Resumen La relevancia de modelizar los aspectos morales y éticos que regulen la dialéctica resultante entre la Inteligencia Artificial (IA) y el régimen forense que debe legislarlo, identifica una dispersión y desestructuración jurídica respecto al uso y aplicación de su programación, protocolos de aprendizaje e introducción de los derechos humanos que, frente a los valores morales de su toma de decisiones en este crucial escenario, podrían desarrollarse legislativamente en los sistemas jurídicos de las naciones. El objetivo de esta investigación fue aproximar los criterios de responsabilidad jurídica internacional que incluyeron principios de humanidad y conciencia pública en la programación computacional de la IA. La metodología utilizada fue cualitativa, aplicándose investigación documental a partir del método histórico (estudios jurídicos con referencias bibliográficas), examen lógico (descripción del fenómeno en desarrollo) y análisis jurídico-comparado (confluencia de la normatividad contemporánea), lográndose identificar un control ineficaz del sesgo algorítmico de la IA, y posibilidades de subjetividad discrecional de sus programadores con consecuencias reales suscitadas inclusive, a la integridad humana, a la que está llamada a servir y proteger, así como la necesidad de construir criterios de responsabilidad jurídica internacional respecto a los antes citados principios en la programación computacional de la IA.

Abstract The relevance of modeling the moral and ethical aspects that regulate the resulting dialectic between Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the forensic regime that must legislate it, identifies a dispersion and legal destructuring regarding the use and application of its programming, learning protocols and introduction of the human rights that, in the face of the moral values of their decision-making in the face of this crucial scenario, are developed legislatively in the legal systems of nations. The objective of this research was to approximate the criteria of international legal responsibility that included principles of humanity and public conscience in the computational programming of AI. The methodology used was qualitative, applying documentary research from the historical method (legal studies with bibliographic references), logical examination (description of the phenomenon in development) and legal-comparative analysis (confluence of contemporary regulations), managing to identify an ineffective control of the algorithmic bias of the AI, and possibilities of discretionary subjectivity of its programmers with real consequences, including human integrity, which it is called to serve and protect, as well as the need to build criteria of international legal responsibility with respect to the before cited principles in AI computational programming.

Abstract Meat labelling is important to avoid unfair competition practices of producers, processors and sellers aiming gain an economic advantage from misrepresenting cheaper meat products as premium quality ones. Genetic traceability is an ideal tool for the detection and prevention of fraud in the sale of beef. In this work, a method for validating protected status based on a combination of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and a high-throughput real-time PCR protocol was developed. A total of 1,911 beef samples were used to develop and validate an OpenArray® panel consisting of 26 SNPs selected from an ISAG-ICAR panel. The applicability of the method was determined by comparing 143 blind pairs of samples. The combined probability of identity (PI) with the 26 SNPs selected was 2.09-11 with 22 SNPs showing an individual PI lower than 0.4. In all tests, the blind pair of samples were correctly as-signed. The panel designed and validated in this study is of great utility to confirm genetic content of the specific genetic group tested and detect fraud in a routine way that requires a minimum amount of time and is cost effective.

ABSTRACT The objective of this article is to analyze the predictive capacity of some individual, family, and community variables concerning the likelihood that a teenager will engage in aggressive behavior toward others using a mobile phone or the Internet, occasionally or intensely, controlling for the effect of potential confounding variables. To that end, the Cyber-Aggression Questionnaire for Adolescents (CYBA) as well as previously validated scales for the evaluation of the potential indicators analyzed were applied to 3,059 adolescents 12 to 18 years of age (M = 14.01, SD = 1.39). The aforementioned scales include sociodemographic variables (age and sex) and variables referring to the use of the Internet (social networks, instant messaging programs, and the Internet for non-school tasks), parental control (behavioral control, rules for the use of the Internet, Internet use monitoring, and affection and communication), personality (impulsivity and empathy), antisocial behavior (frequency of aggression toward others at school, antisocial behavior outside the school, and antisocial friendships), and frequency of cyber-victimization. Multivariate regression analyses highlight the predictive capacity of impulsivity, aggression at school, and cyber-victimization as risk factors of cyber-aggression. They also suggest the existence of indirect or even spurious relationships between some of the variables analyzed and cyber-aggression. We discuss the practical implications of these results.

