi-automatic devices equipped with memory that allow sequential measurements outside the office (ABPM; or HBPM) and other automatic devices that allow programmed measurements over longer periods (HBPM). Some aspects of blood pressure measurement can interfere with obtaining reliable results and, consequently, cause harm in decision-making. These include the importance of using average values, the variation in blood pressure during the day, and short-term variability. These aspects have encouraged the performance of a greater number of measurements in various situations, and different guidelines have advocated the use of equipment that promotes these actions. Devices that perform HBPM or ABPM, which, in addition to allowing greater precision, when used together, detect white coat hypertension (WCH), masked hypertension (MH), sleep blood pressure alterations, and resistant hypertension (RHT) (defined in Chapter 2 of this guideline), are gaining more and more importance. Taking these details into account, we must emphasize that information related to diagnosis, classification, and goal setting is still based on office blood pressure measurement, and for this reason, all attention must be given to the proper execution of this procedure.

La hipertensión arterial (HTA) es uno de los principales factores de riesgo modificables para la morbilidad y mortalidad en todo el mundo, siendo uno de los mayores factores de riesgo para la enfermedad de las arterias coronarias, el accidente cerebrovascular (ACV) y la insuficiencia renal. Además, es altamente prevalente y afecta a más de un tercio de la población mundial. La medición de la presión arterial (PA) es un procedimiento OBLIGATORIO en cualquier atención médica o realizado por diferentes profesionales de la salud. Sin embargo, todavía se realiza comúnmente sin los cuidados técnicos necesarios. Dado que el diagnóstico se basa en la medición de la PA, es claro el cuidado que debe haber con las técnicas, los métodos y los equipos utilizados en su realización. Debemos enfatizar que una vez realizado el diagnóstico, todas las investigaciones y tratamientos a corto, mediano y largo plazo se basan en los resultados de la medición de la PA. Por lo tanto, las técnicas y/o equipos inadecuados pueden llevar a diagnósticos incorrectos, subestimando o sobreestimando valores y resultando en conductas inadecuadas y pérdidas significativas para la salud y la economía de las personas y las naciones. Una vez realizado el diagnóstico correcto, a medida que avanza el conocimiento sobre la importancia del tratamiento adecuado, con la adopción de valores de normalidad más detallados y objetivos de tratamiento más cuidadosos hacia metas de PA más estrictas, también se refuerza la importancia de la precisión en la medición de la PA. La medición de la PA (descrita a continuación) generalmente se realiza mediante el método tradicional, la llamada medición casual o de consultorio. Con el tiempo, se han agregado alternativas a través del uso de dispositivos semiautomáticos o automáticos por parte del propio paciente, en salas de espera o fuera del consultorio, en su propia residencia o en espacios públicos. Se dio un paso más con el uso de dispositivos semiautomáticos equipados con memoria que permiten mediciones secuenciales fuera del consultorio (AMPA; o MRPA) y otros automáticos que permiten mediciones programadas durante períodos más largos (MAPA). Algunos aspectos en la medición de la PA pueden interferir en la obtención de resultados confiables y, en consecuencia, causar daños en las decisiones a tomar. Estos incluyen la importancia de usar valores promedio, la variación de la PA durante el día y la variabilidad a corto plazo. Estos aspectos han alentado la realización de un mayor número de mediciones en diversas situaciones, y diferentes pautas han abogado por el uso de equipos que promuevan estas acciones. Los dispositivos que realizan MRPA o MAPA, que además de permitir una mayor precisión, cuando se usan juntos, detectan la hipertensión de bata blanca (HBB), la hipertensión enmascarada (HM), las alteraciones de la PA durante el sueño y la hipertensión resistente (HR) (definida en el Capítulo 2 de esta guía), están ganando cada vez más importancia. Teniendo en cuenta estos detalles, debemos enfatizar que la información relacionada con el diagnóstico, la clasificación y el establecimiento de objetivos todavía se basa en la medición de la presión arterial en el consultorio, y por esta razón, se debe prestar toda la atención a la ejecución adecuada de este procedimiento.

