ABSTRACT Salt stress hampers the growth and physiology of nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus), due to biochemical, physiological, and anatomical disruptions. The application of salicylic acid stands as an alternative to alleviate the detrimental effects of salt stress, but studies on nasturtium are scarce. Thus, the aim of present study was to assess the effects of foliar application of salicylic acid on nasturtium cultivated under salt stress. The experiment followed a completely randomized design in a 3 x 3 factorial scheme, with 0 (no stress), 50 (moderate salt stress), and 100 (severe salt stress) mM of NaCl, and application of 0, 0.5, and 1 mM of salicylic acid, each with six replications. Growth (plant height, stem diameter, and number of leaves), gas exchange (stomatal conductance, photosynthesis, transpiration, internal CO2 concentration, intrinsic water use efficiency, instantaneous water use efficiency, and intrinsic carboxylation efficiency), as well as chlorophyll indices and chlorophyll a fluorescence were evaluated. Salt stress affected the variables analyzed in this study. The application of salicylic acid had a positive effect on mitigating the effects of severe salt stress, resulting in a significant increase in the number of leaves. The most effective dose was 1 mM, also leading to notable improvements in water use efficiency and photochemical efficiency. However, other combinations of salinity and salicylic acid reduced growth and gas exchange in nasturtium plants. Tropaeolum majus, majus , majus) biochemical physiological disruptions scarce Thus scheme no 5 moderate 10 NaCl 05 0.5 replications plant height diameter leaves, leaves leaves) stomatal conductance photosynthesis transpiration CO concentration efficiency) evaluated However plants 0.

RESUMO O estresse salino limita o crescimento e a fisiologia da capuchinha (Tropaeolum majus), devido a distúrbios bioquímicos, fisiológicos e anatômicos. A aplicação de ácido salicílico é uma alternativa para mitigar os efeitos prejudiciais do estresse salino, no entanto, em capuchinha os estudos são escassos. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da aplicação de ácido salicílico via foliar em capuchinha cultivada sob estresse salino. O experimento foi realizado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3 x 3, referente a 0 (sem estresse) 50 (estresse salino moderado) e 100 (estresse salino severo) mM de NaCl e aplicação de 0, 0,5 e 1 mM de ácido salicílico, com seis repetições. O crescimento (altura de planta, diâmetro do caule e número de folhas), trocas gasosas (condutância estomática, fotossíntese, transpiração, concentração interna de CO2, eficiência intrínseca do uso da água, eficiência instantânea do uso da água e eficiência intrínseca de carboxilação) e os índices de clorofila e fluorescência da clorofila a foram avaliados. O estresse salino afetou as variáveis analisadas neste estudo. A aplicação de ácido salicílico teve um efeito positivo na mitigação dos efeitos do estresse salino severo, resultando em um aumento significativo no número de folhas, sendo a dose mais eficaz a concentração de 1 mM, levando ainda, a melhorias notáveis na eficiência no uso da água e na eficiência fotoquímica. No entanto, as demais combinações de salinidade e ácido salicílico reduziram o crescimento e as trocas gasosas nas plantas de capuchinha. Tropaeolum majus, majus , majus) bioquímicos anatômicos entanto escassos Assim objetivouse objetivou se casualizado sem 5 moderado 10 severo 05 repetições altura planta folhas folhas) condutância estomática fotossíntese transpiração CO2 CO carboxilação avaliados estudo ainda fotoquímica

