ABSTRACT Grafting can be an ally in the vegetable’s soilless cultivation, being the objective of this work evaluate the growth and production, as well as to define the thermal sum and trophic limit of grafted and non-grafted tomato plants cultivated in substrate. The experiments were conducted in a protected environment in the city of Jaguari-RS, in two growing seasons in the years 2019 and 2020. Italian and Gaucho tomato cultivars were used, the rootstock was chosen for giving vigor and longevity to the plants. Yield data were obtained through weekly fruit harvesting, growth data through periodic collections of whole plants and the total biomass obtained at the end of the experiments. Grafted plants show greater vegetative growth regardless of the crop season; however, non-grafted plants are more productive in a growing cycle with restricted light and low temperatures. Grafted plants require a greater thermal sum to complete their phenological stages. The trophic limit for grafted and non-grafted plants of Italian and Gaucho tomato cultivars is 4.8 MJ/m2/day.

RESUMO A enxertia pode ser uma aliada no cultivo sem solo de hortaliças, sendo o objetivo deste trabalho avaliar o crescimento e a produção, assim como definir a soma térmica e o limite trófico de plantas enxertadas e não enxertadas de tomateiro cultivadas em substrato. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em ambiente protegido na cidade de Jaguari-RS, em duas safras de cultivo nos anos 2019 e 2020. Foram utilizadas cultivares de tomateiro do tipo italiano e gaúcho, o porta enxerto foi escolhido por conferir vigor e longevidade às plantas. Os resultados produtivos foram obtidos por meio da colheita semanal dos frutos, os dados de crescimento por meio de coletas periódicas de plantas inteiras e a biomassa total obtida ao final dos experimentos. As plantas enxertadas apresentam maior crescimento vegetativo independente da safra de cultivo, no entanto, as plantas não enxertadas são mais produtivas em ciclo de cultivo com restrição de luminosidade e baixas temperaturas. As plantas enxertadas exigem maior soma térmica para completar seus estádios fenológicos. O limite trófico para plantas enxertadas e de pé franco das cultivares de tomateiro do tipo italiano e gaúcho é de 4,8 MJ/m2/dia.