RESUMEN The objective of this article is to analyze the predictive capacity of some individual, family, and community variables concerning the likelihood that a teenager will engage in aggressive behavior toward others using a mobile phone or the Internet, occasionally or intensely, controlling for the effect of potential confounding variables. To that end, the Cyber-Aggression Questionnaire for Adolescents (CYBA) as well as previously validated scales for the evaluation of the potential indicators analyzed were applied to 3,059 adolescents 12 to 18 years of age (M = 14.01, SD = 1.39). The aforementioned scales include sociodemographic variables (age and sex) and variables referring to the use of the Internet (social networks, instant messaging programs, and the Internet for non-school tasks), parental control (behavioral control, rules for the use of the Internet, Internet use monitoring, and affection and communication), personality (impulsivity and empathy), antisocial behavior (frequency of aggression toward others at school, antisocial behavior outside the school, and antisocial friendships), and frequency of cyber-victimization. Multivariate regression analyses highlight the predictive capacity of impulsivity, aggression at school, and cyber-victimization as risk factors of cyber-aggression. They also suggest the existence of indirect or even spurious relationships between some of the variables analyzed and cyber-aggression. We discuss the practical implications of these results.

Resumo Analisa a viagem do britânico George Gardner ao Brasil durante os anos 1830. Após se graduar em história natural pela Universidade de Glasgow, influenciado por seu professor e por leituras de naturalistas de seu tempo, Gardner embarcou para o Brasil em março de 1836, chegando ao Rio de Janeiro dois meses depois. O artigo apresenta suas impressões sobre a escravidão no Brasil, procurando desvendar o universo simbólico de uma representação dramática descrita por ele, ocorrida em uma fazenda do Rio de Janeiro no dia de Natal. Desvelando a escravidão negra em seus circuitos atlânticos, comparamos o evento com outros semelhantes ocorridos no Brasil e em Trinidad e Tobago.

Abstract This article analyzes the English botanist George Gardner's trip to Brazil during the 1830s. After graduating from the University of Glasgow Gardner was influenced by his teacher and by readings of contemporary naturalists and set off for Brazil in March of 1836, arriving two months later in Rio de Janeiro. The article presents Gardner's impressions of slavery in Brazil, in an attempt to unveil the symbolic universe of a play he witnessed and described, which took place on a farm in Rio de Janeiro on Christmas night. By describing black slavery in its routes across the Atlantic, we compare this event with other similar happenings in Brazil and in Trinidad and Tobago.

Cybercrime is a growing and worrisome problem, particularly when it involves minors. Cyber-aggression among adolescents in particular can result in negative legal and psychological consequences for people involved. Therefore, it is important to have instruments to detect these incidents early and understand the problem to propose effective measures for prevention and treatment. This paper aims to design a new self-report, the Cyber-Aggression Questionnaire for Adolescents (CYBA), to evaluate the extent to which the respondent conducts aggressions through a mobile phone or the internet and analyse the factorial and criterion validity and reliability of their scores in a sample of adolescents from Asturias, Spain. The CYBA was administered to 3,148 youth aged between 12 and 18 years old along with three self-reports to measure aggression at school, impulsivity, and empathy. Regarding factorial validity, the model that best represents the structure of the CYBA consists of three factors (Impersonation, Visual-sexual Cyber-aggression, and Verbal Cyber-aggression and Exclusion) and four additional indicators of Visual Cyber-aggression-Teasing/Happy Slapping. Regarding criterion validity, the score on the CYBA correlates positively with aggression at school and impulsivity and negatively with empathy. That is the way cyber-aggression correlates with these three variables, according to previous empirical evidence. The reliability of the scores on each item and factor of the CYBA are adequate. Therefore, the CYBA offers a valid and reliable measure of cyber-aggression in adolescents.

