RESUMO: Streptococcus suis é um patógeno Gram positivo que habita o trato respiratório superior e pode causar doença inflamatória sistêmica grave em suínos, principalmente durante a fase de creche. Streptococcus suis é um patógeno reemergente e surtos representam perdas econômicas significativas a suinocultura mundial. Neste estudo descrevemos os aspectos clínicos, patológicos e moleculares de um surto de infecção por S. suis com mortalidade atipicamente alta. O surto ocorreu em creches integradas a uma cooperativa do estado do Paraná, Brasil. Das 30 creches, 10 foram severamente afetadas pelo patógeno e apresentavam elevadas perdas econômicas. Os sinais clínicos iniciavam em torno de 10 dias após o desmame e eram caracterizados principalmente por sinais clínicos nervosos e locomotores agudos. A mortalidade dos lotes afetados variava entre 8% e 10%, mas em alguns casos ultrapassava 18%. Nove leitões foram submetidos ao exame post mortem. Macroscopicamente, as articulações sinoviais estavam aumentadas e continham exsudato fibrinoso. No sistema nervoso central havia hiperemia dos vasos leptomeníngeos associada a deposição de fibrina e exsudato purulento nas leptomeninges. Em três leitões havia espessamento do plexo coroide associado a dilatação dos ventrículos laterais. As lesões microscópicas eram caracterizadas principalmente por inflamação fibrinossupurativa que envolvia as membranas sinoviais, as leptomeninges do cérebro e medula espinhal. Além disso, também afetava o plexo coroide, epêndima, raízes nervosas e canal central da medula espinhal. S. suis foi isolado do líquido cefalorraquidiano, suabe de meninge e/ou líquido sinovial de 8/9 leitões e tipificado como sorotipo 9 por PCR multiplex.

ABSTRACT: Streptococcus suis is a Gram-positive pathogen that inhabits the upper respiratory tract and can cause severe systemic inflammatory disease in pigs, mainly during the nursery phase. Streptococcus suis is a reemergent pathogen, and outbreaks of its inducing disease represent significant economic losses for the pig industry worldwide. In this study, we described the clinical, pathological, and molecular aspects of an outbreak of S. suis infection with atypically high mortality. The outbreak occurred in nursery farms integrated into a cooperative in the state of Paraná, Brazil. Of the 30 nurseries, 10 were severely affected by the pathogen and had high economic losses. Clinical signs usually started approximately 10 days after weaning and were mainly characterized by acute nervous and locomotor disorders. The mortality of the affected batches usually ranged between 8% and 10%, but in some cases, it reached 18%. Nine piglets were submitted to post mortem examination. Macroscopically, the synovial joints were enlarged and contained fibrinous exudates. In the central nervous system, there was hyperemia of the leptomeningeal vessels associated with deposition of fibrin and purulent exudate in the leptomeninges. In three piglets, there was thickening of the choroid plexus associated with dilation of the lateral ventricles. Microscopic lesions were characterized mainly by fibrinosuppurative inflammation, which involved the synovial membranes, leptomeninges of the brain, and spinal cord. Furthermore, it also affects the choroid plexus, ependyma, nerve roots, and central canal of the spinal cord. S. suis was isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid, meningeal swabs, and/or synovial fluid of 8/9 piglets, and typified as serotype 9 by multiplex PCR.

Abstract Serological testing and culling infected animals are key management practices aiming eradication of bovine leukemia virus infection. Here, we report the development of an indirect ELISA based on BLV recombinant capsid protein (BLVp24r) to detect anti-BLV antibodies in cattle serum. The BLVp24r was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified by affinity chromatography, and then used to set up the ELISA parameters. The Polysorp ® plate coated with 50 ng of antigen/well and bovine serum diluted 1:100 gave the best results during standardization. Using sera from infected and non-infected cattle we set up the cutoff point at 0.320 (OD450 nm) with a sensitivity of 98.5% and specificity of 100.0%. Then, we tested 1.187 serum samples from dairy (736 samples) and beef cattle (451 samples) with unknown status to BLV. We found that 31.1% (229/736) and 9.5% (43/451) of samples amongst dairy and beef cattle, respectively, had IgGs to BLV. The rate of agreement with a commercial competitive ELISA was 84.3% with a κ value of 0.68. Thus, our BLVp24r iELISA is suitable to detect BLV infected animals and should be a useful tool to control BLV infection in cattle.