ABSTRACT Species of the genus Capsicum, especially peppers, are economically important and widely consumed worldwide. The application of animal waste as organic fertilizer is a simple and cost-effective technique for applying nutrients to the soil. Combining cattle manure with humic substances can stimulate plant metabolism, resulting in increased nutrient absorption and assimilation. Therefore, the objective in this study was to evaluate doses of cattle manure combined with humic substances for stimulating plant metabolism and morphophysiological and nutritional processes in pepper plants. A randomized block design with four replicates was used, in a 4×3 factorial arrangement consisting of four cattle manure doses (8, 18, 28, and 38 Mg ha-1) and three humic substance doses (0, 8, and 12 kg ha-1). Humic substances (12 kg ha-1) enhanced gas exchange, increasing net photosynthesis (34.2%), stomatal conductance (12.7%), instantaneous water use efficiency (15.87%), instantaneous carboxylation efficiency (37.37%), and absorbed energy conversion efficiency (23.53%). Cattle manure adequately met the crop’s nutritional requirements, while humic substances increased the number and thickness of plant root hairs. The most effective combination to increase photosynthetic activity in pepper plants was 38 Mg ha-1 of cattle manure combined with 8 kg ha-1 of humic substances. Humic substances stimulated positive morphophysiological responses in organic pepper crops, which resulted in increased production. Capsicum peppers worldwide costeffective cost soil assimilation Therefore used 43 4 3 4× (8 18 28 ha1 ha 1 0, 0 (0 ha1. . (1 exchange 34.2%, 342 34.2% , 34 2 (34.2%) 12.7%, 127 12.7% 7 (12.7%) 15.87%, 1587 15.87% 15 87 (15.87%) 37.37%, 3737 37.37% 37 (37.37%) 23.53%. 2353 23.53% 23 53 (23.53%) crops crop s requirements hairs ha- production ( 34.2 (34.2% 12.7 (12.7% 158 15.87 (15.87% 373 37.37 (37.37% 235 23.53 5 (23.53% 34. (34.2 12. (12.7 15.8 (15.87 37.3 (37.37 23.5 (23.53 (34. (12. 15. (15.8 37. (37.3 23. (23.5 (34 (15. (37. (23. (3 (15 (37 (23 (2

RESUMO As espécies do gênero Capsicum, principalmente pimentão, possuem grande relevância econômica e são amplamente consumidas em todo o mundo. A aplicação de dejetos animais como fertilizante orgânico é uma técnica simples e barata de distribuição de nutrientes ao solo. O esterco bovino em associação com substâncias húmicas pode estimular o metabolismo das plantas, resultando no aumento da absorção e assimilação de nutrientes. Portanto, o objetivo neste estudo foi avaliar doses de esterco bovino associado a substâncias húmicas para estimular o metabolismo vegetal, a morfofisiologia e a nutrição em pimentões. O delineamento utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, distribuídos em arranjo fatorial 4 x 3, referente a quatro doses de esterco bovino (8, 18, 28 e 38 t ha-1) e três doses de substâncias húmicas (0, 8 e 12 kg ha-1), com quatro repetições. Substâncias húmicas (12 kg ha-1) estimularam as trocas gasosas, aumentando a fotossíntese líquida (34,2%), a condutância estomática (12,7%), a eficiência instantânea do uso da água (15,87%), a eficiência instantânea de carboxilação (37,37%) e a eficiência efetiva da absorção conversão de energia (23,53%). O esterco bovino supriu adequadamente as necessidades nutricionais da cultura, enquanto as substâncias húmicas aumentaram o número e a espessura dos pelos radiculares do pimentão. A combinação de manejo mais eficaz para aumentar a atividade fotossintética em pimentões é 38 t ha-1 de esterco combinado com 8 kg ha-1 de substâncias húmicas. As substâncias húmicas estimularam respostas morfofisiológicas positivas no cultivo de pimentão orgânico, o que resultou no aumento da produção. Capsicum mundo solo plantas Portanto vegetal casualizados 3 8, (8 18 2 ha1 ha 1 0, 0 (0 ha1, , repetições (1 gasosas 34,2%, 342 34,2% 34 (34,2%) 12,7%, 127 12,7% 7 (12,7%) 15,87%, 1587 15,87% 15 87 (15,87%) 37,37% 3737 37 (37,37% 23,53%. 2353 23,53% . 23 53 (23,53%) cultura ha- produção ( 34,2 (34,2% 12,7 (12,7% 158 15,87 (15,87% 37,37 373 (37,37 235 23,53 5 (23,53% 34, (34,2 12, (12,7 15,8 (15,87 37,3 (37,3 23,5 (23,53 (34, (12, 15, (15,8 37, (37, 23, (23,5 (34 (15, (37 (23, (3 (15 (23 (2