A hipertensão arterial (HA) é um dos principais fatores de risco modificáveis para morbidade e mortalidade em todo o mundo, sendo um dos maiores fatores de risco para doença arterial coronária, acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) e insuficiência renal. Além disso, é altamente prevalente e atinge mais de um terço da população mundial. A medida da PA é procedimento OBRIGATÓRIO em qualquer atendimento médico ou realizado por diferentes profissionais de saúde. Contudo, ainda é comumente realizada sem os cuidados técnicos necessários. Como o diagnóstico se baseia na medida da PA, fica claro o cuidado que deve haver com as técnicas, os métodos e os equipamentos utilizados na sua realização. Deve-se reforçar que, feito o diagnóstico, toda a investigação e os tratamentos de curto, médio e longo prazos são feitos com base nos resultados da medida da PA. Assim, técnicas e/ou equipamentos inadequados podem levar a diagnósticos incorretos, tanto subestimando quanto superestimando valores e levando a condutas inadequadas e grandes prejuízos à saúde e à economia das pessoas e das nações. Uma vez feito o diagnóstico correto, na medida em que avança o conhecimento da importância do tratamento adequado, com a adoção de valores de normalidade mais detalhados e com objetivos de tratamento mais cuidadosos no sentido do alcance de metas de PA mais rigorosas, fica também reforçada a importância da precisão na medida da PA. A medida da PA (descrita a seguir) é habitualmente feita pelo método tradicional, a assim chamada medida casual ou de consultório. Ao longo do tempo, foram agregadas alternativas a ela, mediante o uso de equipamentos semiautomáticos ou automáticos pelo próprio paciente, nas salas de espera ou fora do consultório, em sua própria residência ou em espaços públicos. Um passo adiante foi dado com o uso de equipamentos semiautomáticos providos de memória que permitem medidas sequenciais fora do consultório (AMPA; ou MRPA) e outros automáticos que permitem medidas programadas por períodos mais prolongados (MAPA). Alguns aspectos na medida da PA podem interferir na obtenção de resultados fidedignos e, consequentemente, causar prejuízo nas condutas a serem tomadas. Entre eles, estão: a importância de serem utilizados valores médios, a variação da PA durante o dia e a variabilidade a curto prazo. Esses aspectos têm estimulado a realização de maior número de medidas em diversas situações, e as diferentes diretrizes têm preconizado o uso de equipamentos que favoreçam essas ações. Ganham cada vez mais espaço os equipamentos que realizam MRPA ou MAPA, que, além de permitirem maior precisão, se empregados em conjunto, detectam a HA do avental branco (HAB), HA mascarada (HM), alterações da PA no sono e HA resistente (HAR) (definidos no Capítulo 2 desta diretriz). Resguardados esses detalhes, devemos ressaltar que as informações relacionadas a diagnóstico, classificação e estabelecimento de metas ainda são baseadas na medida da PA de consultório e, por esse motivo, toda a atenção deve ser dada à realização desse procedimento.

Resumen En este texto se analizan las sentencias de unificación 1073 de 2012 y 230 de 2015, y se expone cómo en ellas la Corte Constitucional promueve la regresión a derechos sociales. Los efectos que estas sentencias tienen dentro del sistema de control de constitucionalidad permiten identificar una elusión constitucional, pues es imposible que el principio de no regresividad se aplique como un criterio de justiciabilidad. Estas decisiones han sido reiteradas en años posteriores, y dejan sin garantías judiciales a la cláusula de Estado social de derecho de la Constitución de 1991 frente a la sostenibilidad fiscal. Esto también viola el estándar del recurso judicial efectivo consagrado en la Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos.

