Abstract Background: Demographic aging and the increase in chronic diseases are reflected in high levels of dependence for self-care. Objective: To characterize the Dependent Family member (FM), the Caregiving Family Member (CFM) and the resources used, in the context of classic families. Methodology: Quantitative and descriptive study. A Snowball sample was used. The “Families that Integrate Dependents in Self-care” form was used in 60 CFM.. Results: The FM are mostly female. Caregivers are predominantly elderly women with low education. The most basic care (e.g. feeding, giving drink and dressing are carried out with some ease by the CFM and are guaranteed. Care with a more differentiated intervention, such as performing exercises for the lower and upper limbs and activities to stimulate memory, do not are carried out. The main resource used is the health center. Conclusion: This study reveals the need for Family Nurses to intervene in family care at home through teaching and implementing more differentiated care (motor rehabilitation and cognitive stimulation), as well as promoting accessibility to care and health resources.

Resumo Enquadramento: As transições demográficas, epidemiológicas e sociais têm implicações na (in)dependência para o autocuidado. Objetivo: Caracterizar o familiar dependente (FD), o Membro Familiar Prestador de Cuidados (MFPC) e os recursos utilizados, no contexto das famílias clássicas. Metodologia: Estudo transversal e descritivo. Amostragem de Snowball. Utilizou-se o formulário “Famílias que Integram Dependentes no Autocuidado” em 60 MFPC. Resultados: Os FD são maioritariamente do género feminino. Os cuidadores são predominantemente mulheres idosas com baixa escolaridade. Os cuidados mais básicos (e.g. alimentar, dar de beber e vestir são realizados com alguma facilidade pelo MFPC e estão garantidos. Os cuidados com intervenção mais diferenciada, como a realização de exercícios dos membros inferiores e superiores e a estimulação das funções cognitivas não são realizados. O principal recurso utilizado é o centro de saúde. Conclusão: Este estudo revela a necessidade do Enfermeiro de Família intervir nos cuidados à família em contexto domiciliário através do ensino e da implementação de cuidados mais diferenciados (reabilitação motora e estimulação cognitiva), assim como, promover a acessibilidade aos cuidados e recursos de saúde.

Resumen Marco contextual: Las transiciones demográficas, epidemiológicas y sociales repercuten en la (in)dependencia de los autocuidados. Objetivo: Caracterizar al familiar dependiente (FD), al familiar cuidador (MFPC) y los recursos utilizados, en el contexto de las familias clásicas. Metodología: Estudio transversal y descriptivo. Muestreo de bola de nieve (snowball). El formulario “Familias que integran a personas dependientes en el autocuidado” se utilizó en 60 MFPC. Resultados: Los FD son mayoritariamente mujeres. Los cuidadores son predominantemente mujeres mayores con bajos niveles de educación. Los cuidados más básicos (por ejemplo, alimentar, beber y vestirse) los realizan con cierta facilidad los MFPC y están garantizados. Los cuidados con intervención más especializada, como ejercitar los miembros inferiores y superiores, y estimular las funciones cognitivas no se realizan. El principal recurso utilizado es el centro de salud. Conclusión: Este estudio pone de manifiesto la necesidad de que el enfermero de familia intervenga en los cuidados familiares en el domicilio enseñando y aplicando cuidados más especializados (rehabilitación motora y estimulación cognitiva), así como promoviendo la accesibilidad a los cuidados y recursos sanitarios.