ABSTRACT Bell pepper is a globally important vegetable. The use of humic substances can enhance nutrient absorption efficiency, reducing the amounts of organic residues applied to the soil. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate cattle manure rates combined with humic substance rates to increase bell pepper production. A randomized block design with four replicates was used, in a 4 × 3 factorial arrangement consisted of four cattle manure doses (8, 18, 28, and 38 Mg ha-1) and three humic substance doses (0, 8, and 12 kg ha-1). Humic substances affected bell pepper production characteristics; the highest mean fruit weight per plant (140.02 g) and fruit diameter (75.73 mm) were obtained when applying 8 Mg ha-1 of manure combined with 8 kg ha-1 of humic substances. Similarly, the greatest fruit length (80.94 mm) was found when applying 8 Mg ha-1 of manure combined with 12 kg ha-1 of humic substances. The highest yields (1.2 kg per plant and 60.14 Mg ha-1) were obtained when applying 38 Mg ha-1 of manure combined with 12 kg ha-1 of humic substances. The combination of humic substances and cattle manure increased the organic production of bell peppers under the edaphoclimatic conditions of the Semiarid region of Brazil. vegetable efficiency soil Therefore used (8 18 28 ha1 ha 1 0, 0 (0 ha1. . characteristics 140.02 14002 140 02 (140.0 g 75.73 7573 75 73 (75.7 mm ha- Similarly 80.94 8094 80 94 (80.9 1.2 2 (1. 6014 60 14 60.1 Brazil ( 140.0 1400 (140. 75.7 757 7 (75. 80.9 809 9 (80. 1. (1 601 6 60. 140. (140 75. (75 80. (80 (14 (7

RESUMO O pimentão é uma olerícola de importância mundial. O uso de substâncias húmicas pode elevar a eficiência de absorção nutricional reduzindo a quantidade de resíduos orgânicos aplicados no solo. Assim sendo, objetivou-se avaliar doses de esterco bovino associadas a substâncias húmicas para elevar a produção de pimentão. O delineamento em blocos casualizados distribuído em arranjo fatorial com quatro doses de esterco bovino (8, 18, 28 e 38 t ha-1) e três doses de substâncias húmicas (0, 8 e 12 kg ha-1), quatro repetições foi utilizado. As substâncias húmicas influenciaram nas características produtivas, obtendo-se valores máximos de peso médio de fruto (140,02 g), diâmetro de fruto (75,73 mm) aplicando 8 t ha-1 de esterco associado a 8 g ha-1 de substâncias húmicas, como também, obteve-se valor máximo de comprimento de fruto (80,94 mm) aplicando 8 t ha-1 de esterco associado a 12 kg ha-1 de substâncias húmicas. A produção máxima de 1,2 kg por planta e 60,14 t ha-1, obteve-se aplicando 38 t ha-1 de esterco associado a 12 kg ha-1 de substâncias húmicas. A associação de substâncias húmicas com esterco bovino aumentou a produção orgânica de pimentão nas condições edafoclimáticas do Semiárido. mundial solo sendo objetivouse objetivou se 8, (8 18 2 3 ha1 ha 1 0, 0 (0 ha1, , utilizado produtivas obtendose obtendo 140,02 14002 140 02 (140,0 g, g) 75,73 7573 75 73 (75,7 mm ha- também obtevese obteve 80,94 8094 80 94 (80,9 1, 6014 60 14 60,1 Semiárido ( 140,0 1400 (140, 75,7 757 7 (75, 80,9 809 9 (80, 601 6 60, 140, (140 75, (75 80, (80 (14 (7 (1

ABSTRACT Our ecological reality is marked by socio-environmental collapse, stemming from capitalist consumerism. It is reinforced by way of an anthropocentric banking education, advocating for the separation between human beings and nature. In this context, through the theoretical-conceptual method, we analyze how environmental education for sustainable consumption enables a human stance that combats the contemporary socio-environmental collapse. Thus, the formative characteristics of sustainable consumption are established, which, through the epistemology engendered by Freirean environmental education, promote the adoption of the ecological systemic paradigm in today's reality. Consequently, it results in ethical planetary ecosystem equilibrium. socioenvironmental socio collapse consumerism nature context theoreticalconceptual theoretical conceptual method Thus established which todays today s Consequently equilibrium

