RESUMO Objetivo: narrar a experiência do enfrentamento de uma longa crise econômico-política e a vivência do processo da chegada da pandemia do coronavírus em um centro de saúde espanhol. Métodos: trata-se de estudo descritivo qualitativo com análise etnográfica, com coleta de dados por entrevistas, observação participante e registros em diário de campo. Resultados: a imersão no contexto permitiu identificar dois eixos de domínio: “a crise, o trabalho na comunidade e o território na Atenção Primária”; “da inevitabilidade do ser enfermeiro no enfrentamento da crise sanitária”. Considerações finais: a narrativa retrata a ético na pesquisa de campo, tensões e valores do trabalho da enfermagem em conjuntura de crise. A experiência dos enfermeiros é trazida em narrativas de insatisfação e dificuldades, porém com a sustentação de valores relacionados à garantia da assistência aos usuários e de cooperação e solidariedade na organização coletiva dos trabalhadores para enfrentamento da crise da COVID-19.

ABSTRACT Objective: to narrate the experience of facing a long economic and political crisis and the experience of the arrival process of the coronavirus pandemic in a Spanish healthcare center. Methods: this is a descriptive qualitative study with ethnographic analysis, with data collection through interviews, participant observation and field diary records. Results: the immersion in the context allowed us to identify two axes of domain: “The crisis, work in the community and the territory in Primary Care”; “The inevitability of being a nurse in facing a health crisis”. Final considerations: the narrative portrays the ethics in field research, tensions and values of nursing work in crisis situations. Nurses’ experiences are presented in narratives of dissatisfaction and difficulties, but with the support of values related to guaranteeing assistance to users and cooperation and solidarity in the collective organization of workers to face the COVID-19 crisis.

RESUMEN Objetivo: narrar la experiencia de afrontar una larga crisis económico-política y la experiencia del proceso de llegada de la pandemia de coronavirus en un centro sanitario español. Métodos: se trata de un estudio cualitativo descriptivo con análisis etnográfico, con recolección de datos a través de entrevistas, observación participante y registros de diario de campo. Resultados: la inmersión en el contexto permitió identificar dos ejes de dominio: “La crisis, el trabajo en la comunidad y el territorio en Atención Primaria”; “De la inevitabilidad de ser enfermero ante la crisis sanitaria”. Consideraciones finales: la narrativa retrata la ética en la investigación de campo, las tensiones y los valores del trabajo de enfermería en situaciones de crisis. La experiencia de las enfermeras se presenta en narrativas de insatisfacción y dificultades, pero con el respaldo de valores relacionados con garantizar la asistencia a los usuarios y la cooperación y solidaridad en la organización colectiva de los trabajadores para enfrentar la crisis del COVID-19.

ABSTRACT Grazing intensity is a preponderant factor for the success of integrated crop-livestock systems (ICLS). Management of grazing intensity impacts soil organic matter (SOM) dynamics, soil reacidification process, and amount and quality of residues added to the ICLS. Consequently, the soil mineral nitrogen (N) forms may present different behavior throughout the pasture cycle, because they are directed linked to SOM and soil acidity dynamics. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of grazing intensities and liming in the temporal variation of acidity and mineral N forms in soil surface (0.00-0.20 m) and subsurface (0.20-0.40 m), throughout the pasture cycle of an ICLS under an Oxisol in the Brazilian subtropics. The study was performed 11 years after the beginning of the field experiment, characterized by the cattle grazing in a winter pasture of oat + ryegrass during the winter and soybean cropping during the summer. The experimental design is randomized block with three replicates, where the grazing intensities are in the plots and liming is the subplots. The grazing intensities were defined as grazing sward height management, being 0.10, 0.20-0.30, and 0.40 m defined as intensive (IG), moderate (MG) and light grazing (LG), respectively. We evaluated the soil ammonium (N-NH4+), nitrate (N-NO3-), mineral N and pH at 45, 70, 156 and 192 days after pasture sowing (DAPS). Our results showed that grazing intensities only affected the soil pH at the end of pasture cycle, with MG presenting higher pH than IG and LG, regardless of liming. A decrease of soil N mineral stocks was observed throughout the pasture cycle in all managements, due to the decrease of soil N-NO3- stocks in the surface and subsurface layers and of N-NH4+ only in the surface layer. The influence of grazing intensities was only observed for N mineral forms in limed areas before the beginning of grazing. At 45 DAPS, MG and LG presented the highest and the lowest N-NH4+, respectively. At 70 DAPS, the behavior was inverse, and LG presented the highest N-NO3- stock and the MG and IG the lowest N-NO3- stocks. With such results, it is possible to conclude that there is an influence of grazing intensity and liming in the temporal variation of soil pH and mineral N forms in ICLS and this may be utilized for improvements in N fertilizer management, mainly before the starting of winter grazing.