RESUMEN El estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el crecimiento y la calidad de lisianthus cultivado en diferentes sustratos de cascarilla de arroz. Los sustratos evaluados fueron: cascarilla de arroz carbonizada (CAC; 100%); cascarilla de arroz cruda (CACr; 100%); CAC (70%) + abono orgánico comercial S10 Beifort® (30%); y CACr (70%) + abono orgánico comercial S10 Beifort® (30%). Se analizaron la producción y partición de la materia seca (MS) de la planta, el área de la hoja del planta y la relación MS de la parte aérea/raíces. También fueron evaluados los parámetros de calidad del tallo de la flor (altura del tallo, diámetro y cantidad de flores y capullos). El sustrato 100% CACr redujo el crecimiento de las plantas y el formación de flores. Esto cambió la partición de materia seca entre los órganos de la planta. Los sustratos CACr + S10 y CAC proporcionaron tallos florales de calidad. Por lo tanto, ambos sustratos pueden ser utilizados para producir flores de lisianthus cortadas en el sistema de recirculación de nutrientes. Sin embargo, el sustrato CACr + S10 se destacó por aumentar el crecimiento de las plantas. Este resultado se atribuye la mejora de las propiedades físicas y químicas del sustrato CACr + S10, debido la presencia del abono orgánico, que benefició la capacidad de retención de agua y el CAC, que garantizó una alta porosidad de lo sustrato.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the growth and quality of lisianthus cultivated in different rice husk substrates. The evaluated substrates were: carbonized rice husk (CRH; 100%); raw rice husk (RRH; 100%); CRH (70%) + S10 Beifort® commercial organic compost (30%); and RRH (70%) + S10 Beifort® commercial organic compost (30%). Plant dry mass (DM) production and partitioning, plant leaf area and shoot/root DM ratio were analyzed. Quality parameters of the flower stems were also evaluated (length; diameter and number of flowers and buds). The RRH substrate at 100% reduced plant growth and prevented flower development. This modified dry mass partitioning among the plant organs. The substrates RRH + S10 and CRH provided quality flower stems. Thus, both substrates can be used to produce cut lisianthus flowers in recirculating nutrient systems. However, the RRH + S10 substrate stood out because it increased plant growth. This result is ascribed to the improvement of the physical and chemical properties of substrate RRH + S10 as a result of the presence of both the organic compost, which benefited the water holding capacity, and the RRH, which guaranteed high porosity to the substrate.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el crecimiento y rendimiento de tres cultivares híbridos de pepino de conserva, Feisty, Kybria y Tony, cultivados en el sistema de canales con recirculación del lixiviado y empleando el sustrato cascarilla de arroz in natura nuevo y reutilizado después del cultivo de tomate (CAR). El ensayo se instaló en un invernadero ubicado al sur de Brasil, entre el octubre del 2016 y el enero del 2017. Donde se evaluó las siguientes variables: masa seca de hojas, tallo y frutos, número de hojas, índice de área foliar y rendimiento. No se encontraron interacciones significativas entre el cultivar y el sustrato. La CAR no afectó el crecimiento ni tampoco el rendimiento de las plantas, sin embargo, ocasionó el incremento del peso medio de los frutos de pepino y la disminución en el número de frutos cosechados. 'Kybria', seguida de 'Tony', presentaron mayor crecimiento de frutos y rendimiento en relación a 'Feisty', en el cual se observó mayor crecimiento vegetativo en detrimento del crecimiento de los frutos. Los rendimientos obtenidos fueron altos con valores de 4,85; 7,18 y 8,33 kg m-2, respectivamente para los híbridos Feisty, Tony y Kybria. Así, se puede considerar que la cascarilla de arroz, nueva y reutilizada, son excelentes para la producción del pepino de conserva en sistema de recirculación de solución nutritiva.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth and yield of three pickling cucumber hybrid cultivars: Feisty, Kybria and Tony, using a fresh rice husk substrate and a rice husk substrate reused after tomato cultivation in a leachate recirculation system (CAR). This trial was installed in a greenhouse located in southern Brazil between October, 2016 and January, 2017. The following variables were evaluated: dry mass of leaves, stems and fruits, number of leaves, leaf area index and yield. No significant interactions were found between the cultivars and the substrates. The reused substrate did not affect the growth nor the yield of the plants; however, the CAR caused an increase in the average weight of the cucumber fruits and a decrease in the number of harvested fruits. 'Kybria', followed by 'Tony', presented a higher fruit growth and yield than 'Feisty', in which a greater vegetative growth was observed to the detriment of the fruit growth. The yields were high with values of 8.33, 7.18 and 4.85 kg m-2, respectively, for the hybrids: Feisty, Kybria and Tony. In conclusion, rice husks, new and reused, are excellent for the production of canned cucumbers in a nutrient recirculation system.

RESUMEN El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el crecimiento, productividad y calidad de gypsophila variedad New Amore®, cultivada en canales rellenos con sustratos y sistema con recirculación de la solución nutritiva en el sur de Brazil. Los tratamientos fueron el resultado de la combinación de cuatro sustratos [cascarilla de arroz carbonizada (CAC100%), cascarilla de arroz cruda (CACr100%), CAC + sustrato comercial orgánico S10 (Beifort®) (15%) y CA-Cr + S10 (15%)] y dos épocas de poda (precoz y tardía). Los sustratos no afectaron la distribución de la materia seca entre las flores y los órganos vegetativos, así como el balance entre el crecimiento de la parte aérea y de las raíces. Sin embargo, el cultivo en el sustrato CACr100% redujo el crecimiento de la parte aérea, la producción y la calidad de los tallos florales. Los sustratos CAC100% y CACr+S10 pueden ser indicados para el cultivo de gypsophila debido a los buenos resultados obtenidos. La poda tardía aumentó el crecimiento, la productividad y mejoró la calidad de los tallos florales de gypsophila. Se concluye que las plantas de gypsophila se adaptaron bien al sistema de cultivo con recirculación de la solución nutritiva.