RESUMO A nossa realidade ecológica é marcada pelo colapso socioambiental, oriundo do consumismo capitalista. Ele é reforçado por conduto de uma educação bancária antropocêntrica, defensora da cisão entre o ser humano e a natureza. Nesse contexto, pelo método teórico-conceitual, analisa-se como a educação ambiental para um consumo sustentável possibilita uma postura humana que combata o estado de colapso socioambiental contemporâneo. Nisso, estabelece-se as características formadoras do consumo sustentável, as quais, através da epistemologia engendrada pela educação ambiental freiriana, promovem a adoção do paradigma sistêmico ecológico na realidade hodierna. Assim, resulta-se no equilíbrio ecossistêmico planetário ético. capitalista antropocêntrica natureza contexto teóricoconceitual, teóricoconceitual teórico conceitual, conceitual teórico-conceitual analisase analisa se contemporâneo Nisso estabelecese estabelece quais freiriana hodierna Assim resultase resulta ético

Abstract Composite structures have been successfully used in the construction of bridges and buildings as they present notable structural and constructive advantages over traditional reinforced concrete and steel systems. In steel-concrete composite beams, the joint action of the beam with the slab – which aims to exploit the main virtues of the two materials – is guaranteed by shear connectors. The stud-bolt is currently the most used connector in the world. However, the need to use specific equipment for welding makes its use difficult, especially on remote construction sites. To offer an alternative with good structural performance, low cost and easy execution, the Truss-Type shear connector was developed. In this study, a methodology was developed to numerically simulate the mechanical behavior of the Right-angle Truss-Type shear connector. Therefore, a parametric study was carried out in order to evaluate the influence of varying the connector height on its resistance. The results indicated that the use of linear finite elements in connector modeling provides good results and a significant reduction in computational cost. systems steelconcrete beams connectors studbolt stud bolt world However difficult sites performance execution TrussType Truss Type Rightangle Right angle Therefore resistance

Resumo Este estudo buscou compreender o desenvolvimento do trabalho docente da Educação Física (EF) nas instituições de educação infantil dos municípios da Grande Vitória /ES, bem como analisou as relações que estabelecem com as políticas educacionais oficiais, os saberes da área da EF contidos nesses documentos e o ensino da temática referente à educação para as relações étnico-raciais na infância. A pesquisa foi metodologicamente orientada pela Análise da Atividade com base na Ergologia (Schwartz, 2000; Schwartz e Durrive, 2007). Os resultados indicam o distanciamento entre as diretrizes oficiais da educação infantil, os docentes de Educação Física e aos conteúdos étnico-raciais. Por outro lado, os/as docentes ancoram-se em grande medida aos saberes experienciais ligados às suas trajetórias de vida e à infância para desenvolver a atividade docente na Educação Infantil.

Abstract This study sought to understand the development of Physical Education (PE) teaching work in early childhood education institutions in the cities of Grande Vitória (Espirito Santo, Brazil), and also to analyze the relationships established with official educational policies, the knowledge in the area of PE included in these documents, and the teaching of content related to education that was oriented to ethnic-racial relations in childhood. The research was methodologically guided by Activity Analysis based on Ergology (Schwartz, 2000; Schwartz and Durrive, 2007). The results indicate a distance between the official guidelines of early childhood education, Physical Education teachers and ethnic-racial knowledge. On the other hand, teachers rely heavily on experiential knowledge linked to their life trajectories and childhood to develop teaching activity in early childhood education.