ABSTRACT In an integrated crop-livestock system (ICLS), system fertilization exploits the nutrient cycling imposed by animal grazing and increases the system efficiency. An increasingly popular approach to fertilization in southern Brazil is anticipating P and K requirements for soybeans into the pasture phase. This can increase the use efficiency of these nutrients in ICLS based on meat production in winter and soybean in summer. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of fertilization strategy, grazing and soil acidity correction on herbage and animal production, soybean yield, P and K contents in soil and plant tissue, and P and K use and economic efficiency. In 2017, a field experiment was established on an Acrisol ( Argissolo Vermelho distrófico ) double-cropped with soybean and Italian ryegrass under no-tillage. Herbage and animal production, soybean yield, available P and K contents, and P and K plant tissue status were determined. Available P and K in the soil were unaffected by grazing and fertilization strategy. Conversely, system fertilization and liming increased the P and K contents of aboveground Italian ryegrass biomass. Additionally, the available K budget in the soil was 2.7 times smaller in the integrated system with system fertilization than in the specialized system with conventional fertilization, possibly due to K fixation in non-exchangeable forms. By contrast, the available P budget in the soil was not affected by treatments and was positive with all systems. The use of ICLS increased economic return, and P and K use efficiency for protein production. System fertilization did not affect soybean yield, but it increased the total herbage production of Italian ryegrass. Despite this, sheep live weight did not increase. Using ICLS in combination with system fertilization provides an effective nutrient management strategy with a higher potential for sustainable food production when compared with conventional fertilization.

Resumo Este artigo analisa o conceito de nobreza na cultura luso-brasileira desde o século XVII até o XIX. A abordagem prioriza a continuidade em detrimento da ideia moderna de transição. A opção por um amplo recorte temporal visa explorar contextos históricos em que distintas linguagens políticas sobre a “nobreza” foram pertinentes. A tese central é que, apesar das semânticas liberal e democráticas disponíveis no Brasil oitocentista, o conceito de nobreza típico do corporativismo ibérico continua a disputar o contexto linguístico da época. Essa investigação se baseia na história do discurso político e usa como fontes jornais, correspondências e obras historiográficas. Particular atenção é aqui concedida ao pensamento do historiador Francisco Adolfo de Varnhagen, principal defensor da Alta Nobreza hereditária.

Abstract The paper analyses the concept of aristocracy in Portuguese-Brazilian culture between the 17th and 19th centuries. The approach highlights the persistence of mediaeval semantics in Brazilian discourses and challenges the idea of a “modern transition”. The study focuses on a broad time frame to examine historical contexts in which different political languages about “nobility” were relevant. The central thesis is that despite the liberal and democratic semantics available in the 19th century, the typical concept of aristocracy from Portuguese mediaeval corporatism remained present in Brazilian language use. To show this, the study analyses a wide range of records such as newspapers, letters and historiographical books. Special attention is paid to the historian Francisco Adolfo de Varnhagen, the main advocate of the “hereditary aristocracy” in Brazil.