ABSTRACT This research evaluated the growth, yield and quality of gypsophila New Amore® variety grown in gutters filled with substrate in a system with leaching recirculation in southern Brazil. The treatments were the result of the combination of four substrates [carbonized rice husk (CRH100%), raw rice husk (RRH100%), CRH + organic commercial substrate S10 (Beifort®) (15%) and RRH+S10 (15%)] with two pruning times (early and late). The substrates did not affect the dry matter partitioning between the flowers and vegetative organs or the balance between the shoot and root growth. However, RRH100% reduced the shoot growth, flower stem yield and quality. The CRH100% and RRH+S10 substrates can be indicated for gypsophila cultivation once, in a general way, they presented promising results. The late pruning increased the gypsophila growth and yield and benefited the quality of the stems. The gypsophila plants adapted well to the employed crop system.

ABSTRACT With the advancement of small size tomato cultivation in recent years, studies on fruit grading are necessary to obtain a commercialization standard. Therefore, the objective of the work was to perform the grading, based on the fruit size of Grape and Cherry mini tomatoes, considering the effects of different cropping systems and defoliation levels. Tomato plants of Wanda Cherry Hybrid® and Dolcetto Grape Hybrid® varieties were grown in two closed soilless systems (troughs and pots), using substrate of raw rice husk, under three different defoliation intensities (without defoliation, removal of one and two leaves of the sympodium). For fruits grading, two sets of five sieves were used, with mesh drilling adapted for each variety. The chosen meshes were: 35, 30, 25, 20 and 0 mm for Cherry, and 25, 20, 15, 10 and 0 mm for Grape. From the beginning of the fruit harvest the variables of number and mean weight of fruits retained in each of the sieves were evaluated, for each variety. A total of 8284 fruits of the Cherry type and 8033 fruits of the Grape type were evaluated during seven months of harvest. Data were submitted to analysis of variance, linear regression, and comparison of means by the Tukey test. The obtained results indicated that defoliation reduced the amount of fruits grading as large for both Cherry and Grape varieties. The troughs system benefited the production of Grape variety fruits grading as large. The sieves 1, 2 and 3 are suitable for the fruits grading of both varieties. The grading of mini tomato fruits with the use of specific sieves for each type variety is feasible.

RESUMEN Con el aumento de la superficie cultivada de tomates de pequeño diámetro, es necesario establecer una normativa de clasificación para su comercialización. El objetivo del estudio es proponer una clasificación para tomates tipos Cereza y Grape en función al tamaño de los frutos, el efecto del sistema de cultivo y la intensidad del deshojado. Se cultivaron tomates tipo cereza Wanda y tipo Grape Dolcetto, bajo dos sistemas cerrados de cultivo sin suelo (canales y macetas). Se utilizó cáscara de arroz in natura como sustrato, con tres intensidades de deshojado (plantas con el simpodio completo; una y dos hojas eliminadas por simpodio). Para la clasificación de los frutos, se utilizó dos series de cinco tamices con mallas de perforaciones adaptadas a cada variedad. Se seleccionaron las siguientes mallas: para Cereza 35, 30, 25, 20 mm y recolector, y para Grape 25, 20, 15, 10 mm y recolector. A partir del inicio de la recolección de los frutos se han evaluado las variables número y peso medio de los frutos retenidos en cada uno de los tamices para cada una de las variedades. Se evaluaron 8.284 frutos del tipo Cereza y 8.033 del tipo Grape durante siete meses de cosecha. Los datos sometidos a un análisis de varianza, regresión lineal; las medias fueron comparadas con la prueba de Tukey. Los resultados indicaron que el deshojado disminuyó la cantidad de frutos clasificados como grandes para ambas variedades. El sistema de canales favoreció la producción de frutos clasificados como grandes para la variedad Grape. Los tamices 1, 2 y 3 fueron adecuados para la clasificación de los frutos de ambas variedades. Es posible ordenar el tamaño de frutos de tomates con el uso de tamices específicos para cada tipo de variedad.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o progresso genético de atributos de qualidade de grãos de cultivares de arroz (Oryza sativa) irrigado por inundação no Rio Grande do Sul, entre 1972 e 2016. As estimativas genéticas seguiram a abordagem baseada na análise comparativa das 25 cultivares lançadas pelo programa de melhoramento genético da Embrapa ao longo desse período. O experimento foi implementado em quatro regiões produtoras do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul: Sul, Campanha, Planície Costeira Interna e Planície Costeira Externa. Observaram-se ganhos genéticos significativos de: 0,20% ao ano, para percentual de grãos inteiros após o beneficiamento; -1,38% ao ano, para percentual de grãos gessados e centro branco; -0,77% ao ano, para área gessada total; -0,08% ao ano, para brancura total; e -0,82% ao ano, para brancura não vítrea dos grãos. A maioria das cultivares lançada apresenta alto teor de amilose e baixa temperatura de gelatinização. Portanto, o programa de melhoramento genético apresentou progressos genéticos anuais significativos entre 1972 e 2016 para os principais atributos de qualidade dos grãos, tendo disponibilizado cultivares de acordo com a demanda nacional quanto à qualidade dos grãos nos diversos segmentos da cadeia produtiva do arroz.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to determine the genetic progress of grain quality attributes of flooded irrigated rice (Oryza sativa) cultivars in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, between 1972 and 2016. The genetic estimates followed an approach based on the comparative analysis of 25 cultivars released by Embrapa’s breeding program over this period. The experiment was implemented in four producing regions of the state of Rio Grande do Sul: Sul, Campanha, Planície Costeira Interna, and Planície Costeira Externa. The following significant genetic gains were observed: 0.20% per year, for percentage of whole grains after processing; -1.38% per year, for percentage of chalky kernels and white-core grains; -0.77% per year, for total chalky area; -0.08% per year, for total whiteness; and -0.82% per year, for non-vitreous grain whiteness. Most cultivars released have high amylose content and a low gelatinization temperature. Therefore, the breeding program presented significant annual genetic progresses between 1972 and 2016 for the main attributes of grain quality, and made cultivars available according to the national demand for grain quality in the several segments of the rice production industry.