RESUMO O bioma Caatinga possui espécies vegetais e animais que desenvolveram mecanismos que as permitem resistir às condições edafoclimáticas da região. Diante disso, este trabalho identificou a composição florística de um fragmento de uma floresta de Caatinga na comunidade rural Mocambo de Baixo, município de Patos – PB, Brasil, e analisou as potencialidades do componente vegetal arbóreo através de inventário florestal, considerando os parâmetros de densidade, frequência, dominância, valor de cobertura e valor de importância das espécies arbóreas, e os índices de diversidade de Shannon-Weaver e de equabilidade de Pielou das comunidades de indivíduos adultos e regenerantes de espécies arbóreas. Foi constatado um total de 1402 indivíduos: 534 adultos, 510 regenerantes e 358 mortos. Foram verificadas 10 espécies, 10 gêneros e 06 famílias de indivíduos adultos, e 08 espécies, 08 gêneros e 05 famílias para os regenerantes. As famílias botânicas com maior expressividade entre os indivíduos adultos ou regenerantes foram Apocynaceae, Euphorbiaceae e Fabaceae. Foram encontradas densidades de 953,7 e 910,7 ind.ha-1 para adultos e regenerantes, respectivamente. Os maiores valores de cobertura e de importância foram obtidos por Aspidosperma pyrifolium. Os valores estimados para os índices de Shannon-Weaver e de equabilidade de Pielou foram 1,38 e 0,60, respectivamente. Os indivíduos adultos se concentraram na classe I de diâmetro (1,9 cm < D < 4,4 cm) e altura (1,4 m < H < 3,4 m), e entre os regenerantes, a maior quantidade foi observada na classe II (H > 1 m). O valor estimado do volume empilhado médio de madeira foi de 38 st.ha-1. região disso Baixo PB Brasil florestal densidade frequência dominância arbóreas ShannonWeaver Shannon Weaver 140 53 51 35 mortos 0 Apocynaceae Fabaceae 9537 953 7 953, 9107 910 910, ind.ha1 indha1 indha ind.ha ind ha ind.ha- respectivamente pyrifolium 138 1,3 060 60 0,60 1,9 19 9 (1, 44 4 4, 1,4 14 34 3 3, m, , m) m. . st.ha1. stha1 stha st.ha 1. st st.ha-1 5 95 91 ha1 13 1, 6 0,6 (1 st.ha1 st.ha- 0, (

ABSTRACT The Caatinga biome has plant and animal species that have developed mechanisms that allow them to resist the edaphoclimatic conditions of the region. Therefore, this work identified the phytosociological composition of a fragment of caatinga forest located at the rural community of Mocambo de Baixo, in the municipality of Patos-PB, Brazil, and analyzed the potentialities of the tree component by means of a forest inventory, considering the density, frequency, dominance, cover and importance values of the tree species, and the Shannon-Weaver and the Pielou equability index values of the adult and regenerating tree communities. A total of 1402 individuals were found: 534 adult, 510 regenerating and 358 dead plants. There were 10 species, 10 genera and 06 families of adult individuals, and 08 species, 08 genera and 05 families for the regenerating plants. The most expressive botanical families of adult or regenerating plants were Apocynaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Fabaceae. Densities of 953.7 and 910.7 ind.ha-1 were found for adult and regenerant plants, respectively. The highest values of tree cover and importance were estimated for Aspidosperma pyrifolium. The Shannon- Waever and the Pielou equability index values were 1.38 and 0.60, respectively. Adult individuals were most abundant in class I for diameter (1.9 cm < D < 4.4 cm) and height (1.4 m < H < 3.4 m), and regeneranting plants were most abundant in class II (H > 1 m). The estimated volume of stacked wood averaged approximately 38 st.ha-1.. region Therefore Baixo PatosPB, PatosPB Patos PB, PB Patos-PB Brazil inventory density frequency dominance ShannonWeaver Shannon Weaver communities 140 53 51 35 0 Apocynaceae Fabaceae 9537 953 7 953. 9107 910 910. ind.ha1 indha1 indha ind.ha ind ha ind.ha- respectively pyrifolium 138 1.3 060 60 0.60 1.9 19 9 (1. 44 4 4. 1.4 14 34 3 3. m, , m) m. . st.ha1.. stha1 stha st.ha 1.. st st.ha-1. 5 95 91 ha1 13 1. 6 0.6 (1 st.ha1. st.ha-1 0. ( st.ha1 st.ha-