ABSTRACT Bases are chemical species that donate electrons, accept protons, or release hydroxyls (OH–) in aqueous solution. In Soil Science, “base saturation”, “exchangeable bases” or “basic cations” has been widely used to distinguish Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, and K+ from H+ and Al3+ cations. This terminology is confusing since none of these cations are truly a base in chemistry sense. However, in the absence of the proposition of a correct term, the term “base saturation” remains in use nowadays, causing confusion among students, professionals, and even among professors and researchers in Soil Science, as it leads to the erroneous interpretation that the soil acidity can be corrected by adding these cations to the soil. Here, we present the historical background of this nomenclature and a theoretical foundation that justifies the abolition of the use of these terms in Soil Science. We consider that the most correct is to call it “Ca-Mg-K-Na saturation”, which, despite being long, would refer directly and without any misinterpretation of the terminology. In Soil Fertility, the “base saturation” is often calculated only as a function of the sum of Ca, Mg, and K, since the Na content is negligible in most tropical and subtropical soils. Thus, one could use the term “Ca-Mg-K saturation”. Likewise, it is also suggested to abolish the use of the term “sum of bases” and use the term “sum of Ca-Mg-K” or “sum of Ca-Mg-K-Na” instead when necessary.

RESUMO A rigidez articular é a principal complicação do cotovelo, afetando o tratamento e o prognóstico. O manejo da contratura articular se baseia na sua etiologia, e a intervenção precoce deve modificar o desfecho dessa complicação. Objetivo: Revisar artigos sobre órtese articulada de cotovelo para reabilitação de rigidez articular. Métodos: Foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica em periódicos disponíveis do PubMed, Medline e LILACS, utilizando os Descritores em Ciências da Saúde (DeCS): aparelhos ortopédicos; braquetes; cotovelo; articulação do cotovelo; contratura; e transtornos da articulação. A intenção foi estabelecer e conhecer estudos de alto poder de evidência já realizados, que tenham tido como referência a temática de órteses articuladas de cotovelo para reabilitação de rigidez articular. Resultados: Após a aplicação dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão, revisaram-se artigos indexados no PubMed, Medline e LILACS, encontrando-se quatro artigos pelo PubMed e nenhum pelo Medline ou LILACS. Dos quatro artigos, dois eram revisões sistemáticas e dois eram ensaios clínicos randomizados. Conclusão: Órteses articuladas de cotovelo podem ser benéficas no tratamento de rigidez articular, sendo sugerido que melhoram amplitude de movimentos (ADM) e dor, inclusive com efeito superior em relação às órteses não articuladas gessadas. Nível de Evidência III, Revisão Sistemática de Estudos de Nível III.

ABSTRACT Joint stiffness is the most common complication in elbow injuries, presenting several etiologies and pathophysiological mechanisms that hinder treatment and prognosis. Prevention and treatment of joint contracture depend on the cause of stiffness, and early intervention should modify its outcomes. The methods used may be conservative or surgical, alone or in combination, according to each individual situation. Objective: Review articles on articulated elbow orthosis for joint stiffness rehabilitation. Methods: A literature review was conducted in journals available at the PubMed, Medline and LILACS databases, using the following Health Science Descriptors (DeCS): orthotic devices; braces; elbow; elbow joint; contracture; joint disorders. It sought to retrieve and analyze studies with the highest level of evidence that have already been conducted on articulated elbow orthosis for joint stiffness rehabilitation. Results: After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, four articles were included from PubMed and none from Medline or LILACS. Of the four PubMed articles, two were systematic reviews and two were randomized clinical trials. Conclusion: Articulated elbow orthoses can benefit joint stiffness treatment, improving range of motion and pain, showing superior effect compared to non-articulated plaster orthotics. Level of Evidence III, Systematic Review of Level III Studies.