ABSTRACT. This study investigated the effect of acclimation temperatures and eyestalk ablation (EA) on the thermal tolerance of juvenile Penaeus vannamei. In each case, the relative expression of genes involved in cell protection (hsp70 and hsp90), oxidative stress (cMnSOD and GPx), and anaerobic metabolism (hif1a) was assessed. For this purpose, shrimp were acclimated to 20, 26, and 32°C for 21 days. After acclimation, the critical thermal maxima (CTmax) was determined in non-eyestalk ablated, unilaterally, and bilaterally eyestalk ablated organisms. An effect of acclimation temperatures on CTmax values was observed, with shrimp acclimated at 32°C having the highest rates. Likewise, EA resulted in lower thermal tolerance to CTmax in organisms acclimated at 20 and 26°C. The shrimp's protective and cellular repair responses were evidenced by increased hsp70 and hsp90 gene expression after CTmax and were intensified by the EA. In contrast, the results showed that cMnSOD was very sensitive to CTmax, and its expression was intensified with EA, while for GPx, there was an increase in the relative gene expression, mainly in shrimp acclimated at 20°C. In the case of hif1a, overexpression was observed at the acclimation temperature of 26°C, showing the activation of compensatory mechanisms such as anaerobic metabolism. EA caused a significant molecular response during CTmax of molecular biomarkers involved in heat stress response, oxidative stress, and compensatory mechanisms.

SUMMARY Forest Management with Integrated Livestock (MBGI, for its acronym in Spanish) is a technical proposal based on the management of forestry, livestock, forage and environmental components of a property articulated as a feasible farm plan. It requires a monitoring process of these different components within an adaptive management framework, and verification that planning meets the objectives of all dimensions of sustainability. It is necessary for the baseline characterization of the property, the determination of "Ecological Sites" (landscape units with similar types of soil, topography, hydrology, climate and vegetation, which are expected to respond in a similar way to disturbances and management) and their corresponding “Reference States” (condition of greater ecological integrity). The objective of this work is to generate a proposal for "expeditious sampling" of environmental/productive aspects of properties under MBGI. It aims at a holistic visualization of the key dynamics of Northern Patagonian forests and surrounding areas, allowing for their description, categorization and planning in less time compared to the currently available methodology.

RESUMEN El Manejo del Bosque con Ganadería Integrada (MBGI) es una propuesta técnica que se basa en el manejo de los componentes forestal, ganadero, forrajero y ambiental, articulada como un plan predial factible de implementar. Requiere un proceso de monitoreo de los distintos componentes en un marco de manejo adaptativo, verificando que la planificación cumpla con los objetivos en todas las dimensiones de la sustentabilidad. Es necesario para la caracterización de la línea de base del predio, la determinación de “Sitios Ecológicos” (unidades de paisaje con similares tipos de suelo, topografía, hidrología, clima y vegetación, que se espera que respondan de manera similar a disturbios y manejo) y sus correspondientes “Estados de Referencia” (condición de mayor integridad ecológica). El objetivo del presente trabajo es generar una propuesta de “muestreo expeditivo” de los aspectos ambientales/productivos para predios bajo MBGI. Apunta a una visualización holística de procesos clave de dinámicas de los bosques norpatagónicos y zonas aledañas, permitiendo en menor tiempo (en comparación con la metodología actualmente disponible) su descripción, categorización y planificación.

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe behaviors with oral hygiene items in single-bathroom households during the domiciliary isolation of individuals with positive 'Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction' (RTPCR+) in southern Brazil. Material and Methods: Cross-sectional study was conducted with Research and Monitoring Sector of COVID-19 data from Palhoça, Brazil, of individuals aged ≥18 years, living in a singlebathroom household, who had an RT-PCR positive. A link of Google Forms was used. Socio-demographic information, characteristics during the home isolation, oral hygiene, and behaviors with oral hygiene items in the bathroom were collected. Descriptive stratified analyses according to age were conducted (<40 and ≥40 years). Results: Among 524 individuals, 36% were aged ≥40 years. During isolation, according to the behaviors with oral hygiene items in the household single-bathroom, 70% (95%CI 64.9-75.5) of the youngest participants reported sharing toothbrushes in the same container and 30% (95%CI 24.4-35.1) of the oldest; use of the same toothpaste was reported by 67% (95%CI 62.8-71.7) of the youngest and 33% (95%CI 28.337.3) of the oldest participants. For the outcome of sharing the same toothpaste, the chances for the youngest and the oldest to share the same toothbrush container was 11 times and 6 times more, respectively. Conclusion: The individuals related good oral hygiene habits; however, behaviors with oral hygiene items in the bathroom were neglected, especially by the younger individuals.