Abstract The skimmed goat milk was submitted to the nanofiltration process using a volume reduction factor (VRF) equal to 2. It was verified a rapid decrease of the permeate flux at a low time, with a continuous flux, caused by the reversible resistance, which is characterized by the standard and complete blocking. The combined fouling model was evaluated, including complete pore blocking and cake filtration mechanism, which described the skimmed goat milk nanofiltration behavior. For the VRF equal to 2 was determined the total solids, protein, lactose, ash, mineral fraction content, which increased successfully with the nanofiltration process. The Power Law and Herschel-Buckley models were fitting to describe the flow behavior for retentate, which presented the higher apparent viscosity. (VRF time resistance evaluated mechanism solids protein lactose ash content HerschelBuckley Herschel Buckley retentate viscosity

Abstract This study sought to understand the development of Physical Education (PE) teaching work in early childhood education institutions in the cities of Grande Vitória (Espirito Santo, Brazil), and also to analyze the relationships established with official educational policies, the knowledge in the area of PE included in these documents, and the teaching of content related to education that was oriented to ethnic-racial relations in childhood. The research was methodologically guided by Activity Analysis based on Ergology (Schwartz, 2000; Schwartz and Durrive, 2007). The results indicate a distance between the official guidelines of early childhood education, Physical Education teachers and ethnic-racial knowledge. On the other hand, teachers rely heavily on experiential knowledge linked to their life trajectories and childhood to develop teaching activity in early childhood education.

Resumo Este estudo buscou compreender o desenvolvimento do trabalho docente da Educação Física (EF) nas instituições de educação infantil dos municípios da Grande Vitória /ES, bem como analisou as relações que estabelecem com as políticas educacionais oficiais, os saberes da área da EF contidos nesses documentos e o ensino da temática referente à educação para as relações étnico-raciais na infância. A pesquisa foi metodologicamente orientada pela Análise da Atividade com base na Ergologia (Schwartz, 2000; Schwartz e Durrive, 2007). Os resultados indicam o distanciamento entre as diretrizes oficiais da educação infantil, os docentes de Educação Física e aos conteúdos étnico-raciais. Por outro lado, os/as docentes ancoram-se em grande medida aos saberes experienciais ligados às suas trajetórias de vida e à infância para desenvolver a atividade docente na Educação Infantil.

Abstract The skimmed milk was previously concentrated by the block freeze concentration and, thus, used in the manufacture of an ice cream sample with Bifidobacterium BB-12 addition. This sample was compared with two control samples, one ice cream manufactured with skimmed milk, and the other an MRS broth, which supplies an excellent base for comparison of the bacterial survival. All three samples were submitted to the in vitro gastrointestinal assays from the mouth to the large intestine. The initial Bifidobacterium BB-12 viable cell count (> 8 log CFU/g or mL) of both ice cream samples ensured their classification as probiotic products. This behavior was noted during all in vitro steps (from the mouth until the colon). From the mouth to the ileum was observed that both ice creams showed a slight oscillatory probiotic count. For the ice cream manufactured with concentrated milk, it was observed a high bifidobacteria protective effect in the descending colon, with probiotic viable cells count and recovery rate values equal to 9.88 log CFU/g and 112.02%, respectively. Finally, it was possible to conclude that as well as the ice cream with milk, the concentrated milk served as a succesful probiotic carrier.

Abstract Freeze concentration process was used to concentrate milk until the third stage of freeze concentration. Thus, two samples of ice creams were manufacture, one with milk and the other with concentrated milk from the first stage of block freeze concentration, and denominated ice cream 1 and ice cream 2, respectively. Both ice creams were characterized according to physicochemical characteristics, overrun, microscopy, melting rate, texture, color, and rheological properties. The use of concentrated milk influenced the physicochemical properties of ice cream 2, promoting an increase in the total solids, protein, carbohydrates, and ashes content. Moreover, it was noted that ice cream 2 had a higher overrun, lower firmness, smaller ice crystals, and tended to color greenish and yellowish, however had a higher melting rate and larger hysteresis area. The models of the Power Law and Casson satisfactorily described the rheological behavior of ice creams, which proved to be a Newtonian fluid.