Abstract In this text, the Unification Sentences 1073 of 2012 and 230 of 2015 are analyzed and it is exposed how in them the Constitutional Court promotes the regression to social rights. The effects that these have within the constitutionality control system allow us to identify a constitutional evasion, since it is impossible for the principle of non-regressiveness to be applied as a criterion of justiciability. These decisions have been reiterated in subsequent years and leave without judicial guarantees the clause of the Social State of Law of the 1991 Constitution in the face of fiscal sustainability. This also violates the standard of effective judicial remedy enshrined in the American Convention on Human Rights.

Abstract: The European building stock is responsible for 36% of greenhouse gas emissions and 40% of energy consumption, and its rehabilitation would reduce consumption by 26%. In addition to the economic benefits of this reduction, such as its incidence in reducing energy poverty, energy efficient homes imply co-benefits in terms of comfort and health of their inhabitants; however, households are not aware of this, which, together with other barriers, discourages obtaining efficient housing. This work seeks to know the importance that households give to the benefits and co-benefits associated with energy efficiency; understand if it is homogeneous among these, and identify its correlation with its sociodemographic characteristics. To do this, a survey is carried out on a sample of households in Barcelona. Through a multivariate analysis, the patterns of relevance given to the different advantages and their statistical association with the sociodemographic characteristics of the households are identified. The results suggest that the importance of these benefits is heterogeneous. Older and higher-income people value more co-benefits such as health, comfort and environmental conservation, but younger and lower-income people value savings more.

Resumen: El parque edificado europeo es responsable del 36% de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero y del 40% del consumo de energía y su rehabilitación reduciría un 26% del consumo. Además de los beneficios económicos de esta reducción, como su incidencia en reducir la pobreza energética, las viviendas energéticamente eficientes implican co-beneficios en el confort y la salud de sus habitantes; sin embargo, los hogares no son conscientes de ello, lo que, aunado a otras barreras, desincentiva la obtención de viviendas eficientes. Este trabajo persigue conocer la importancia que otorgan los hogares a los beneficios y co-beneficios asociados a la eficiencia energética; entender si es homogénea entre éstos e identificar su correlación con sus características sociodemográficas. Para ello, se realiza una encuesta a una muestra de hogares de Barcelona. Mediante un análisis multivariante, se identifican los patrones de la relevancia otorgada a las distintas ventajas y su asociación estadística con las características sociodemográficas de los hogares. Los resultados sugieren que la importancia de estos beneficios es heterogénea. Las personas mayores y de mayor renta aprecian más co-beneficios como la salud, el confort y la conservación medioambiental, pero las personas más jóvenes y de menor renta valoran más los ahorros.

Abstract Background Due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic response measures, the administration of botulinum toxin (BTX) was delayed for many patients during the first lockdown period in Portugal. Objectives To review the impact of postponing BTX treatment on migraine control. Methods This was a retrospective, single-center study. Patients with chronic migraine who had done at least three previous BTX cycles and were considered responders were included. The patients were divided into two groups, one that has had their treatment delayed (group P), and one that has not (controls). The Phase III Research Evaluating Migraine Prophylaxis Therapy (PREEMPT) protocol was used. Migraine-related data were obtained at baseline and at three subsequent visits. Results The present study included two groups, group P (n = 30; 47.0 ± 14.5 years; 27 females, interval baseline -1st visit: 5.5 [4.1-5.8] months) and the control group (n = 6; 57.7 ± 13.2 years; 6 females; interval baseline-1st visit 3.0 [3.0-3.2] months). No difference between the groups was present at baseline. When compared to baseline, the number of days/month with migraine (5 [3-6.2] vs. 8 [6-15] p < 0.001), days using triptans/month (2.5 [0-6] vs. 3 [0-8], p = 0.027) and intensity of pain (7 [5.8-10] vs. 9 [7-10], p = 0.012) were greater in the first visit for group P, while controls did not present a significant variation. The worsening of migraine-related indicators decreased in the following visits; however, even in the third visit, it had not returned to baseline. Correlations were significant between the delayed time to treatment and the increase in days/month with migraines at the first visit after lockdown (r = 0.507; p = 0.004). Conclusions There was a deterioration of migraine control after postponed treatments, with a direct correlation between the worsening of symptoms and the number of months that the treatment was delayed.