Resumo Fundamento As doenças oro-valvares têm prevalência mundial expressiva, e a cirurgia de troca valvar melhorou a sobrevida dos pacientes. Objetivos Descrever aspectos clínico-laboratoriais dos pacientes submetidos a implante valvar mecânico e determinar a incidência de trombose de próteses valvares (TPV). Métodos Estudo de coorte retrospectivo com seguimento até nove anos; as variáveis de estudo foram buscadas em prontuários físicos e eletrônicos. Os cálculos foram realizados pelo programa Jamovi 1.2.2.; p<0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significante. Foram construídas curvas de Kaplan Meier, e realizada análise de regressão de Cox para fatores relacionados à mortalidade. Resultados Foram incluídos 473 pacientes com média de idade de 46,9 ±11,3 anos. A doença reumática foi a principal etiologia. Em média de acompanhamento de 4,43 anos, a mortalidade foi de 16,1%. Pacientes com implantes de próteses na posição aórtica tiveram sobrevida melhor que os portadores em posição mitro-aórtica (p=0,026). Entre os fatores ajustados para mortalidade, apenas classe funcional e insuficiência renal crônica apresentaram significância estatística. A incidência de TPV foi de 0,24/100 pacientes/ano, com primeiro evento após 1000 dias da cirurgia. Tabagismo e pannus foram estatisticamente associados a TPV. Não houve diferenças na variabilidade de INR entre pacientes com e sem trombose por posição protética, mas houve diferença estatística no INR pré-evento trombótico comparado aos que não apresentaram trombose (INR= 2,20[1,80-2,20] vs 2,80[2,20-3,40]; p= 0,040). Identificamos 4,4% de acidentes vasculares cerebrais e 5,2% de sangramentos. Conclusões A população mostrou-se jovem e valvopatia reumática foi frequente. A frequência de TPV foi semelhante à descrita na literatura, apesar da baixa renda e escolaridade da amostra.

Abstract Background Valvular heart diseases are highly prevalent in the world, and surgical valve replacement has improved patients’ survival. Objectives To describe clinical and laboratory data of patients undergoing mechanical valve replacement, and to determine the incidence of prosthetic valve thrombosis (PVT). Methods Retrospective cohort study with a follow-up of up to nine years. The study variables were collected from conventional and electronic medical charts. Statistical calculations were performed using the Jamovi software version 1.2.2.; a p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Kaplan Meier curves were constructed, and Cox regression analysis was performed for analysis of factors related to mortality. Results A total of 473 patients were included, mean age of 46.9 ±11.3 years. Rheumatic disease was the most common etiology. In a mean follow-up period of 4.43 years, mortality rate was 16.1%. Patients with aortic prosthesis showed higher survival than patients with double implant (mitral and aortic) (p=0.026). Of the factors adjusted for mortality, only functional class and chronic renal failure showed statistically significant association. The incidence of PVT was 0.24/100 patients/year, and the first event occurred more than 1000 days after the implant. Smoking and pannus formation were significantly associated with PVT. No differences were found in INR variability between patients with and without thrombosis by prosthetic position, but significant differences were found in INR before thrombosis as compared with patients without thrombosis (INR= 2.20 [1.80-2.20] vs. 2.80 [2.20-3.40]; p= 0.040). The incidence of stroke and bleeding was 4.4% and 5.2% respectively. Conclusions The study population was young, and rheumatic valve disease was common in this group. The prevalence of PVT was similar to that described in the literature, despite the low income and low educational level of our sample.

Resumo A Agricultura Urbana (AU) tem alcançado bastante visibilidade na contemporaneidade, apesar de não ser uma prática nova, pois a sua origem está associada ao surgimento das cidades. Práticas de agricultura nas cidades têm se mostrado positivas, mas também permeadas por contradições. Este artigo apresenta a análise de uma horta urbana coletiva situada na cidade de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul. A Horta da Formiga (HF) foi observada, como um campo social, em uma investigação participativa ao longo de dois anos. Buscou-se responder à seguinte inquietação: como agentes protagonistas em uma horta urbana coletiva conciliam as contradições inerentes a esse campo social? Com vistas a este objetivo, o aparato de Pierre Bourdieu foi mobilizado como lente teórico-metodológica. O corolário do argumento desenvolvido é que quanto mais os agentes protagonistas da HF se aproximam dos capitais tidos como legítimos ao Estado (metacampo de poder), mais são capazes de conciliar as contradições que se atravessam nesse campo. Identificou-se, pois, que embora haja uma agência desses indivíduos, considerando a análise recorrendo às noções de capital e à categoria habitus de Bourdieu, há condicionantes estruturados no campo que não permitem a conciliação de contradições de formas mais orgânicas e diversas.

