Abstract Introduction Obesity is a major global public health issue and approximately half of the population is classified as overweight. Many studies have investigated gait modification in obese people; however, no research has been carried out in overweight subject´s gait influence. Methods The goal of this study was to identify biomechanical changes on gait in overweight subjects by the application of principal component analysis (PCA). Two groups of adults participated of this study: overweight (n = 9; 25.0 < Body Mass Index < 29.9 kg/m2), and normal-weight (n = 15; 20.0 < Body Mass Index < 24.9 kg/m2. Three-dimensional kinematics of the lower limb and ground reaction forces (GRF) were recorded during gait. PCA was performed on data. Results PCA evidenced statistical differences at the first principal component (PC) of the sagittal ankle movement, anteroposterior and mediolateral GRF, as well as at the third PC of the sagittal hip movement and mediolateral GRF. Overweight subjects walked with reduced ankle plantarflexion at toe-off and reduced hip flexion at the heel strike and at mid swing, as well as a reduced hip extension during push off. Additionally, increased anteroposterior and mediolateral GRF on overweight subjects were observed. Conclusion overweight individuals might adjust their gait characteristics in response to their increased weight to reduce overload lower limbs joints. These gait modifications pointed to a possible increase in the risk of musculoskeletal pathology in this population.

RESUMO A identificação de fontes de resistência em espécies cultivadas de cucurbitáceas é muito importante no desenvolvimento de cultivares resistentes para controlar doenças causadas por vírus do gênero Potyvirus. A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo a avaliação das reações fenotípicas e o comportamento de acessos de abóbora (Cucurbita spp.) quanto a inoculações mecânicas de vírus do gênero Potyvirus. Os ensaios foram conduzidos em casa de vegetação, do Laboratório de Virologia Vegetal, da Universidade Federal do Ceará, envolvendo 28 acessos de Cucurbita spp. provenientes do Banco Ativo de Germoplasma (BAG) de Cucurbitáceas, da Embrapa Semiárido, Petrolina, PE. Doze plantas de cada acesso foram inoculadas com cada um dos vírus: Papaya ringspot virus type Watermelon (PRSV-W), Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) e Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV) e avaliadas quanto às infecções virais por “plate-traped antigen enzyme linked immunosorbent assay” (PTA-ELISA) contra antissoros específicos para os três vírus. Três acessos de abóbora apresentaram extrema resistência a WMV e oito acessos apresentaram mosaico leve quando inoculados com PRSV-W. Os sintomas mais severos foram observados com os acessos inoculados com ZYMV, onde 50% deles mostraram-se altamente suscetíveis. De outra parte, os acessos inoculados com WMV exibiram sintomas menos severos, observando-se resistência e tolerância em 39% e 28% dos acessos, respectivamente. Os acessos de Cucurbita spp. BGC 518, BGC 530, BGC 567 e BGC 683 avaliados apresentaram resistência a uma ou mais de uma das espécies virais, constituindo-se em fontes promissoras de resistência para o desenvolvimento de cultivares de abóbora resistentes aos vírus do gênero Potyvirus.

ABSTRACT The identification of source of resistance in cultivated cucurbits species is very important for the development of resistant cultivars to control diseases caused by virus from the genus Potyvirus. The present research had the objective to evaluate the phenotypic reactions and the behavior of pumpkin (Cucurbita spp.) accessions to the virus species from the genus Potyvirus: Papaya ringspot virus type Watermelon (PRSV-W), Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) and Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV). Twenty-eight accessions of pumpkin from the Cucurbit Germplasm Bank from Embrapa Semiárido, Petrolina, PE, Brazil were evaluated. Twelve young plants from each pumpkin accession were inoculated with each one of the virus species and were maintained at greenhouse for their symptom reaction evaluations. All possible virus infections or absence of infection were confirmed by plate-trapped antigen enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (PTA-ELISA) against antisera specific to PRSV-W, ZYMV and WMV at the Plant Virus Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Ceará. Three pumpkin accessions showed extreme resistant to WMV and eight accessions presented mild mosaic when inoculated with PRSV-W. The most severe symptoms were observed on those accessions inoculated with ZYMV and 50% of the accessions showed to be highly susceptible. On the other hand, the pumpkin accessions inoculated with WMV presented the mildest symptoms, indicating that 39% of them were resistant, and 39% were tolerant. The Cucurbita spp. accessions BGC 518, BGC 530, BGC 567, and BGC 683 that showed resistance to one or more than one virus species constitute promising sources of resistance for developing virus resistant pumpkin cultivars or hybrids.

RESUMO O Nordeste brasileiro possui condições edafoclimáticas favoráveis ao cultivo do meloeiro (Cucumis melo). No entanto, diferentes problemas fitossanitários afetam sua produtividade, destacando-se as doenças ocasionadas por vírus. A presente pesquisa objetivou efetuar a caracterização biológica e sorológica de um isolado de Squash mosaic virus (SqMV) obtido no Ceará. Em estudos de gama de hospedeiros o vírus infetou sistemicamente somente cinco espécies da família Cucurbitaceae e ocasionou lesões locais em Chenopodium amaranticolor e C. quinoa. Estudos da infecção mista do SqMV com vírus do gênero Potyvirus demonstraram efeito sinérgico entre os mesmos. A purificação química do SqMV foi possível a partir de plantas de meloeiro e a imunização em coelho com a preparação purificada possibilitou a produção de antissoro policlonal específico. O antissoro produzido apresentou títulos de 1:10.000 quando avaliado por plate trapped antigen enzyme linked immune absorbent assay (PTA-ELISA), de 1:160.000 em immune-precipitation ELISA (IP-PTA-ELISA) e de 1:1.024 em Dupla Difusão em Ágar. Estudos do relacionamento sorológico entre SqMV e Cowpea severe mosaic virus (CPSMV) do gênero Comovirus contra seus antissoros homólogos e heterólogos em Dupla Difusão em Ágar demonstraram relacionamento unilateral entre os mesmos.

ABSTRACT The conditions of soil and climate in the northeast of Brazil are favorable to cultivation of melon (Cucumis melo). However, there are various sanitary problems that affect productivity, especially diseases caused by viruses. This research had the objective of carrying out the biological and serological characterisation of an isolate of the Squash mosaic virus (SqMV), obtained in the State of Ceará, Brazil. In studies into host range, the virus infected systemically only five species of Cucurbitaceae family, and caused local lesions in Chenopodium amaranticolor and C. quinoa. Mixed-infection studies of SqMV with a virus specie from the genus Potyvirus demonstrated a synergistic effect between the viruses. Chemical purification of SqMV was possible using melon plants, and immunisation of rabbits with the purified preparation enabled the production of a specific polyclonal antiserum. The antiserum produced presented titers of 1:10,000 when evaluated by plate-trapped antigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (PTA-ELISA), 1:160,000 by immunoprecipitation ELISA (IP-PTA-ELISA) and 1:1,024 by agar double diffusion. Studies by agar double diffusion of the serological relationship between SqMV and the Cowpea severe mosaic virus (CPSMV), of the genus Comovirus, demonstrated a unilateral relationship against their homologous and heterologous antisera.