RESUMO. O emprego de casca de arroz in natura como substrato permite empregar sistemas de cultivo que promovam a reutilização do lixiviado em ciclos longos de produção, sendo importante estudar o manejo fitotécnico da cultura nesta condição. Os minitomates apresentam demanda de fotoassimilados relativamente pequena. Assim, a desfolha parcial do simpódio poderia beneficiar a cultura sem prejuízos à produção e qualidade dos frutos. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o crescimento, o comportamento produtivo e a qualidade de frutos de minitomateiro Cereja Híbrido Wanda e Grape Híbrido Dolcetto em dois sistemas fechados de cultivo (vasos e calhas), empregando casca de arroz in natura como substrato, sob três condições de desfolha (sem desfolha, retirada de uma e duas folhas do simpódio). A cultivar Cereja apresentou maior crescimento da planta, produção e tamanho médio de frutos. A cultivar Grape apresentou frutos com maior concentração de açúcares. Para cultivar Grape, a retirada de uma folha do simpódio não afetou as respostas produtivas. Entretanto, para cultivar Cereja é necessária a manutenção do simpódio completo. O sistema de cultivo em calhas melhora o crescimento e eleva as respostas produtivas, enquanto que o sistema de vasos aumenta a concentração de açúcares dos frutos.

ABSTRACT. The use of raw rice husk as substrate allows the use of crop systems that promote the recirculation of leachate in long crop cycles. Mini tomatoes present relatively low demand for photoassimilates. Thus, partial defoliation of the sympodium could benefit the crop without damage to the production or quality of the fruits. The objective of this work was to evaluate the plant growth, fruit yield and fruit quality of Cherry Hybrid Wanda and Grape Hybrid Dolcetto mini tomatoes cultivated in two recirculation crop systems (pots and troughs), using raw rice husk as substrate, under three defoliation conditions (without defoliation, removal of one and two leaves of the sympodium). The Cherry cultivar showed higher plant growth, fruit yield and mean fruit size. The Grape cultivar produced fruits with higher sugar concentration. For the Grape cultivar, the removal of one sympodium leaf did not affect the plant responses. However, for the Cherry cultivar, it was necessary to maintain the complete sympodium. The trough cultivation system improved plant growth and yield, whereas the pot system increased fruit sugar concentration.