ABSTRACT Studies on lability of soil phosphorus (P) under integrated crop-livestock systems (ICLS) are still scarce, especially for deep soil layers (more than 0.20 m depth) and different managements in the crop and livestock phase. Distinct management in these phases may lead to a different distribution of soil P pools according to its lability (labile, moderately labile, less labile and residual) and, consequently, the P availability for plant nutrition. This study aimed to determine the soil P pools, by P fractionation and its distribution in lability classes. In a long-term ICLS experiment of grain and sheep production established in 2003, in Southern Brazil, we sampled in 2017 the 0.00-0.05, 0.05-0.10, 0.10-0.20, 0.20-0.26, 0.26-0.30 and 0.30-0.40 m layers of a Red Dystrophic Acrisol ( Argissolo Vermelho distrófico ) under two cropping systems in the summer (soybean/corn rotation and soybean/soybean succession), two grazing intensities (moderate and low) and two methods (continuous and rotational) in winter. Fractionation of P consisted of sequential extractions with anionic exchange resin, NaHCO 3 0.5 mol L -1 , NaOH 0.1 mol L -1 , HCl 1 mol L -1 , and NaOH 0.5 mol L -1 . The fractions were grouped in four different pools: labile, moderated labile, less labile and residual P. The soybean/soybean succession increased the labile pool of soil P in the 0.00-0.10 m layer compared to the soybean/corn rotation, regardless of the management of the livestock phase. Meanwhile, the management of the livestock phase also influenced soil P lability, regardless of the management of the crop phase. Low grazing intensity increased the levels of labile soil P in the 0.00-0.05 m layer, in comparison with the moderate grazing intensity and regardless of the grazing method. Grazing methods did not impact the soil P lability or content. The greater soil P availability in the soybean/soybean succession can be attributed to the higher quality (low carbon/nitrogen ratio) of the residue, while in the low grazing intensity to the higher forage dry matter production. Such management benefits nutrient cycling and consequently the P availability to the plants, being important to decrease production costs with the reduction and/or greater use efficiency of phosphate fertilizers.

Resumo: Apresentamos uma lista de verificação de plantas vasculares baseada em 12 anos de inventário realizado em 36 parcelas (10 m x 2 m; 0,18 ha no total) e caminhadas assistemáticas em uma área remanescente de cerrado sensu stricto localizada em Itirapina, município do estado de São Paulo, sudeste do Brasil. A lista é composta por 195 espécies de plantas, correspondendo a 54 famílias e 131 gêneros. As famílias mais ricas foram Fabaceae (25 espécies), Asteraceae (16), Myrtaceae (16), Rubiaceae (11), Bignoniaceae e Malpighiaceae (10 cada), Melastomataceae (9) e Erythroxylaceae, Sapindaceae e Annonaceae (6). As formas de vida predominantes incluíram arbustos e árvores (33,7% das espécies), seguidas por lianas (12%), arbustos e ervas (10%). As abelhas foram os polinizadores dominantes (67,5%) e o principal modo de dispersão foi a zoocoria (56,8%), representada principalmente por pássaros, seguida por vento (33.3 %) e auto (11.2 %). Mais de 60% das espécies encontradas foram classificadas como espécies “típicas” de Cerrado. Bowdichia virgilioides foi a única espécie pertencente a uma categoria de ameaça “Quase Ameaçada (NT)”, sendo 157 delas classificadas na categoria “Deficiente de Dados (DD)”. Nosso conjunto de dados fornece informações florísticas, estruturais e ecológicas para uma das áreas-alvo do levantamento do Cerrado no estado de São Paulo, sudeste do Brasil, contribuindo para a compreensão dos padrões de diversidade e futuras ações de conservação neste hotspot ameaçado.

