ABSTRACT Microsatellites are short sequence repeats that make up the genomes of eukaryotes and prokaryotes. They are of great importance as DNA markers for studies in several fields of genetics. In the present review, we searched for studies published in the five years period of 2017 to 2021 regarding the use of microsatellites in studies with forest tree species from the Brazilian biomes, in order to examine the importance of these markers for forest resources conservation. We searched scientific papers in journals indexed on the Scopus and Web of Science databases. There were found 38 peer reviewed articles that used microsatellites in the Brazilian biomes. The Atlantic Forest was the biome with more studies (35.9 %) and most of the studies were published in 2018 (34.2 %). In addition, most of the studied species belonged to the Fabaceae family (34.2 %). The conclusions and recommendations made in these studies ratify the great contribution of microsatellite markers in the conservation of native forest species in Brazilian biomes. prokaryotes genetics review 201 202 biomes databases 3 35.9 359 35 9 (35. % 34.2 342 34 2 (34. %. . addition 20 35. (35 34. (34 (3 (

RESUMO: A mangabeira é uma espécie frutífera cujas populações naturais se encontram fragmentadas por ações antrópicas. Desse modo, são necessários estudos sobre a avaliação do impacto da fragmentação sobre a diversidade e estrutura genética dessas populações para o estabelecimento de estratégias de conservação adequadas. No presente estudo, foram utilizados dados de análises com marcadores microssatélites em simulações computacionais para estimar as taxas de migração e autofecundação de seis populações de mangaba. As populações estudadas estão localizadas nos estados nordestinos do Ceará, Pernambuco e Sergipe. Foram testadas diferentes taxas de autofecundação e migração, e selecionada a combinação que apresentou valores de heterozigosidade observada e esperada mais próximos dos obtidos com marcadores microssatélites. Com base nas simulações, a autofecundação foi de 0,3 e a taxa de migração variou de 0,5 a 0,6, valores que podem ter conduzido ao aumento da endogamia e deriva genética, resultando em baixa diversidade genética. Recomenda-se a expansão da área e a redução de perturbações para promover a ocorrência de polinizadores, que desempenham um papel importante no aumento da diversidade genética.

ABSTRACT: Mangaba tree is a fruit tree species whose natural populations are fragmented by anthropic actions. For this reason, studies assessing the impact of fragmentation on the diversity and genetic structure of these populations are required in order to establish suitable conservation strategies. In our study, we used data from analyzes through microsatellite markers in computer simulations to estimate the rates of migration and selfing of six mangaba populations. The studied populations are located in the northeastern states of Ceará, Pernambuco and Sergipe. We tested different selfing and migration rates and selected the combination that showed values of observed and expected heterozygosity closest to those previously obtained with microsatellite markers. According to our simulations, selfing and migration were moderate. This may have led to an increase in inbreeding and genetic drift, resulting in low genetic diversity. We recommend expanding the area and reducing disturbance to promote the occurrence of pollinators, which play an important role in increasing genetic diversity.

ABSTRACT Gene flow allows connectivity of geographically isolated populations and which genetic diversity is reduced. Understanding how gene flow occurs is essential to conservation and selection of priority populations for intervention. In this study, the rates of migration and selfing of Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. sampled in Cerrado fragments in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, were estimated through computer simulations. Different selfing and migration rates were tested and the combination that showed values of observed and expected heterozygosity closest to those previously obtained with microsatellite markers was selected. According to the simulations, selfing and migration were low. Due to the high geographical distances among the fragments, gene flow was limited and may have led to low genetic diversity in the fragments. It is recommend enriching the area with high genetic diversity germplasm and reducing disturbance to promote the occurrence of pollinators, in order to increase the genetic diversity.