Abstract This study’s main highlight to the effect of replacement of milk by different proportions of concentrated whey in the elaboration of ice creams and the characterization of their physicochemical and microstructural properties. Ice creams have high levels of total solids, acidity, and low pH values. All ice creams exhibited Newtonian fluid behaviors while the Power and Casson Law model adequately explained the flow properties. Viscosity and hysteresis area increased as a higher ratio of concentrated whey was added. Ice cream formulations containing a higher proportion of milk showed greater brightness, the ice creams showed a greenish-yellow coloring tendency. The overrun values ranged from 27 to 44%, and ice cream with partial replacement of milk by concentrated whey showed greater resistance to melting. The addition of concentrated whey did not influence the size of the ice crystals, fat globules, and air bubble diameters. However, the higher total solids content influenced the texture of the ice creams, promoting smoother and creamy ice creams. These results highlight the application of concentrated whey on the 50% substitution level, thus being an attractive alternative for the food industry, mainly about the cost-benefit and added value to the product, by enhancing the color, flavor, and texture.

Abstract Fermented milks, with diverse manufacturing, fermentations and specific strains, have been consumed around the world, with a millennial knowledge of their production. These dairy products have a potential nutritional value, taking food industries to invest, nowadays, in dairy products with a functional and healthy appeal due to the changes in the habits and diet of the population. The addition of natural ingredients from vegetables and fruits into fermented milks is a tendency nowadays. The inclusion of natural additives may change the texture, composition, sensory attributes and increase of the shelf life since some compounds are related to have a high antioxidant activity, which decreases the development of deteriorating microorganisms. These called bioactive compounds are synthesized by plants and also may contribute to the fermented milk formulation, in special from fruits, which increase the sensory acceptance. Several classes of fruits bioactive compounds are associated to several health benefits and are a base of many studies about functional fermented milks, reported in this review. This theory background becomes essential for future studies and dairy products development.

Abstract This study’s main highlight refers to the utilization of concentrated whey, obtained from freezing concentration processes in ice cream manufacturing. The second important point refers to the comparison between dairy and whey concentrated ice creams’ Bifidobacterium BB-12’s protective effects under in vitro simulated gastrointestinal conditions. Both ice cream types showed bifidobacteria viable cell counts higher than the recommendation for a product to be considered a probiotic. The incorporation of such bacteria into both ice cream varieties showed the most important probiotic characteristic, which is survivability. Bifidobacterium BB-12 demonstrated survival rates higher than 90% after the upper digestive tract passage into the colon. In addition to that, the best protective effect was pointed out from whey-based ice cream testing. Considering such statements, the addition of probiotic bacteria and concentrated whey on ice cream manufacturing could be decisive when producing functional foods, providing benefic effects on the consumer.

Abstract The concentration of dairy products is widely applied in dairy manufacturing due to obtaining products with the high dry matter, added value, reduced volume, and an increase in shelf-life. Traditional thermal concentration processes are the most applied in dairy industries, however, high temperatures can damage the bioactive compounds in milk, in addition to modifying the physicochemical, sensory, and nutritional characteristics of concentrated products. This review summarizes the importance of replacing traditional concentration methods with unconventional non-thermal processes, which can bring an option to dairy industries due to the concentration enabling the preservation of proteins, enzymes, vitamins, color, and flavor of the product. Alternative methods, such as freeze concentration, membrane separation processes, and freeze-drying, compose recent works about new methodologies to concentrate dairy products without changing specific properties and increase the quality, which is one of the main purposes for the dairy industries. Through a comparative study with recent researches, this overview highlights some alternative concentration processes that can improve the yield and increase the quality of concentrated dairy products. With new environmentally sustainable methods and the possibility of reducing the costs of the concentration process, these emerging concentration methods become attractive for dairy industries from a technological and economic perspective.