Resumo Antecedentes Devido às medidas de resposta à pandemia de coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), a administração de toxina botulínica (TXB) foi adiada para muitos pacientes durante o primeiro confinamento em Portugal. Objetivos Avaliar o impacto do adiamento do tratamento com TXB no controle da enxaqueca. Métodos Estudo retrospectivo unicêntrico. Foram incluídos pacientes com enxaqueca crônica com pelo menos três ciclos prévios de TXB e que tenham sido considerados respondedores. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos, sendo um com atraso do tratamento (grupo P) e outro sem atraso (controles). O protocolo Phase III Research Evaluating Migraine Prophylaxis Therapy (PREEMPT) foi utilizado. Dados clínicos relacionados com a enxaqueca foram obtidos na consulta inicial (T0) e nas três consultas subsequentes (T1-3). Resultados O presente estudo incluiu dois grupos, o grupo P (n = 30; 47,0 ± 14,5 anos; 27 mulheres, intervalo T0-1ª visita: 5,5 [4,1-5,8] meses) e o grupo controle (n = 6; 57,7 ± 13,2 anos; 6 mulheres; intervalo T0-1ª visita 3,0 [3,0-3,2] meses). Os grupos não apresentavam nenhuma diferença no início do estudo. Quando comparado à T0, o número de dias/mês com enxaqueca (5 [3-6,2] vs. 8 [6-15], p < 0,001), dias usando triptanos/mês (2,5 [0-6] vs. 3 [0-8], p = 0,027) e intensidade da dor (7 [5,8-10] vs. 9 [7-10], p = 0,012) foram maiores na primeira visita no grupo P, não apresentando os controles variação significativa. A piora dos indicadores relacionados com a enxaqueca diminuiu nas visitas seguintes; porém, mesmo na terceira visita, ainda não haviam retornado ao basal. As correlações foram significativas entre o atraso do tratamento e o aumento de dias/mês com enxaqueca na primeira consulta após o confinamento (r = 0,507; p = 0,004). Conclusão Houve piora clínica da enxaqueca após o adiamento do tratamento em correlação direta com a duração do atraso.

Resumen Introducción: El neurofibroma pigmentado (NP) o melanocítico constituye solamente el 1% de los casos y se considera como una variante rara del neurofibroma que contiene células productoras de melanina. Además, la asociación de NP con hipertricosis es muy rara. Caso clínico: Se describe el caso de un paciente de sexo masculino de 8 años 2 meses de edad con diagnóstico de neurofibromatosis tipo 1 (NF1), quien presentaba en la cara anterior del muslo izquierdo una placa hiperpigmentada de color café claro, bien delimitada y de consistencia suave, e hipertricosis. La biopsia de piel presentó cambios característicos de neurofibroma; sin embargo, en la porción profunda de la lesión se observaron depósitos de melanina positivos para S100, Melan-A y HMB45, con lo que se estableció el diagnóstico de neurofibroma pigmentado. Conclusiones: Aunque el NP es un subtipo raro del neurofibroma, se considera que es un tumor benigno de evolución crónica de células productoras de melanina. Estas lesiones aparecen en solitario o asociadas con neurofibromatosis. Dado que es un tumor que puede confundirse con otras lesiones cutáneas, es fundamental el análisis de la biopsia para diferenciarlo de otros tumores cutáneos pigmentados, como el schwanoma melanocítico, dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, hamartoma neurocrístico o neuronevus. La vigilancia es parte del tratamiento y, en ocasiones, se lleva a cabo la resección quirúrgica.

