ABSTRACT This article analyzes the differences between public and private health services regarding infrastructure and human resources at the state (subnational) and macro-regional levels in Brazil. The research collected monthly data on inpatient beds and the number of nurses, physiotherapists, and doctors from Brazilian states for 2020. Indicators were created following quarterly changes and comparing the actions of public and private healthcare entities. Variations were analyzed using temporal graphs based on means and standard deviation. The findings suggest: (1) exponential growth in health care infrastructure and human resources led by public sector investment in the second quarter, followed by a slowdown; (2) a more significant variation in the acceleration and deceleration of the public sector response in the North of Brazil and the states of Maranhão, Rio Grande do Norte, and the Federal District; (3) the public sector was the primary response mechanism to the pandemic considering the variations throughout the year. The study concludes that the government was the leading actor in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil in 2020, pointing out that responses were uneven in the states.

Resumen Este artículo busca analizar los temas de salud y medio ambiente en los municipios de la Banda Fronteriza Brasileña (FF), dados los singulares desafíos de gestión de estos sectores en este territorio. Para ello, se verificó la asociación entre ellos a través de una recolección y análisis de datos secundarios, utilizando estadística descriptiva, mapeo y análisis de conglomerados. Los principales resultados mostraron una falta de políticas públicas sectoriales, especialmente en temas de medio ambiente y salud, en las actividades de los gobiernos municipales fronterizos, siendo aún más escasas las discusiones que incorporan la intersectorialidad en la planificación. Del 94,7% de los municipios analizados, el 53,6% tuvo un desempeño medio en el tema ambiental y el 81,3% bajo o muy bajo en el tema de la salud, lo que implica que en el contexto de la FF brasileña, los aspectos ambientales han ganado más atención en comparación con la salud. aspectos. Finalmente, el estudio contribuye señalando las implicaciones de estos resultados capaces de sustentar políticas públicas.

Resumo O presente artigo buscou analisar os temas saúde e meio ambiente nos municípios da Faixa de Fronteira (FF) brasileira, haja vista os desafios singulares de gestão destes setores neste território. Para isso, verificou-se a associação entre eles por meio de uma coleta e análise de dados secundários, utilizando estatística descritiva, mapeamento e análise de cluster. Os principais resultados demonstraram a carência de políticas públicas setoriais, especialmente para os temas meio ambiente e saúde nas atividades dos governos municipais fronteiriços, sendo ainda mais escassas as discussões que incorporam a intersetorialidade no planejamento. Dos 94,7% municípios analisados, 53.6%% apresentaram desempenho mediano no tema ambiental, e 81.3% baixo ou muito baixo no tema saúde, depreendendo-se que no contexto da FF brasileira, os aspectos do tema ambiental têm ganho mais atenção em comparação com os aspectos da saúde. Por fim, o estudo contribui ao apontar implicações destes resultados capazes de subsidiar políticas públicas.

Abstract This work sought to analyze the health and environment in the Brazilian municipalities that make up the Frontier Strip (FS), considering the unique challenges of managing these in such territory. For this purpose, the association between them was studied by collecting and analyzing secondary data, using descriptive statistics, mapping, and cluster analysis. The main results demonstrated the lack of public policies, particularly for environmental and health issues in activities of municipal border governments, and the discussions that incorporate intersectionality in planning are even more limited. Of the 94.7% of municipalities analyzed, 53.6% presented an average performance on the environmental issue, and 81.3% a low or very low one on health, probably due to the fact that environmental aspects have gained more attention in the context of Brazilian FS compared to health ones. Finally, the study points out the implications of these results, which can subsidize public policies.

Resumen Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar la coordinación y cooperación en las medidas de atención primaria de salud adoptadas por el gobierno británico para combatir la evolución de la COVID-19. Una crisis sin precedentes exige soluciones de políticas públicas y una gobernanza única en el desafío más importante del siglo XXI. La atención primaria de salud es claramente parte de la solución adoptada por los gobiernos de todo el mundo para combatir el virus. Se utilizó el análisis de datos ‒basado en la literatura sobre coordinación, cooperación y atención primaria de salud‒ cruzado con el análisis documental de informes elaborados por la Organización Mundial de la Salud y documentos, guías, discursos y planes de acción de los sitios web oficiales del gobierno británico. Las medidas adoptadas por el gobierno británico se analizaron en 4 periodos con el fin de ayudar a explicar las acciones durante la pandemia: pre-primer caso (22 a 31 de enero), desarrollo de medidas preventivas (01 a 29 de febrero), primer plan de acción (01 a 23 de marzo) y confinamiento (24 de marzo a 6 de mayo). A pesar de la disparidad en el consenso sobre temas clave como el Brexit, las naciones del Reino Unido están trabajando juntas con un alto nivel de cooperación y coordinación en la toma de decisiones durante el brote de coronavirus.