Abstract Urban Agriculture has achieved considerable visibility in contemporary times, although it is not a new practice, as its remote origin is associated with the emergence of cities. These agricultural practices in cities have shown to be positive but permeated by contradictions. This article analyzes an urban collective garden located in the city of Porto Alegre, RS. The Horta da Formiga was observed as a social field through a two-year participatory investigation. The authors sought to answer the research question: How do protagonist agents of a collective urban garden reconcile as inherent contradictions to this social field? Pierre Bourdieu’s apparatus was used as a theoretical-methodological lens. The corollary of the developed argument is that the more the protagonists of Horta da Formiga get closer to the capitals considered legitimate to the state, the more they can reconcile the contradictions in this field. The study identified that, when considering the analysis based on Bourdieu’s notions of capital and habitus category, despite the individuals’ agency, they face structured conditions in the field that do not allow more organic and diverse forms of reconciliation of contradictions.

Resumen La agricultura urbana (UA) ha logrado una notoriedad considerable en la época contemporánea, aunque no es una práctica nueva, ya que su origen remoto está asociado al surgimiento de las ciudades. Las prácticas agrícolas en las ciudades han demostrado ser positivas, pero también impregnadas de contradicciones. Este artículo presenta el análisis de un huerto urbano colectivo ubicado en la ciudad de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul. La Horta da Formiga se observó como un campo social en una investigación participativa de más de dos años. Se buscó responder a la siguiente inquietud: ¿Cómo concilian los agentes protagonistas de un huerto urbano colectivo las contradicciones inherentes a este campo social? Con miras a este objetivo, se utilizó/utilizaron la/s teoría/s de Pierre Bourdieu como lente teórico-metodológico. El corolario del argumento desarrollado es que cuanto más se acercan los protagonistas de Horta da Formiga a los capitales considerados legítimos del Estado (metacampo del poder), más capaces son de conciliar las contradicciones que atraviesan este campo. Se identificó, por tanto, que si bien existe una agencia de estos individuos, considerando el análisis utilizando las nociones de capital y la categoría habitus de Bourdieu, existen condicionantes estructurados en el campo que no permiten la conciliación de contradicciones de formas más orgánicas y diversas.

Abstract Francisco Romero (Spain, 1891-Argentina, 1962) maintained a wide epistolary network with philosophers and intellectuals from countries around the world. This is confirmed by the Peruvian philosophers, especially in the 1940s and 1950s, included in Epistolario (2017), who are the subject of this work. In total, he corresponded with eleven scholars from Peru and exchanged seventy three pieces of mail. They are Honorio Delgado, Mariano Iberico, Alejandro Deustua, Augusto Salazar Bondy, Ramiro Pérez Reinoso, Francisco Miró Quesada, Fernando Tola, Walter Blumenfeld, Víctor Li Carrillo, Luis Alberto Sánchez and Alberto Wagner de Reyna.

Resumen Francisco Romero (España, 1891-Argentina, 1962) mantuvo una amplia red epistolar con filósofos e intelectuales de distintos países del mundo. Así se constata con filósofos peruanos especialmente en las décadas de 1940 y 1950, como puede leerse en su libro Epistolario (2017), tema de este trabajo. En total mantuvo correspondencia con once personalidades e intercambiaron setenta y tres piezas postales. Ellos son Honorio Delgado, Mariano Iberico, Alejandro Deustua, Augusto Salazar Bondy, Ramiro Pérez Reinoso, Francisco Miró Quesada, Fernando Tola, Walter Blumenfeld, Víctor Li Carrillo, Luis Alberto Sánchez y Alberto Wagner de Reyna.