Abstract: Cerrado remnants can hold an important diversity of plant species of environmental and ecological relevance. We presented a checklist of vascular plants based on 12 years of inventory carried out in 36 plots (10 m x 2 m; 0.18 ha in total) and during unsystematic walks in a remnant area of cerrado sensu stricto located at Itirapina municipality, state of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil. The list comprised 195 plant species, corresponding to 54 families and 131 genera. The richest families were Fabaceae (25 species), Asteraceae (16), Myrtaceae (16), Rubiaceae (11), Bignoniaceae and Malpighiaceae (10 each), Melastomataceae (9), and Erythroxylaceae, Sapindaceae and Annonaceae (6). Predominant life forms included shrubs and trees, with 68% of the species, followed by lianas with 12%, sub-shrub and herbs with 10% each. Bees were the dominant pollinators (67,5%) and the majority of species had seeds dispersed by animals (56.8%), mostly by birds, followed by wind (33.3%) and self-dispersed (11.2%). More than 60% of the total species were classified as “typical” Cerrado species. Bowdichia virgilioides was the only species classified as Near Threatened (NT) and 157 were regarded as Data Deficient (DD). Our dataset provides floristic, structural, and ecological information for one of the targeted areas for Cerrado survey at São Paulo state, contributing to the understanding of diversity patterns and future conservation and restoration actions in this threatened hotspot.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate macro/microscopic viability of the upper pole (UP) in rats after 80 days of subtotal splenectomy preserving the upper pole (SSPUP). Methods: Twenty-five male Wistar rats were submitted to SSPUP. After 80 days, the rats were euthanized, and the remaining UP was evaluated macroscopically regarding appearance, color, consistency, length, width, thickness, and presence of fibrosis/necrosis; and microscopically regarding presence of red and white pulp, fibrosis/necrosis. Results: Two rats died during surgery and were removed from the statistical analysis. There was statistically significant increase in length and width between the pre and postoperative in the experimental group, with no significant difference in thickness. In the manipulation group, the macroscopic appearance of the spleen was normal in pre and postoperative, with viability preserved. In the experimental group, two UP of the spleen were not found during the second surgery. Macroscopically, it was observed absence of fibrosis and necrosis in all cases. Microscopically, the white and red pulp were intact in both groups. Two spleens of rats in the manipulation group presented areas with fibrosis and necrosis focus, which were not enough to be considered inviable. Conclusions: The UP of the spleen remained viable in 91.3% of the cases.

ABSTRACT A good soil fertility management for soybean production must consider the amount of nutrients that are exported by seeds. In recent decades, soybean yield has increased due to better crop management and genetic improvements, which may affect the amount of nutrients removed. Therefore, this study aimed (i) to analyze the relationship between the concentration of macronutrients in soybean seeds in Brazil with soybean yield and genotypes, and (ii) to update nutrient concentration values in soybean seeds for fertilizer recommendation purposes, comparing them with the values described in the main official fertilization recommendation systems used in Brazil. For this purpose, we used 3,017 observations obtained from 67 studies evaluating at least one macronutrient concentration [nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sulfur (S)] in soybean seeds in the last 45 years in Brazil (from 1974 to 2019). Results indicate that the concentration of macronutrients in soybean seed is affected by both soybean yield and genetic material. Modern genotypes of the Intacta Roundup Ready-2 group remove 15, 21, 18, 17, and 23 % more K, P, Ca, Mg, and S and 4 % less N compared to non-Roundup Ready genotypes. The increase in soybean yield was followed by an increase in the concentration of N and a decrease in the concentration of P and K in soybean seed. Data obtained from studies published between 2015 and 2019 indicates that soybean removes, on average, 57.2, 17.6, 5.5, 2.9, 2.6, and 2.5 kg Mg-1 of N, K, P, S, Ca, and Mg, respectively. These macronutrient concentrations in soybean seeds are in disparity with most reference values described in the official fertilization recommendation systems in Brazil, highlighting an urgent need to review the standard values for replacement fertilization of soybeans. Moreover, future studies should focus on the influence of genetics on soybean seeds composition to ensure high soybean productivity with rational use of fertilizers.

RESUMO Objetivo: realizar reflexão acerca do controle social na saúde e as contribuições que a enfermagem pode realizar para enfrentamento da pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos: trata-se de uma reflexão teórica, elaborada a partir de discussões baseadas na literatura e na experiência de atuação dos autores no controle social e na Atenção Básica. Divide-se em dois tópicos: o primeiro, relacionado aos aspectos do controle social institucionalizado; o segundo, relacionado às perspectivas para a enfermagem neste espaço. Resultados: apresentam-se limites e aspectos relevantes para a atuação do enfermeiro no controle social, contribuindo para uma perspectiva de práxis na saúde a partir do seu compromisso ético-político e sua competência técnica na coordenação e gestão do cuidado para enfrentamento da pandemia. Considerações finais: a atuação do enfermeiro no controle social favorece o fortalecimento da luta pelo direito à vida acima dos lucros, especialmente por meio da participação popular no contexto comunitário na Atenção Básica.