Abstract Background: Pigmented (or melanocytic) neurofibroma (PN) constitutes only 1% of cases and is considered a rare variant of neurofibroma containing melanin-producing cells. In addition, the association of PN with hypertrichosis is infrequent. Case report: We describe the case of an 8-year-old male with a neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) diagnosis, who presented a light brown hyperpigmented plaque, smooth and well-demarcated, and hypertrichosis on the left thigh. The skin biopsy showed characteristics of neurofibroma; however, in the deep portion of the lesion, melanin deposits positive for S100, Melan-A, and HMB45 were observed, thus establishing the diagnosis of pigmented neurofibroma. Conclusions: Although PN is a rare subtype of neurofibroma, it is considered a chronically progressive benign tumor containing melanin-producing cells. These lesions can appear alone or in association with neurofibromatosis. Since this is a tumor that can be confused with other skin lesions, biopsy analysis is essential to differentiate it from other pigmented skin tumors, such as melanocytic schwannoma, dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, neurocristic hamartoma, or neuronevus. Surveillance is part of the treatment, and surgical resection is sometimes performed.

Abstract A continuous search for bioactive materials capable of supporting the replacement of damaged pulp tissue, with effective sealing potential and biocompatibility, has represented the attention of studies over the last decades. This study involves a narrative review of the literature developed by searching representative research in PUBMED/MEDLINE and searches in textbooks associated with the mechanism of action of bioactive materials (calcium hydroxide, mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), and calcium silicate cements). The reflective analysis of the particularities of the chemical elements of these materials, considering the tissue and antibacterial mechanism of action, allows a better understanding of the characteristics and similarities in their tissue responses. Calcium hydroxide paste remains the antibacterial substance of choice as intracanal dressing for the treatment of root canal system infections. Calcium silicate cements, including MTA, show a favorable biological response with the stimulation of mineralized tissue deposition in sealed areas when in contact with connective tissue. This is due to the similarity between the chemical elements, especially ionic dissociation, the potential stimulation of enzymes in tissues, and the contribution towards an alkaline environment due to the pH of these materials. The behavior of bioactive materials, especially MTA and the new calcium silicate cements in the biological sealing activity, has been shown to be effective. Contemporary endodontics has access to bioactive materials with similar properties, which can stimulate a biological seal in lateral and furcation root perforations, root-end fillings and root fillings, pulp capping, pulpotomy, apexification, and regenerative endodontic procedures, in addition to other clinical conditions.

Resumo Uma busca contínua de materiais bioativos com capacidade de substituir o tecido pulpar danificado, com efetiva capacidade de selamento e biocompatibilidade, tem representado a atenção e foco de muitos estudos ao longo das últimas décadas. Este estudo envolve uma revisão narrativa da literatura desenvolvida por meio de pesquisas representativas encontradas no PUBMED/MEDLINE e pesquisas em livros didáticos associadas ao mecanismo de ação de materiais bioativos (hidróxido de cálcio, agregado de trióxido mineral (MTA) e cimentos de silicato de cálcio). A presente análise reflexiva das particularidades dos elementos químicos destes materiais bioativos, considerando o mecanismo de ação tecidual e antibacteriano, possibilita um melhor entendimento das características e similaridades no comportamento tecidual. A pasta de hidróxido de cálcio continua sendo a substância antibacteriana de escolha como medicação intracanal para o tratamento das infecções do sistema de canais radiculares. Este fato se deve a disponibilidade química de íons cálcio e hidroxila do hidróxido de cálcio aos tecidos, e a inibição enzimática bacteriana. Os cimentos de silicato de cálcio, dentre os quais inclui o MTA, apresentam uma resposta biológica favorável ao estímulo à deposição de tecido mineralizado nas áreas seladas e em contato com tecido conjuntivo. Este fato é decorrente da similaridade entre os elementos químicos, em especial devido a dissociação iônica, ao potencial estímulo de enzimas teciduais, e a contribuição com um meio alcalino decorrente do pH destes materiais. O comportamento dos materiais bioativos, em especial o MTA e os novos cimentos de silicato de cálcio na atividade de selamento biológico mostraram efetivos. A endodontia contemporânea atualmente conta com o potencial de materiais bioativos com propriedades análogas capaz de estimular o selamento biológico em perfurações radiculares laterais e de furca, em obturações radiculares, capeamento pulpar, pulpotomia, apicificação e procedimentos endodônticos regenerativos, além de outras condições clínicas.