Abstract: The south of Mendoza province has been characterized as the southern frontier of South American pre-Hispanic agriculture on the eastern slope of the Andes. This characterization has been based on the presence of crops at the archaeological sites and adopting a dichotomic perception of hunter-gatherers and farmers. During the last few decades, the archaeological record has shown a complex and shifting situation both at a spatial and temporal level in relation to the dependence of human groups on this type of resource. Based on a biogeographic model, we evaluated different lines of analysis from the archaeological record to assess the impact of environmental factors on the emergence of agriculture within the region. The results obtained confirm the low importance of agriculture among human groups as well as their flexibility in facing different environmental and demographic scenarios. Finally, we propose that the environmental structure of Patagonia would have played a central role in limiting the spread of domesticated plant use in this region of South America.

Resumen: El sur de la Provincia de Mendoza ha sido caracterizado como el límite meridional de la agricultura prehispánica sudamericana, específicamente en la vertiente oriental de los Andes. Dicha caracterización ha estado basada en la presencia de plantas domesticadas en los sitios arqueológicos, utilizando una mirada dicotómica entre cazadores-recolectores y agricultores. Los trabajos arqueológicos de las últimas décadas han mostrado una situación compleja y cambiante tanto a nivel espacial como temporal en relación a la dependencia de los grupos humanos sobre este tipo de recursos. A partir de un modelo biogeográfico, se utilizan distintas líneas de análisis del registro arqueológico con el fin de evaluar la incidencia del contexto ambiental en el ingreso de la agricultura a la región. Los resultados obtenidos confirman la escasa importancia de los recursos domesticados entre los grupos humanos de la región y la flexibilidad mostrada por los mismos para enfrentar distintos escenarios ambientales y demográficos. Finalmente, se propone que, en el sur de Mendoza, la estructura ambiental del área biogeográfica de Patagonia habría tenido un rol central en los límites para la dispersión de las plantas domesticadas en esta región de América del Sur.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a eficácia da solução Welch Allyn Connex® Spot Monitor/Hillrom Connecta™ em acionar o time de resposta rápida em tempo hábil, em comparação com o acionamento manual. Métodos: O estudo Hillrom é um ensaio clínico unicêntrico, aberto, de superioridade, randomizado em clusters em paralelo (taxa de alocação 1:1) realizado em um hospital terciário. Serão incluídos dois grupos de três enfermarias com 28 leitos (um grupo intervenção e um grupo controle). As enfermarias serão distribuídas aleatoriamente para utilizar a solução automatizada Welch Allyn Connex® Spot Monitor/Hillrom Connecta™ (grupo intervenção) ou para manter a rotina habitual (grupo controle) em relação ao acionamento do time de resposta rápida. O desfecho primário será o número absoluto de ocorrências de acionamento do time de resposta rápida em tempo hábil. Como desfechos secundários, características clínicas como mortalidade, parada cardíaca, necessidade de internação em unidade de terapia intensiva e duração da hospitalização serão avaliadas de forma exploratória de acordo com os grupos. Estimou-se uma amostra de 216 acionamentos de time de resposta rápida, para identificar uma possível diferença entre os grupos. O protocolo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa institucional. Resultados esperados: Espera-se que a solução automatizada Welch Allyn Connex® Spot Monitor/Hillrom Connecta™ seja mais eficaz no acionamento do sistema de chamada de enfermeiros, para acionar o time de resposta rápida em tempo hábil e de maneira adequada, em comparação com o acionamento manual (prática habitual). ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04648579