ABSTRACT Eugenia involucrata is an important Brazilian forest species, which it can be used for timber, such as firewood and charcoal, and non-timber purposes, for culinary and medicinal use. Considering the limitations of its seminal reproduction, vegetative propagation, particularly by micropropagation, becomes an alternative for plantlets production. In this study we evaluated the effect of the phytoregulators 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 3-indolebutyric acid (IBA) on the in vitro multiplication stage of nodal segments. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design, in a 3 x 4 factorial array, the main factors were BAP (0; 0.1 or 0.2 µM) and IBA (0; 10; 20 or 30 µM). After 60 days of in vitro inoculation, evaluations on the the number of buds, number of shoots, number of leaves, callus formation (%) and number of roots per explant were carried out. BAP had not significant effect, however, the use of IBA alone favours the callogenesis and negatively affected leaves, shoots and roots formation. A moderate multiplication rate was obtained when considering in vitro bud formation. BAP and IBA are dispensable in in vitro multiplication of E. involucrata.

RESUMO: Eugenia involucrata DC. é uma espécie florestal com elevado potencial ambiental e econômico. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo quantificar a variabilidade e analisar a estruturação genética em três fragmentos naturais localizados na região central do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Com o emprego de quatro locos microssatélites desenvolvidos para a espécie congênere Eugenia uniflora e usando-se o software GenAlEx 6.5, foram estimados parâmetros de variabilidade genética, para cada loco, e sua partição entre e dentro dos fragmentos. Foram observados altos índices de variabilidade genética (3,67 alelos por loco; HO = 0,815; HE = 0,625; FIS = -0,294), com a maior proporção (93%) distribuída dentro dos fragmentos, sugerindo que os indivíduos estudados são provenientes de uma única população original. O fluxo gênico foi elevado entre os fragmentos, variando de 2,35 a 4,56 migrantes por geração, resultando em baixo índice de diferenciação genética (FST), entre 0,052 a 0,096. Os fragmentos estudados apresentam elevada variabilidade genética, a maior parte distribuída dentro dos próprios remanescentes, e baixa diferenciação genética. Os resultados observados têm repercussões no planejamento de coleta de germoplasma com adaptação local para programas de restauração florestal, assim evitando a implantação de populações com depressão exogâmica.

ABSCTRACT: Eugenia involucrata DC. is a forest species with high environmental and economic potential. The objective of this study was to quantify the genetic variability and analyzed the genetic structure of three natural fragments located in the central region of the Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. We used four microsatellite loci developed for the congener species Eugenia uniflora and using GenAlEx 6.5 software, parameters of genetic variability and its partition among and within fragments were estimated for each locus. We observed high levels of genetic variability (3.67 alleles per locus; HO = 0.815; HE = 0.625; FIS = −0.294), most of which (93%) were distributed within the fragments, suggesting that these individuals came from a single original population. Gene flow between fragments was high (2.35 to 4.56 migrants per generation), resulting in low genetic differentiation indexes (FST values ranging from 0.052 to 0.096). The fragments showed high genetic variability, distributed within the remnants themselves, and low genetic differentiation. Our results have repercussions for planning locally adapted germplasm collections for forest restoration programs, thereby avoiding the implantation of populations with an exogamous depression.

Resumo Eugenia involucrata é uma espécie florestal nativa do Brasil com grande potencial para uso madeireiro, frutícola e medicinal. O presente estudo objetivou avaliar a influência de fitorreguladores e da luminosidade sobre a calogênese em discos foliares de Eugenia involucrata. Foi conduzido um experimento bifatorial (2x5), cujos tratamentos consistiram na combinação da ausência ou presença de luz durante o cultivo e de cinco diferentes empregos de fitorreguladores: ANA, 2,4-D, BAP e as combinações ANA + BAP e 2,4-D + BAP, todos a 5 μM, em meio nutritivo MS. Após 45 dias de cultivo in vitro foi observado que a ausência de luz durante o período de cultivo reduz a oxidação fenólica favorecendo, assim, a calogênese , especialmente na presença de ANA e das combinações ANA + BAP e 2,4-D + BAP. O uso de 2,4-D e de BAP, isoladamente, não é favorável à calogênese em discos foliares de Eugenia involucrata.