Resumo Este artigo tem o objetivo de analisar a coordenação e cooperação nas medidas de atenção básica à saúde adotadas pelo governo britânico no combate a evolução da COVID-19. A atenção básica à saúde é parte da solução adotada pelos governos no mundo para combater o vírus. Foi utilizada da análise de dados baseada na literatura de coordenação, cooperação e atenção básica à saúde, de forma cruzada com a análise documental dos relatórios elaborados pela Organização Mundial da Saúde e documentos, guias, discursos e planos de ação nos sites oficiais do governo britânico. As medidas adotadas pelo governo britânico foram analisadas em 4 períodos, de forma a ajudar na explicação das ações durante a pandemia: pré-primeiro caso (22 a 31 de janeiro), desenvolvendo medidas de prevenção (01 a 29 de fevereiro), primeiro plano de ação (1 a 23 de março) e lockdown (24 de março a 6 de maio). Apesar da falta de consenso em temas essenciais como o Brexit, as nações no Reino Unido estão trabalhando juntas com um alto nível de cooperação e coordenação na tomada de decisão durante o surto do coronavírus.

Abstract This paper aims to analyse the coordination and cooperation in Primary Health Care (PHC) measures adopted by the British government against the spread of the COVID-19. PHC is clearly part of the solution founded by governments across the world to fight against the spread of the virus. Data analysis was performed based on coordination, cooperation, and PHC literature crossed with documentary analysis of the situation reports released by the World Health Organisation and documents, guides, speeches and action plans on the official UK government website. The measures adopted by the United Kingdom were analysed in four periods, which helps to explain the courses of action during the pandemic: pre-first case (January 22- January 31, 2020), developing prevention measures (February 1 -February 29, 2020), first Action Plan (March 1- March 23, 2020) and lockdown (March 24-May 6, 2020). Despite the lack of consensus in essential matters such as Brexit, the nations in the United Kingdom are working together with a high level of cooperation and coordination in decision-making during the COVID-19 pandemic.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To investigate how sociodemographic conditions, political factors, organizational confidence, and non-pharmaceutical interventions compliance affect the COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in Brazil. METHODS: Data collection took place between November 25th, 2020 and January 11th, 2021 using a nationwide online survey. Subsequently, the researches performed a descriptive analysis on the main variables and used logistic regression models to investigate the factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. RESULTS: Less concern over vaccine side effects could improve the willingness to be vaccinated (probability changed by 7.7 pp; p < 0.10). The current vaccine distrust espoused by the Brazilian president is associated with vaccine hesitancy, among his voter base. Lower performance perception (“Very Bad” with 10.7 pp; p < 0.01) or higher political opposition (left-oriented) regarding the current presidency is associated with the willingness to be vaccinated. Higher compliance with non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) is usually positively associated with the willingness to take the COVID-19 vaccine (+1 score to NPI compliance index is associated with higher willingness to be vaccinated by 1.4 pp, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Willingness to be vaccinated is strongly associated with political leaning, perceived federal government performance, vaccine side effects, and compliance with non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs).

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To investigate how sociodemographic conditions, political factors, organizational confidence, and non-pharmaceutical interventions compliance affect the COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in Brazil. METHODS: Data collection took place between November 25th, 2020 and January 11th, 2021 using a nationwide online survey. Subsequently, the researches performed a descriptive analysis on the main variables and used logistic regression models to investigate the factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. RESULTS: Less concern over vaccine side effects could improve the willingness to be vaccinated (probability changed by 7.7 pp; p < 0.10). The current vaccine distrust espoused by the Brazilian president is associated with vaccine hesitancy, among his voter base. Lower performance perception (“Very Bad” with 10.7 pp; p < 0.01) or higher political opposition (left-oriented) regarding the current presidency is associated with the willingness to be vaccinated. Higher compliance with non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) is usually positively associated with the willingness to take the COVID-19 vaccine (+1 score to NPI compliance index is associated with higher willingness to be vaccinated by 1.4 pp, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Willingness to be vaccinated is strongly associated with political leaning, perceived federal government performance, vaccine side effects, and compliance with non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs).

ABSTRACT Access to public education for many specialists is the most potent policy toward achieving an equitable and fair society. To accomplish this challenging goal, there must exist an efficient and effective public system. Therefore, to support and expand the issue, we have developed a study that focuses on the impacts that socioeconomic conditions have on efficiency and efficacy at the basic education level in municipalities from the state of São Paulo, Brazil. In order to achieve our main goal, we performed a descriptive statistical analysis, a correlation analysis, and three multiple linear regressions. First, the descriptive study exhibited public education inequality between the municipalities. Following this, the correlation analysis pointed out a positive and significant correlation amongst socioeconomic conditions as well as a more efficient and effective model. Finally, three multiple linear regressions demonstrate a positive and significant impact concerning the economic status between the social condition and the efficiency, efficacy, and effectiveness in public schools run by municipal authorities. Therefore, this paper generates an advance toward local government performance studies, through the analysis of possible impacts concerning socioeconomic conditions in the 3Es at the basic education level.