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of the Welch Allyn Connex® Spot Monitor/Hillrom Connecta™ solution in activating the rapid response team in a timely manner compared to manual activation. Methods: The Hillrom study is a single-center, open-label, superiority, cluster-randomized, parallel-group (1:1 allocation ratio) clinical trial that will be conducted in a tertiary hospital. Two sets of three wards with 28 beds will be included (one as the intervention cluster and the other as the control). The wards will be randomly assigned to use the Welch Allyn Connex® Spot Monitor/Hillrom Connecta™ automated solution (intervention cluster) or to maintain the usual routine (control cluster) regarding rapid response team activation. The primary outcome will be the absolute number of episodes of rapid response team triggering in an appropriate time; as secondary outcomes, clinical features (mortality, cardiac arrest, need for intensive care unit admission and duration of hospitalization) will be assessed according to clusters in an exploratory way. A sample size of 216 rapid response team activations was estimated to identify a possible difference between the groups. The protocol has been approved by the institutional Research Ethics Committee. Expected results: The Welch Allyn Connex® Spot Monitor/Hillrom Connecta™ automated solution is expected to be more effective in triggering the nurse call system to activate the rapid response team in a timely and adequate manner compared to manual triggering (usual practice). ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04648579

Resumo A primeira metade do século XX foi globalmente marcada por uma vaga nacionalista que não deixou a ciência incólume. As iniciativas de bloqueio de algumas “ciências nacionais” (em particular a ciência oriunda da Alemanha) e as ruidosas discussões que então inundaram o espaço público ocidental constituem marcas ineludíveis das transformações radicais que o saber, o poder e a relação entre ambos então conheceram. O artigo explora, com base na literatura histórica da época, a crescente politização do discurso científico na primeira metade do século XX. É dada especial atenção ao período entreguerras, à (re)fundação, após 1918, dos organismos científicos internacionais sediados na Europa (como o International Research Council), e à proibição, em 1937, da revista Nature na Alemanha nazista.

Abstract The first half of the twentieth century was marked globally by a nationalist shift, which also affected science. The initiatives to block some “national science” (especially from Germany) and the discussions that flooded Western public space are hallmarks of the radical transformations that knowledge and power underwent at the time. Based on historical literature from the time, the article explores the growing polarization of scientific discourse in the first half of the twentieth century. Special attention is given to the interwar period, the (re)founding (after 1918) of international scientific organisms based in Europe (like the International Research Council), and the prohibition of the journal Nature in Nazi Germany in 1937.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Osteoporosis is a disease of the skeletal system caused by a gradual reduction in bone mineral density and deterioration of the microarchitecture, raising the risk of fracture. It is therefore necessary to implement diagnostic actions allowing early detection of mineral density alterations. Given the fact that dental radiographs are routine practice and make it possible to examine the bone structure of maxillae and mandibles, they have been proposed as primary tools for osteoporosis diagnosis. Objective: Examine the viability of and progress in the use of periapical and panoramic radiographs as early predictors of osteoporosis. Main remarks: A review was conducted about the combined use of panoramic and periapical radiographs. Both are machine learning techniques and morphometric indices. General considerations: Panoramic and periapical radiographs may be useful for early prediction of osteoporosis. To achieve this end, dentists should have broad experience interpreting radiographic images or be specialists in oral radiology or maxillofacial surgery. On the other hand, computer tools based on machine learning are available which have obtained results in osteoporosis identification comparable to those obtained by radiologists. Those tools may support the work of less experienced professionals. Dentists should be the first to detect anomalous bone density changes, timely referring patients suspected of osteoporosis to the corresponding specialist.

RESUMEN Introducción: La osteoporosis es una enfermedad del sistema esquelético provocada por una disminución progresiva de la densidad mineral ósea y el deterioro de la microarquitectura, que aumenta el riesgo de fracturas. Por tanto, se hace necesario adoptar medidas de diagnóstico que permitan la detección temprana de alteraciones de la densidad mineral. Dado que las radiografías dentales son rutinarias y permiten examinar las estructuras óseas de los maxilares, se han propuesto como herramientas primarias de diagnóstico de osteoporosis. Objetivo: Examinar la viabilidad y el avance del uso de radiografías periapicales y panorámicas como predictoras tempranas de osteoporosis. Comentarios principales: Fue realizada una revisión bibliográfica sobre cómo las radiografías periapicales y panorámicas, junto con técnicas de aprendizaje automático e índices morfométricos, pueden ser predictores tempranos de osteoporosis. Consideraciones globales: Radiografías panorámicas y periapicales pueden ayudar en la predicción precoz de osteoporosis. Para ello el odontólogo debe contar con amplia experiencia en la interpretación de imágenes radiográficas o ser especialista en radiología oral o cirugía maxilofacial. Por otro lado, existen herramientas computacionales fundamentadas en aprendizaje automático que han mostrado resultados de identificación de osteoporosis comparables a los arrojados por radiólogos. Estas herramientas pueden servir de apoyo a profesionales menos experimentados. Los odontólogos están llamados a ser los primeros inspectores de cambios anómalos en la densidad ósea. Deben remitir oportunamente los pacientes con sospecha de osteoporosis al médico especialista.