Los ciberdelitos constituyen un problema creciente y preocupante, sobre todo si están involucrados menores. Las ciberagresiones en adolescentes, en concreto, pueden generar consecuencias legales y psicológicas muy negativas para los implicados. Es importante, por tanto, disponer de instrumentos que permitan detectar precozmente estos hechos, así como comprender el problema de cara a plantear medidas eficaces para su prevención y tratamiento. El objetivo de este trabajo es diseñar un nuevo autoinforme, denominado Cuestionario de Ciberagresión para Adolescentes (CYBA), para evaluar en qué medida el informante ejerce agresiones a través del teléfono móvil o Internet y analizar la validez factorial y de criterio y la fiabilidad de sus puntuaciones en una muestra de adolescentes de Asturias (España). Para ello, se aplicó el CYBA a 3.148 jóvenes de 12 a 18 años, junto con tres autoinformes para medir agresión escolar offline, impulsividad y empatía. Respecto a la validez factorial, el modelo que mejor representa la estructura del CYBA es el compuesto por tres factores (suplantación, ciberagresión visual-sexual y ciberagresión verbal/exclusión) y otros cuatro indicadores de ciberagresión visual-burlas/happy slapping. Respecto a la validez de criterio, la puntuación en el CYBA correlaciona de manera positiva con agresión escolar offline e impulsividad y negativa con empatía, tres variables con las que la evidencia empírica previa indica que correlaciona la ciberagresión. La fiabilidad de las puntuaciones en cada ítem y factor del CYBA son adecuadas. Por todo ello, se concluye que el CYBA ofrece una medida válida y fiable de ciberagresión en adolescentes.

In a context of a market with free entry, we analyse the changes in consumer surplus, social welfare and the other equilibrium conditions when a competitor enters a monopolistic market where there is an established firm. We study the equilibrium in a duopolistic model by assuming that if the potential entrant decides to enter, there then follows a single period of Cournot-Nash quantity competition. We add retention costs in Klemperer model (1988) and, under certain assumptions about who bears these costs, we analyse and compare the results. Assume linear demand and that both firms have constant marginal costs. Work results are important for the analysis of the implications for welfare of regulatory policies. Finally, our work includes a simulation to test the theoretic model and to validate the relevant results in terms of social welfare, consumer surplus, profits and quantities in monopoly, duopoly with switching costs and duopoly with switching and retention costs.

En un contexto de libre entrada analizamos los cambios que se producen en el excedente del consumidor y en el bienestar social, así como en las demás condiciones del equilibrio, cuando entra un competidor en un mercado monopolístico en el que existe una firma establecida. Abordamos el equilibrio en un modelo de duopolio asumiendo que el entrante sigue un único periodo de competencia en cantidades Cournot-Nash. Incorporamos los costos de retención al modelo de Klemperer (1988). El entrante, con el fin de atraer a un cliente, asume los costos de cambio de proveedor en que incurre el consumidor; la firma establecida asume los costos de retención para conservarlo. Suponemos una demanda lineal y costos marginales de ambas firmas constantes. Los resultados del trabajo son importantes para el análisis de las implicaciones sobre bienestar social de las políticas regulatorias. Realizamos una simulación del modelo teórico y confirmamos los resultados relevantes en términos de bienestar social, excedente del consumidor, beneficios y cantidades en monopolio y en duopolio con costos de cambio y con costos de cambio y de retención.

Neste artigo pretendemos estudar as cerimônias de aclamação do rei D. João VI ocorridas em Tejuco em 1818. A decodificação do rico arsenal de figurações estéticas encontradas naquelas celebrações pode se constituir em estratégia privilegiada para o entendimento da criação, naquele momento, de mitos que dariam sustentação e direção aos objetivos de afirmação do prestígio político do rei e de consolidação de seu domínio sobre aquela região e sobre todo o território brasileiro. Exploraremos aqui sobretudo o conflito de memórias entre os significados simbólicos das celebrações ocorridas em Minas e a revolta da população contra a exploração colonial portuguesa ocorrida cerca de três décadas antes na região.

In this article we want to study the ceremonies of acclamation of king John VI that took place in Tejuco in 1818. The decoding of the rich array of aesthetic images found in those celebrations may be a privileged strategy to the understand of the creation, at that moment, of the myths that would support and direct the affirmation of the political prestige of the king and the consolidation of his domain on the region and on the whole Brazilian territory. We will explore here especially the conflict of memories between the symbolic meanings of the celebrations that occurred in Minas and the revolt of the people against the Portuguese colonial exploitation that had occurred about three decades before in the region.