ABSTRACT Objective: to reflect on social control in health and the contributions that nursing can make to cope with the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: this is a theoretical reflection, elaborated from discussions based on literature and the experience of authors’ performance in social control and in Primary Care. It is divided into two topics: the first, related to aspects of institutionalized social control; the second, related to the perspectives for nursing in this space. Results: limits and relevant aspects for nurses’ role in social control are presented, contributing to a perspective of praxis in health based on their ethical-political commitment and their technical competence in the coordination and management of care to face the pandemic. Final considerations: nurses’ role in social control favors the strengthening of the struggle for the right to life above profits, especially through popular participation in the community context in Primary Care.

RESUMEN Objetivo: reflexionar sobre el control social en salud y los aportes que puede hacer la enfermería para hacer frente a la pandemia del COVID-19. Métodos: es una reflexión teórica, elaborada a partir de discusiones basadas en la literatura y la experiencia del desempeño de los autores en el control social y en Atención Primaria. Se divide en dos temas: el primero, relacionado con aspectos del control social institucionalizado; el segundo, relacionado con las perspectivas de la enfermería en este espacio. Resultados: se presentan límites y aspectos relevantes al rol del enfermero en el control social, contribuyendo a una perspectiva de la praxis de la salud basada en su compromiso ético-político y su competencia técnica en la coordinación y gestión de la atención para enfrentar la pandemia. Consideraciones finales: el rol de las enfermeras en el control social favorece el fortalecimiento de la lucha por el derecho a la vida por encima de las ganancias, especialmente a través de la participación popular en el contexto comunitario en Atención Primaria.

ABSTRACT The inclusion of pulse flours with higher dietary fiber content in bakery products, such as chickpea (Cicer arietinum L) flour, has been exploited by the food industry due to its nutritional and sensory characteristics. This work aimed to develop a sandwich bread with a partial substitution (7.5%, 15%, and 30%) of refined wheat flour by whole chickpea flour (WCF) and also to evaluate the effects on sensory acceptance, physicochemical parameters, and texture profile during the shelf life. Four methods for obtaining WCF were assessed and the best condition was used to produce the sandwich bread. Sensory evaluation was carried out with 65 consumers using a 9-point hedonic scale and a purchase intention scale. Firmness, elasticity, cohesiveness, chewability, and fracturability was evaluated by the Texture Profile Analysis (TPA). The specific volume, total fungi count, pH, titratable acidity, and moisture content were also determined. The nutritional composition was estimated by mass balance. Data demonstrated that there was no difference (p>0.05) in sensory evaluation of the products elaborated with different concentrations of WCF, and all samples presented good acceptance. The addition of WCF did not cause negative effects on the texture and volume characteristics of the bread. The sample with 30% WCF had adequate technological characteristics, resulting in a product with higher nutritional value, especially dietary fiber, and was well accepted by the consumers. This formulation can be used by the food industry and also in domestic preparations, contributing to the diversification and nutritional enrichment of sandwich bread.

RESUMEN La inclusión de harinas de granos no convencionales con mayor contenido de fibra dietética en productos de panadería, como la harina integral de garbanzo (HIG) (Cicer arietinum L), es utilizada por la industria alimentaria debido a sus características nutricionales y sensoriales. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo desarrollar un pan para sándwich (PPS) con sustitución parcial (7.5%, 15% y 30%) de harina de trigo refinada por HIG así como evaluar la aceptación sensorial, parámetros fisicoquímicos y el perfil de textura durante su vida útil. Fueron evaluados cuatro métodos para la obtención de HIG, utilizándose la mejor condición para producir el PPS. Sesenta y cinco consumidores realizaron la evaluación de aceptación sensorial e intención de compra con una escala hedónica de 9 puntos. La firmeza, la elasticidad, la cohesión, la masticabilidad y la fracturabilidad se evaluaron mediante el análisis de perfil de textura (TPA). También se determinó el volumen específico, el recuento total de hongos, el pH, la acidez titulable y el contenido de humedad. La composición nutricional se estimó por balance de masa. Todas las muestras presentaron buena aceptabilidad sin diferencias estadística. La adición de HIG no causó efectos negativos en la textura ni el volumen del PPS. La muestra con 30% de HIG tubo características tecnológicas adecuadas, resultando en un producto con mayor valor nutricional, especialmente por la fibra dietética. Esta formulación podría ser utilizada por la industria alimentaria y también en preparaciones domésticas, contribuyendo a la diversificación y al enriquecimiento nutricional del pan para sándwich.

