The author conducted research to address three problem statements as follows: Firstly, what are the teachings and ideas of Paul in 2 Timothy 2:1-13 to foster the spiritual growth of the congregation? Secondly, how do the leaders of Bethel Church in the Bandung region develop strategies for spiritual nurturing of their congregation? And thirdly, what is the significance of implementing 2 Timothy 2:1-13 in increasing the number of congregations at Bethel Indonesia Church in the Bandung area? To address these problem statements, the author conducted field research by interviewing 19 pastors in the city of Bandung, in addition to library research. From this research, it was found that 42% of churches that adhere to the principles in 2 Timothy 2:1-13 experienced rapid growth, while 32% that only partially followed the principles did not experience the same level of growth. The remaining churches that did not pay sufficient attention to the strategies of spiritual nurturing based on the principles in 2 Timothy 2:1-13 experienced stagnant or declining growth. Out of the 20 GBI church members interviewed, 80% stated that their spiritual growth resulted from discipleship through mentoring methods implemented by their church. Therefore, the strategies for spiritual nurturing identified in this research can be utilised by churches to foster both the spiritual growth and the quantitative growth of the church. CONTRIBUTIONS: This research helps readers to understand how to improve the spirituality of the congregation through the strategies of the Apostle Paul

Abstract This research objective was to determine the additional effect of biopolymer materials of red palm oil and miserly leave extract on mechanical and functional characteristics of canna starch based edible film. The method used in this research was factorial randomized block design with two treatment factors consisting of red palm oil (0.5; 1.0; and 1.5%v/v) and miserly leave extract (1.0; 2.0; and 3.0%v/v). Research results showed that edible film had thickness of 0.18 to 0.24 mm, elongation percentage of 16.7 to 19.00%, compressive strength of 33.87 to 48.40 gf, water vapour transmission rate of 11.97 to 44.32 g.m-2.d-1, total phenol of 389.31 to 488.45ppm, antioxidant activity of 389.31 to 488.45 ppm and inhibition zone diameters of 0.1 to 0.73 mm, respectively. The concentration increase of red palm oil had increased the thickness, compressive strength, total phenol, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of the edible film, but the percent elongation and the rate of water vapor transmission had decreased. Water vapor transmission rate, compressive strength, total phenol, antioxidant and antibacterial activity had increased with the increase in miserly leave extract concentration. The best edible film formula was red palm oil with a concentration of 1.5%(v/v) and 1%(v/v) miserly leave extract (A3B1).

Abstract Design and synthesis of the polyvinyl chloride (PVC) membrane as Fe(III) ion selective electrode (ISE) sensor based on ester modified humic acid (EHA) ionophore as an excellent sensory molecule for monitoring Fe(III) in the sample solution had been done. Simple and efficient EHA was made by condensation of carboxylic acid HA with ethanol and sulfuric acid as catalysts. PVC membrane was prepared by mixing all components such as PVC powder, EHA, plasticizer (o-NPOE and DOP), and anion lipophilic (Sodium-TPB and oleic acid) with a total weight of 100 mg and dissolved in 1 mL of dry THF. The electrode membrane responses showed that the electrodes were highly selective to ion Fe3+ at pH 3 with a response time of ±50 seconds. The dynamic range of the membrane ISE sensor was 10-1-10-7 M, with the value of the Nernst factor being ±19 mV per decade. The membrane electrode can be used for at least 5 weeks. The analytical results of Fe(III) measurement showed good conformity with the reference method (AAS), suggesting that the developed analytical tool could be used to measure and monitor Fe(III) in real water samples.

Abstract The objective of this research was to determine the effect of Uncaria gambir Roxb filtrate addition on functional edible films based on corn starch. This study used a Factorial Randomized Completely Design with two treatments and three replication for each treatment. The first factor was the concentration of Uncaria gambir Roxb filtrate (20%, 30%, 40%) and the second factor was the mixing separation method (filtering, centrifuge 1000 rpm, centrifuge 2000 rpm). The results showed that treatment of Uncaria gambir Roxb filtrate and the mixing separation method had significant effect on thickness, elongation percentage, water vapour transmission rate, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of edible film. The interaction of Uncaria gambir Roxb filtrate and the mixing separation method had significant effect on water vapour transmission rate. The best treatment based on edible film characteristics was 40% concentration of Uncaria gambir Roxb filtrate and the mixed separation method of 1000 rpm centrifugation.