ABSTRACT The quest for resistance sources against Meloidogyne incognita as a control measure is essential in tomato. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the reaction of six species of wild solanaceae to M. incognita. The species of wild solanaceae studied were Solanum capsicoides, S. asperolanatum, S. americanum, S. viarum, S. palinacanthum and Nicandra physaloides. Seedlings of wild solanaceae species were transplanted and inoculated with M. incognita. The experiment was performed in a completely randomized design with eight replicates. The analyzed variables were: height of the aerial portion, fresh weight of the aerial portion, fresh weight and length of the root system, gall index, number of galls/g of root, number of egg masses/g of root, number of eggs/g of root and the nematode reproduction factor. Based on gall index and reproduction factor criteria the species S. capsicoides, S. americanum, S. palinacanthum and N. physaloides were classified as resistant against M. incognita. These species also showed a significant increase in height and fresh weight of the aerial portion, length of the root system and fresh weight of the root system. Therefore, these species of wild solanaceae may contribute to the management of M. incognita in future applications.

ABSTRACT The curriculum functions as an instrument for the management (planning, organization, execution and control) of the instructional and formative processes in educational institutions and can be studied from very dissimilar forms, planes, sides, which conceptualize, structure and organize it. As part of the humanistic formation of the university professional, cultural formation stands out, an area that is at the same time difficult to identify due to the complexity of the definition of "the cultural", as well as its demanding realization from the different subjects and/or study programs. The author of this paper takes the side of accepting the relevance of "the cultural" in the preparation of the future graduate, as well as the need to manage the work of differentiated training of this dimension in all areas of the curriculum. In this way, it presents a concrete experience (proposal) for strengthening the cultural education of dental students at the Universidad Regional Autónoma de los Andes (UNIANDES, Ecuador) through the conceptual redirection and approach in the subject "New Approach Dentistry". In the methodological aspect, the study follows a qualitative approach to the object (the cultural dimension of the curriculum in programs of disciplines), with the use of the analysis-synthesis and the system approach as methods at the theoretical level of knowledge and the documentary analysis of content at the empirical level.

RESUMEN El currículo funciona como instrumento para la gestión (planeación, organización, ejecución y control) de los procesos instructivos y formativos en las instituciones educativas y puede ser estudiado desde muy disímiles formas, planos, lados, que lo conceptualizan, estructuran y organizan. Como parte de la formación humanista del profesional universitario, destaca la formación cultural, ámbito a la vez de difícil identificación por la propia complejidad de definición de “lo cultural”, como por su exigente realización desde las diferentes asignaturas y/o programas de estudios. El autor del presente trabajo toma partido en favor de aceptar la relevancia de “lo cultural” en la preparación del futuro graduado, así como la necesidad de gestionar el trabajo de formación diferenciada de esta dimensión en todos los espacios del currículo. De tal modo, presenta una experiencia (propuesta) concreta de fortalecimiento de la formación cultural del estudiante odontólogo que se realiza en la Universidad Regional Autónoma de los Andes (UNIANDES, Ecuador) mediante el redireccionamiento conceptual y de enfoque en la asignatura “Odontología nuevo enfoque”. En el aspecto metodológico, el estudio sigue un enfoque cualitativo del objeto (la dimensión cultural del currículo en programas de disciplinas), con el empleo del análisis - síntesis y el enfoque en sistema como métodos del nivel teórico del conocimiento y el análisis documental de contenido en el nivel empírico.