Resumo O conhecimento sobre a quantidade de nutrientes exportados por frutas cítricas é uma ferramenta adequada para estimar a reposição de nutrientes, e estas informações para tangerinas são escassas. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o teor e a exportação de nutrientes pela colheita de frutos de tangerineiras, em um pomar manejado sob sistema orgânico de produção. Um experimento foi realizado em um pomar orgânico de tangerineiras adultas (23 anos), localizado no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. O teor total de macronutrientes e de micronutrientes foi determinado nos frutos de tangerina, e a exportação foi estimada pela produtividade média de duas safras (2013/2014 e 2014/2015). A exportação média de macronutrientes foi de 3,3; 2,3; 1,3; 0,4 e 0,3 kg t-1 para N, K, Ca, P e Mg, respectivamente; e de micronutrientes foi de 6,3; 4,6; 1,5; 0,7 e 0,5 g t-1 para Fe, B, Zn, Mn e Cu, respectivamente. A exportação de N pelas tangerinas não condiz com as informações atuais utilizadas para recomendações de adubação em citros, sendo o K o elemento mais exportado. Em relação aos micronutrientes, além de as quantidades exportadas variarem entre a literatura, a ordem de magnitude segue a mesma observada em nosso estudo. Propomos esses novos padrões para reposição de macronutrientes e de micronutrientes em pomares estabelecidos de tangerina sob manejo orgânico, contribuindo para uma recomendação de adubação mais precisa.

Abstract The knowledge on the amount of nutrients exported by citrus fruit is an adequate tool to estimate nutrient demand reposition and this information about mandarin is very scarce. In this context, the objective of this study was to determine the nutrient content and exportation by mandarin fruits harvest, in an orchard managed under organic production system. An experiment was carried out in an organic orchard of adult mandarin trees (23 years), located in Rio Grande do Sul State (Brazil). The total content of macronutrients and micronutrients was determined in the mandarin fruits and the exportation was estimated by average yields in two seasons (2013/2014 and 2014/2015). The average exportation of macronutrient was 3.3, 2.3, 1.3, 0.4 and 0.3 kg t-1 for N, K, Ca, P and Mg, respectively; and of micronutrients was 6.3, 4.6, 1.5, 0.7 and 0.5 g t-1 for Fe, B, Zn, Mn and Cu, respectively. The N exportation in mandarin fruits does not comply with the current information used for citrus fertilizer recommendations, where the K is the nutrient most exported. Regarding micronutrients, besides the exported amounts vary among the literature, the magnitude order follows the same observed in our study. We propose these new standards for reposition of macronutrients and micronutrients in established mandarin orchards under organic management, contributing to a more accurate fertilizer recommendation.

RESUMO O uso de genótipos híbridos é uma boa alternativa para aumentar a produtividade do arroz irrigado. Há, no entanto, a necessidade de validação do manejo da adubação em diferentes condições edafoclimáticas e de sua maior rentabilidade. Objetivou-se avaliar a produtividade de grãos e a rentabilidade de híbridos de arroz relacionadas a doses de N e à adubação com P e K. Avaliaram-se cinco cultivares híbridas e a cultivar convencional IRGA 424 CL combinadas com quatro doses de N (0; 100; 150; e 200 kg ha-1), todas com doses fixas de 90 kg ha-1 de P2O5 e 150 kg ha-1 de K2O, além de um tratamento adicional, sem o uso de fertilizantes. A aplicação de N incrementa, em média, em 10 e 35 % a produtividade do arroz irrigado em anos com condições climáticas favoráveis e desfavoráveis, respectivamente. Independentemente do ano e genótipo, as maiores produtividades são obtidas com doses de N entre 106 e 200 kg ha-1, sendo a dose de maior rentabilidade a de 150 kg ha-1 (22 % superior à ausência de aplicação de N). Os híbridos produzem 20 % a mais de grãos, em média, que a cultivar IRGA 424 CL, incrementando a rentabilidade em 18 %. Em solo com disponibilidade de P e K adequada, não há incrementos em produtividade pela aplicação desses nutrientes. Porém, em solo deficiente, a fertilização com P e K incrementa em 21 % a produtividade de grãos.