Abstract Objective: To assess the predictive value of selected growth phenotypes for neonatal morbidity and mortality in preterm infants < 30 weeks and to compare them with INTERGROWTH-21st (IG21). Methods: Retrospective analysis of data from the Brazilian Neonatal Research Network (BNRN) database for very low birth weight (VLBW) at 20 public tertiary-care university hospitals. Outcome: the composite neonatal morbidity and mortality (CNMM) consisted of in-hospital death, oxygen use at 36 weeks, intraventricular hemorrhage grade 3 or 4, and Bell stage 2 or 3 necrotizing enterocolitis. Selected growth phenotypes: small-for-gestational-age (SGA) defined as being < 3rd (SGA3) or 10th (SGA10) percentiles of BW, and large-for-gestational-age (LGA) as being > 97th percentile of BW. Stunting as being < 3rd percentile of the length and wasting as being < 3rd percentile of BMI. Single and multiple log-binomial regression models were fitted to estimate the relative risks of CNMM, comparing them to IG21. Results: 4,072 infants were included. The adjusted relative risks of CNMM associated with selected growth phenotypes were (BNRN/IG21): 1.45 (0.92–2.31)/1.60 (1.27–2.02) for SGA; 0.90 (0.55–1.47)/1.05 (0.55–1.99) for LGA; 1.65 (1.08–2.51)/1.58 (1.28–1.96) for stunting; and 1.48 (1.02–2.17) for wasting. Agreement between the two references was variable. The growth phenotypes had good specificity (>95%) and positive predictive value (70-90%), with poor sensitivity and low negative predictive value. Conclusion: The BNRN phenotypes at birth differed markedly from the IG21 standard and showed poor accuracy in predicting adverse neonatal outcomes.

RESUMEN La productividad agrícola del estado de Nayarit ha disminuido desde 1998. El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar la zonificación agroclimática del estado y determinar los cultivos que se pueden producir con mayores beneficios, según el sistema de clasificación climática de Papadakis. Para ello, se utilizaron características hídricas y térmicas, e índices derivados de valores meteorológicos de 25 estaciones climatológicas que limitan la distribución geográfica de los cultivos. Los grupos climáticos establecidos fueron tres: tropical, subtropical y tierra fría con cuatro, tres y dos subgrupos cada uno, respectivamente. Los dos primeros favorecen los cultivos de cereales de invierno como avena (Avena sativa L.), cebada (Hordeum vulgare L.), centeno (Secale cereale L.) y trigo (Triticum aestivum L.); y de verano como arroz (Oryza sativa L.), maíz (Zea mays L.), mijo (Panicum italicum L.) y sorgo (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench), además de banana (Musa paradisiaca L.), caña de azúcar (Saccharum officinarum L.), cítricos y papa (Solanum tuberosum L.). En el grupo climático de tierra fría, se encontraron maíz y papa. Con base en el método Papadakis, para cada subgrupo climático identificado se indicaron los cuidados necesarios para obtener buenos rendimientos (tipo de cultivo; épocas de siembra; aplicación de riego, fertilizantes y agroquímicos) y para evitar problemas fitosanitarios y de almacenamiento después de la cosecha. El mapa de zonificación agroclimática se generó con el método de interpolación de la distancia inversa ponderada. Este estudio puede ser la base para planificar con éxito los cultivos en la región y mejorar la economía del estado.