Resumo Nas últimas décadas, a saúde brasileira sofreu grandes transformações, tanto em seu modelo como no desempenho do Estado. No entanto, devido a deficiências processuais e práticas, seu desempenho mostra ineficiência na prestação de serviços para a população. A regionalização, como estratégia de descentralização, surgiu como uma alternativa para resolver esses problemas interfederativos. Assim, este estudo visa analisar o desempenho da estratégia de regionalização do Sistema Único de Saúde no estado de São Paulo, pelos Departamentos Regionais de Saúde (DRS). Para atingir o objetivo, foi realizado um estudo descritivo e quantitativo, que resultou no Indicador Sintético Regional de Saúde do Estado de São Paulo (ISRS/SP). Observou-se uma concentração dos DRS com melhor desempenho no interior do estado de São Paulo, bem como uma relação não direta entre as regiões que receberam mais recursos e aqueles que obtiveram melhor desempenho, isto é, os conceitos de eficiência e eficácia estão intimamente relacionados em seu desempenho. No final do estudo, é possível compreender a regionalização da saúde no estado de São Paulo de forma abrangente, com possibilidades de adaptar o indicador sintético criado para outras regiões e realizar estudos mais aprofundados sobre o desempenho de cada nível.

Abstract In the last decades, the Brazilian public health has undergone major transformations, both in its model and in the performance of the State. However, due to procedural and practical deficiencies, their performance shows inefficiency in the provision of services for the population. The regionalization, as a strategy of decentralization, emerged as an alternative to solve these interfederative problems. Thus, this study aims to analyze the performance of the Brazilian National Health System regionalization strategy in São Paulo State, through the Regional Health Departments (RHD). To reach the objective, a descriptive and quantitative study was carried out, which resulted in the Regional Synthetic Indicator of Health of the State of São Paulo (RSIH/SP). A concentration of RHD with better performance was observed in the interior of São Paulo State, as well as a non-direct relation between the regions that received more resources and those that obtained better results, that is, the concepts of efficiency and effectiveness are closely related in their performance. At the end of the study, it is possible to comprehend the regionalization of health in São Paulo State in a comprehensive way, with possibilities to adapt the synthetic indicator created for other regions and to carry out more detailed studies on the performance of each level.

Resumo Nas últimas décadas, a saúde brasileira sofreu grandes transformações, tanto em seu modelo como no desempenho do Estado. No entanto, devido a deficiências processuais e práticas, seu desempenho mostra ineficiência na prestação de serviços para a população. A regionalização, como estratégia de descentralização, surgiu como uma alternativa para resolver esses problemas interfederativos. Assim, este estudo visa analisar o desempenho da estratégia de regionalização do Sistema Único de Saúde no estado de São Paulo, pelos Departamentos Regionais de Saúde (DRS). Para atingir o objetivo, foi realizado um estudo descritivo e quantitativo, que resultou no Indicador Sintético Regional de Saúde do Estado de São Paulo (ISRS/SP). Observou-se uma concentração dos DRS com melhor desempenho no interior do estado de São Paulo, bem como uma relação não direta entre as regiões que receberam mais recursos e aqueles que obtiveram melhor desempenho, isto é, os conceitos de eficiência e eficácia estão intimamente relacionados em seu desempenho. No final do estudo, é possível compreender a regionalização da saúde no estado de São Paulo de forma abrangente, com possibilidades de adaptar o indicador sintético criado para outras regiões e realizar estudos mais aprofundados sobre o desempenho de cada nível.

Abstract In the last decades, the Brazilian public health has undergone major transformations, both in its model and in the performance of the State. However, due to procedural and practical deficiencies, their performance shows inefficiency in the provision of services for the population. The regionalization, as a strategy of decentralization, emerged as an alternative to solve these interfederative problems. Thus, this study aims to analyze the performance of the Brazilian National Health System regionalization strategy in São Paulo State, through the Regional Health Departments (RHD). To reach the objective, a descriptive and quantitative study was carried out, which resulted in the Regional Synthetic Indicator of Health of the State of São Paulo (RSIH/SP). A concentration of RHD with better performance was observed in the interior of São Paulo State, as well as a non-direct relation between the regions that received more resources and those that obtained better results, that is, the concepts of efficiency and effectiveness are closely related in their performance. At the end of the study, it is possible to comprehend the regionalization of health in São Paulo State in a comprehensive way, with possibilities to adapt the synthetic indicator created for other regions and to carry out more detailed studies on the performance of each level.