ABSTRACT The use of hybrid genotypes is a good alternative for increasing the flooded rice yield. However, there is a need for validation of the fertilizer management under different edaphoclimatic conditions and its greater profitability. This study aimed to evaluate the grain yield and profitability of rice hybrids in relation to N doses and fertilization with P and K. Five hybrid cultivars and the conventional IRGA 424 CL cultivar combined with four N doses (0, 100, 150 and 200 kg ha-1) were evaluated, all with fixed doses of 90 kg ha-1 of P2O5 and 150 kg ha-1 of K2O, besides an additional treatment without the addition of fertilizers. The N application increases, on average, by 10 and 35 % the flooded rice yield in years with favorable and unfavorable climatic conditions, respectively. Regardless of the year and genotype, the highest yields are obtained with doses of N between 106 and 200 kg ha-1, with the most profitable dose being the 150 kg ha-1 one (22 % higher than for the absence of N). The hybrids produce an average of 20 % more grains than the IRGA 424 CL cultivar, increasing the profitability by 18 %. In soil with adequate P and K availability, there is no increase in yield due to the application of these nutrients. However, in deficient soil, the fertilization with P and K increases the grain yield by 21 %.

ABSTRACT Objective to promote reflection on the recent economic and political crisis and its relationship with changes in nursing work in primary health care (PHC). Content the discussion is guided by the rescue of two pioneering works in the analysis of the professionalization of nursing under Marxist theory; the crisis of capitalism and the role of the state from the perspective of dialectical historical materialism. We highlight the advance of neoliberalism with consequences on the dismantling of social rights, in the health policy and on the nursing work in PHC. Conclusion considering the dynamics of the crisis, its impact on the State and public health financing, it is necessary to reflect on the social nursing practice that we want inn order to achieve the universal right to health, strengthen the Unified Health System and value the profession.

RESUMEN Objetivo promover la reflexión sobre la actual crisis económica y política y su relación con los cambios en el trabajo de enfermería en atención primaria de salud (APS). Contenido la discusión se guía por el rescate de dos trabajos pioneros en el análisis de la profesionalización de la enfermería en la teoría marxista; la crisis del capitalismo y el papel del Estado desde la perspectiva del materialismo histórico dialéctico. Destacamos el avance del neoliberalismo con consecuencias en el desmantelamiento de los derechos sociales, en la política de salud y en el trabajo de enfermería en APS. Conclusión considerando la dinámica de la crisis, su impacto en el estado y el financiamiento de la salud pública, es necesario reflexionar sobre la práctica social de enfermería de que queremos lograr el derecho universal a la salud, fortalecer el Sistema Único de Salud y valorar la profesión.

RESUMO Objetivo promover reflexão acerca da conjuntura de crise econômica e política recente e sua relação com as mudanças no trabalho da enfermagem na atenção primária de saúde (APS). Conteúdo a discussão é norteada pelo resgate de duas obras pioneiras na análise da profissionalização da categoria na teoria marxista; a crise do capitalismo e o papel do Estado pelo olhar do materialismo histórico dialético. Ressalta-se o avanço do neoliberalismo com reflexos no desmonte dos direitos sociais, na política de saúde e no trabalho da enfermagem na APS. Conclusão considerando a dinâmica da crise, sua repercussão no Estado e no financiamento da saúde pública, é necessário refletir sobre a prática social da enfermagem que desejamos para conquistar o direito universal à saúde, fortalecer o Sistema Único de Saúde e valorizar a profissão.