ABSTRACT Agriculture productivity in the state of Nayarit has decreased since 1998. The aim of this study was to undertake the agroclimatic zoning across the state in order to determine the type of crops more convenient to render the highest yields, based on the Papadakis climate classification system. Hydric and thermal characteristics pertaining to the geographic distribution of crops were used, as well as indexes derived from meteorological data provided by 25 climate stations. There were three climatic groups identified: tropical, subtropical and cold land, having four, three and two subgroups each, respectively. The first two climatic groups support winter cereals such as oat (Avena sativa L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), rye (Secale cereale L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.); and summer cereals such as corn (Zea mays L.), millet (Panicum italicum L.), rice (Oryza sativa L.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench), in addition to banana (Musa paradisiaca L.), citrus, potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) and sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum L.). On the other hand, corn and potato were found in the cold land climatic group. Based on the methodology of Papadakis, for each climatic sub-group identified, a set of recommendation managements were given to improve yields (crop type, sowing season, irrigation, fertilizing and other agrochemicals application) and to avoid crop damage. An agroclimatic-zoning map was generated by using the inverse distance weighted interpolation method. This study may contribute to the successful planning of crops across the region and thus to improve the state’s economy.

RESUMEN Introducción. La Protuberancia Occipital Externa (POE) es una superficie convexa y lisa que tradicionalmente no presenta ningún tipo de irregularidades. La aparición de un entesofito en individuos ha llamado la atención de los investigadores. Objetivo. Determinar la prevalencia, longitud, edad y sexo de una exostosis en forma de gancho desarrollada a nivel de la POE. Metodología. Estudio observacional descriptivo realizado en radiografías laterales de cráneo de individuos jóvenes. De 5065 radiografías, 4017 radiografías cumplieron con los criterios. Se procedió a la detección de la presencia de un gancho óseo en la POE y su medición. Resultados. Se incluyeron personas de ambos sexos entre 13 a 45 años: 2902 mujeres y 1115 varones. De las 4017 radiografías observadas, el 67% presentó la excrecencia en la POE, con rangos desde 5 a 24 mm en longitud, 511 tenían una longitud de 5 mm o mayor, 903 entre 9 a 12 mm de longitud y 253 de 13 a 24mm. Se observó en mayor proporción en el sexo masculino que el femenino (68% vs 32%). En los individuos de 40 años y más, solo un paciente de sexo masculino mostró la presencia del entesofito. Conclusión. Se ha encontrado una alta frecuencia del desarrollo de una protuberancia ósea a nivel del POE en jóvenes y adultos jóvenes de sexo masculino. Este es el primer estudio de este tipo realizado en la población del Paraguay. Para comprender la razón del desarrollo de esta excrecencia ósea, es necesario ampliar el área de investigación.

ABSTRACT Introduction. The external occipital protuberance (EOP) is a smooth convex surface which commonly does not present any type of irregularities. The development of an enthesophyte in young population has attracted the attention of researchers. Objective. To determine the prevalence, size, age, and sex of individuals with bony projections that resembles a hook developed in EOP. Methodology. Descriptive observational study. 5065 lateral skull x-rays were observed. 4017 fulfilled all the criteria. The x-rays were reviewed for the presence of a bony excrescence in EOP, and they were measured. Results. From a both sexes population between 13 to 45 years old 2902 were female and 1115 were male. 67% X-rays presented the enthesophyte ranging from 5 - 24 mm in length. 511 out of 1667 had an enthesophyte at or above 5 mm. There were 903 patients with an enthesophyte ranging from 9 - 12 mm in length and 254 had the protuberance ranging from 13 - 24 mm. Statistically significant range of 68% vs 32% between males and females were observed. From individuals of 40 years and above, just 1 male patient out of 32 showed the enthesophyte. Conclusion. Significant association with the development of a bony protuberance at the POE in young and young adult male population has been found. This is the first study of this type in Paraguayan individuals. To expand the field of studies, future research is needed to better examine and understand the reason for the development of this bony excrescence.