Dans cet article on examinera les cérémonies d'acclamation du roi D. João VI qui ont eu lieu à Tejuco en 1818. Le décodage de la riche variété d'images esthétiques présente dans ces célébrations peut être une stratégie privilégiée pour comprendre la création, à ce moment-là, des mythes qui donneraient soutien et orientation au projet d'affirmation du prestige politique du roi et à la consolidation de sa domination sur la région et sur tout le territoire brésilien. On analysera en particulier le conflit de mémoires entre la signification symbolique de la célébration et la révolte du peuple de Minas contre l'exploitation coloniale portugaise qui avait éclaté dans la région environ trois décennies avant.

Estudou-se a morfologia do encéfalo de Nasua nasua - quati, buscando comparar estes achados com outras espécies já descritos. Foram utilizados cinco encéfalos de quatis, provenientes do Criatório Científico (Cecrimpas), Unifeob. Os animais foram eutanásiados de acordo com a legislação (Cobea). Canulou-se a artéria carótida comum e a veia jugular externa sentido cranial, injetou-se solução de látex/bário corado de vermelho na artéria carótida, e solução de látex corado de azul na veia jugular. Em seguida os animais fixados em solução de formaldeído a 10%. O encéfalo tem sua nutrição dependente de quatro artérias, as artérias carótidas internas e as artérias vertebrais direitas e esquerdas. Esses vasos compuseram o circuito basilar e carotídeo que se anastomosam através das artérias cerebrais caudais. Correm na base do encéfalo sob a meninge pia mater.

The morphology of the brain of coati, Nasua nasua, was studied, to compare the findings with other species described. The brains of five coatis were used, proceeding from the Scientific Breeding School (Cecrimpas), Unifeob. The animals were sacrificed in accordance with the legislation (Cobea). With a needle, the common carotid artery and the external jugular vein was cannulated to cranial direction, injected latex solution stained with colored red barium respectively. Afterwards the animals were fixed in 10% formaldehyde solution. Brain has its dependent nutrition of four arteries, the internal carotid arteries and the right and left vertebral arteries. These vessels had composed the basal and carotid circuits that anastomose through the cerebral arteries volumes. They run in the base of the brain under piamater meninges.

O Brasil se apresentou, desde o século XVI, como uma das peças centrais do nascimento de uma ordem econômica e social, em que o navio se configurava como um espaço de lutas e contradições entre governantes, comandantes e marinheiros. Estudaremos aqui o processo de proletarização que transformou índios, pequenos roceiros, negros livres e escravos em força de trabalho marítima no Brasil do início até meados do século XIX.

Since the 16th Century, Brazil has played a major role in the rise of a new economical and social order, in which ships represented a space of struggle and contradictions among rulers, captains and sailors. This article will study the proletarization process that transformed Indians, small farmers, free and slave black people in maritime labor force in Brazil during the first half of 19th century.

A partir du XVIe siècle, le Brésil surgit comme l'un des éléments centraux du surgissement d'un ordre économique et social dans lequel le navire apparaît comme un espace de luttes et de contradictions entre gouvernements, commandants et marins. Nous examinerons ici le processus de prolétarisation, au Brésil au cours de la premier moitié du XIXe siècle, qui a transformé en main d'œuvre de travail maritime des indiens, des petits agriculteurs, des noirs libres et des esclaves.

The phytochemical investigation of the flowers of Pterogyne nitens (Caesalpinioideae) resulted in the isolation and identification of nine phenolic derivatives, quercetin 3-O-sophoroside, taxifolin, astilbin, ourateacatechin, caffeic, ferulic, sinapic, chlorogenic and gallic acid, besides two guanidine alkaloids, pterogynine, pterogynidine. This is the first time these compounds have been reported in P. nitens flowers. As this is a monospecific genus, these secondary metabolites may have taxonomical significance. Their structures were assigned on the basis of spectroscopic analyses, including two-dimensional NMR techniques.