ABSTRACT Most studies regarding the impacts of agricultural systems on soils of the Amazon region of Brazil have been carried out on upland soil, locally known as terra firme. Information regarding the impacts of different land-use systems on floodplain soil properties is still scarce. There is a need to broaden this knowledge to understand this Amazonian ecosystem better, especially how its soils respond to human interventions. This study aimed to describe the major chemical features of floodplain soils along the Solimões-Amazon Rivers and the effects of different land-use systems on soil nutrient levels. Sixty-two different land-use systems were sampled in 15 communities located in three different regions of the Solimões/Amazonas River floodplain complex: Upper and Middle Solimões (UMS), Lower Solimões and Middle Amazon (LSMA), and Lower Amazon (LA). Soils under cultivation showed a high availability of Ca2+, Mg2+, and P and low levels of exchangeable Al, in contrast to soils under forest and secondary vegetation, which were more acid and showed higher levels of exchangeable Al. Although most of the samples showed high contents of K+, for some areas, the low level (K+ <0.15 cmolc kg-1) of this nutrient can become limiting to crop production. The low levels of N found in most of the analyzed samples confirm that this element may be the limiting nutrient for agriculture in floodplain ecosystems. The use of legumes and other nutrient-rich plants, which naturally occur in the Amazon floodplain environments, could potentially address this N deficiency in these soils.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da calagem e da adubação potássica na produção do cupuaçuzeiro, um dos principais componentes de um sistema agroflorestal. O ensaio foi conduzido em áreas com solo classificado como Cambissolo. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições, em esquema fatorial 2x3, dois níveis de calagem (0 e 3 t ha-1 de calcário) e três doses de potássio (0, 40 e 80 kg ha-1 de K2O). A produção do cupuaçu foi avaliada por meio do número e do peso médio de frutos, durante quatro safras sucessivas. Nas combinações sem calagem, a adubação potássica teve efeito linear e positivo na produção de frutos, o que mostra que as plantas de cupuaçu, nesses solos, apresentam deficiência de K. Com a calagem, a produção de frutos tendeu a se estabilizar até a dose de 80 kg ha-1 de K2O. Concluiu-se que a calagem melhora a eficiência da adubação potássica.

The effect of liming and potassium fertilization on cupuaçu fruit production was evaluated in agroforestry systems (AFS), where cupuaçu was one of the main components. The experiment was conducted on soils classified as Inceptsol. The randomized blocks design was used with three replicates, in a 2x3 factorial scheme, where the factors were two liming levels (0 and 3 t ha-1 of lime) and three doses of potassium (0, 40 and 80 kg ha-1 K2O). During four successive years, cupuaçu yield was evaluated regarding the number and weight of the fruits. The treatments without lime K fertilization had a positive and linear effect on fruit production, showing that cupuaçu plants have a K deficiency on those soils. With liming fruit yield levelled at 80 kg ha-1 K2O showed a tendency toward stability, suggesting that liming improves the efficiency of K fertilization.

Com o objetivo de estudar o efeito de doses de N, P e K na produção e na nutrição mineral de duas cultivares de cupuaçuzeiro (Theobroma grandiflorum), um experimento foi instalado em Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo na região da Amazônia Central. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, em parcelas subdivididas, com três repetições. Os tratamentos estudados nas parcelas foram: N1P1K1; N1 P1 K0; N1 P0 K1; N0 P1K1; N1 P1 K2; N1 P2 K1 e N2 P1 K1; e, nas subparcelas, as duas cultivares de cupuaçu: com e sem sementes. As doses de 0; 1 e 2 de N, P e K foram, respectivamente, de 0; 60 e 120 kg ha-1 de N, na forma de uréia; 0; 100 e 200 kg ha-1 de P2O5, na forma de superfosfato triplo, e 0; 80 e 160 kg ha-1 de K2O, na forma de cloreto de potássio. O presente trabalho não possibilitou uma recomendação oficial de adubação para o cupuaçu, mas apresentou tendências das necessidades nutricionais da cultura. Considerando a produção média das três safras analisadas, não houve efeito da adubação nitrogenada na produção de frutos nas duas cultivares, assim como não houve da adubação com a dose mais elevada de fósforo. Contudo, os efeitos da aplicação de potássio apresentaram-se mais lineares e positivos, principalmente para a cultivar com sementes. Os menores valores de produção de frutos foram obtidos nos tratamentos com ausência de fósforo.

The effects of N, P and K levels on yield and mineral nutrition of two cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum) cultivars were studied in an experiment on a Ultissol in Central Amazonia. A randomized block design with split-plots and three replications was used. The treatments applied on the plots were: N1P1K1; N1 P1 K0; N1 P0 K1; N0 P1K1; N1 P1 K2; N1 P2 K1 e N2 P1 K1; and on the split-plots: two cupuaçu cultivars, seeded and seed-less. The 0, 1 and 2 levels of N, P and K were, respectively, 0, 60 and 120 kg ha-1 of N as urea, 0, 100 and 200 kg ha-1 of P2O5 as treble superfosfate, and 0, 80 and 160 kg ha-1 of K(2)0, as KCl. Based on this study, it was not possible to make formal recommendations for fertilization of cupuaçu, however, trends in mineral nutrient requirements for this crop were evident. Based on the 3year mean yield, nitrogen fertilizer had no effect on crop yields, neither P fertilizer at high levels. However, a positive linear yield response to K application was observed, principally for the seeded cultivar. The lowest yield occurred in the absence of P.