Abstract Eugenia involucrata is a native forest species from Brazil with great potential for timber, fruit and medical purpouses. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of growth regulators and the effect of light on calli induction from leaves disks of Eugenia involucrata. A bifactorial experiment (2x5) was conducted, in which the treatments consisted in the combinations of absence or presence of light during cultivation and five different uses of phytoregulators: NAA, 2,4-D, BAP and combinations of NAA and BAP, 2,4-D and BAP, all at 5 μM, in the nutritious medium MS. After 45 days of in vitro cultivation, it was observed that the absence of light during the cultivation period reduced phenolic oxidation, thus stimulated calogenesis, mainly in the presence of ANA and the combinations NAA + BAP and 2,4-D + BAP. The use of 2,4-D and BAP, on isolated way, did not favor calli formation in leaves disks of Eugenia involucrata.

RESUMO: O fluxo gênico, cuja efetividade é função do modelo e da taxa, assume especial importância na conservação de recursos genéticos por permitir a conectividade de populações isoladas geograficamente, sujeitas à redução da variabilidade genética. O entendimento de como o fluxo gênico ocorre pode contribuir no planejamento de ações para a conservação e na seleção de populações prioritárias para uma eventual intervenção. Programas de simulação permitem inferir sobre eventos passados, a partir de dados atuais ou prever fenômenos futuros sob cenários genéticos reais. Fenômenos adversos podem ser previstos e medidas podem ser tomadas para contorná-los. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar o modelo e a taxa de fluxo gênico que melhor explicam a estrutura genética de oito fragmentos da espécie arbórea florestal Cabralea canjerana, em desenvolvimento na região brasileira do bioma Mata Atlântica. Foram realizadas simulações com o programa EASYPOP usando dados de marcadores microssatélites obtidos por Melo e colaboradores, em 2012, 2014 e 2016, sendo testados cinco modelos e nove taxas de migração, selecionando-se o modelo que apresentou os valores mais próximos daqueles que foram publicados. Os critérios usados para a seleção do modelo foram a heterozigosidade observada e esperada e as estatísticas F de Wright obtidas nas simulações. O modelo de fluxo gênico entre os fragmentos foi o de isolamento por distância a uma taxa de 0.1. Foram observados elevados índices de diferenciação genética entre os fragmentos em decorrência do seu isolamento reprodutivo. Desse modo, sugere-se a construção de corredores ecológicos com vistas a conectar fragmentos distantes e, desta forma, permitir a homogeneização das frequências alélicas por meio do fluxo gênico.

ABSTRACT: Gene flow is important for the conservation of genetic resources to allow connectivity of geographically isolated populations and which genetic variability is reduced. Gene movement is a function of flow rate and model. Understanding how gene flow occurs can contribute to the conservation and selection of priority populations that could benefit from an eventual intervention. Simulation softwares allow making inferences about past events based on current datasets or predict future phenomena under real genetic scenarios. Adverse phenomena can be predicted and actions can be taken to avoid them. The aim of this study was to identify a model and the gene flow rates that could explain genetic structure of eight forest fragments of Cabralea canjerana in development in the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest. To do this, simulations were performed with the EASYPOP software using a microsatellite marker dataset obtained for the species by Melo and collaborators, in 2012, 2014 and 2016. We tested five models and nine migration rates and we selected the model that produced values closer to those previously obtained for them. Criteria used for selection were the observed and expected heterozygosity and the Wright’s F Statistics obtained in the simulations. The gene flow model selected was the isolation by distance model that used a rate of 0.1. We observed high levels of genetic differentiation among the fragments as result of their reproductive isolation. To allow homogenization of the allelic frequencies through gene flow, the solution would be to create ecological corridors with the aim of connecting distant fragments.