RESUMO: O uso da β-glucana como suplemento alimentar foi avaliado em jundiás. A β-glucana foi adicionada à ração na proporção de 0.01%, e 0.1% e fornecida aos peixes por 21, para avaliar dados hematológicos e parâmetros do sistema imune natural, ou 42 dias, para avaliar ganho de peso e resistência ao desafio com Aeromonas hydrophila. A adição da β-glucana na dieta não afetou o ganho de peso e não induziu alterações hematológicas nem alterações nos níveis de aglutininas e mieloperoxidase sanguínea. No entanto, a atividade hemolítica natural do sistema do complemento foi significativamente maior nos peixes alimentados com β-glucana. Além disso, nos peixes alimentados com β-glucana e desafiados com A. hydrophila, o número de bactérias isoladas do sangue foi significativamente menor, e a sobrevivência ao desafio foi significativamente maior do que nos peixes que não receberam β-glucana. Consequentemente, concluímos que a β-glucana tem potencial imunomodulador quando adicionada à dieta, nas condições experimentais aqui indicadas, e contribui para aumentar imunidade natural e a resistência dos jundiás ao desafio com patógenos específicos.

ABSTRACT: The immunomodulatory effects of dietary β-glucan were evaluated in silver catfish. β-glucan was added to the diet (0.01%, and 0.1%) and fed to the fish for 21 days, to evaluate effects on blood and some innate immune parameter, or fed for 42 days, to evaluate growth rate and resistance to challenge with pathogenic Aeromonas hydrophila. We found that adding β-glucan to the diet had no effect on fish growth and no effect on blood cells, or serum bacterial agglutination and serum myeloperoxidase activity. However, fish that received β-glucan in the diet had the natural hemolytic activity of complement significantly higher compared to control fish. Furthermore, fish fed with β-glucan and challenged with A. hydrophila had fewer bacteria in blood and presented a significantly higher survival rate compared to control fish. Thus, we concluded that β-glucan might be explored as feed additive aiming to improve silver catfish innate immunity and resistance to specific pathogen.

Resumo: Informações sobre as características das imunoglobulinas (Ig) de peixes e a disponibilidade de anticorpos mono ou policlonais são essenciais para avaliar a resposta imune humoral e a distribuição leucocitária de Igs. Nesse trabalho nós demonstramos que a Ig do soro de jundiás é composta por uma cadeia pesada (H) imunodominante, de aproximadamente 75kDA e de uma cadeia leve (L) de aproximadamente 28 kDa, similar à IgM humana. Anticorpos policlonais produzidos contra a Ig do jundiá reconheceram a cadeia H e L e permitiram o desenvolvimento de um ELISA indireto para mensurar a produção de anticorpos em peixes imunizados com albumina sérica bovina. Estudos de reatividade cruzada, por meio de Dot blot e western blot, indicaram um alto grau de compartilhamento de epitopos entre as Igs de diversos peixes Siluriformes e Caraciformes nativos do Brazil. Nestas espécies de peixes, os anticorpos policlonais reconheceram principalmente a cadeia H. Os resultados deste estudo são fundamentais para o desenvolvimento de ferramentas e estratégias para investigar a produção de anticorpos subsequente à imunização e a distribuição tecidual de Igs em peixes nativos. Além disso, devido ao compartilhamento de epitopos entre as espécies de peixes avaliadas, os anticorpos policlonais anti Ig do jundiá poderão ser usados para desenvolver ensaios imunoenzimáticos para avaliar a resposta imune humoral nestas espécies.

Abstract: Knowledge on fish immunoglobulin (Ig) characteristics and the availability of monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies to fish Igs are essential to evaluate the humoral immune response and the Ig distribution on leukocyte cells. We demonstrated that silver catfish serum Ig is composed of one immunodominant H chain with approximately 75k Da and one L chain with approximately 28 kDa, similar to human IgM. Rabbit polyclonal antibodies to the catfish IgM-like Ig recognized both the H and L chain and were useful in developing an indirect ELISA to measure the production of antibodies in fish immunized with bovine serum albumin. Dot blot and western blot cross-reactivity studies indicated a wide degree of epitope sharing amongst Ig from several Siluriformes and Characiformes fish indigenous to Brazilian rivers. In these fish species, polyclonal antibodies reacted mostly with the H chain. The results presented here are central to the development of tools and strategies to investigate the antibody production to inoculated antigens and tissue distribution of Ig molecules in native fish species. Furthermore, because of the wide range of cross-reactivity, polyclonal antibodies to silver catfish IgM-like Ig might be used to develop immunoassays to measure the humoral immune response in other fish species.

ABSTRACT Molecules with immune modulating activity are ubiquitously distributed in nature and their impact on aquaculture has been exploited in order to increase fish resistance to pathogens. Here, we investigated the effect of inactivated Parapoxvirus ovis (iPPVO) on blood cells and innate and acquired immune response of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen). iPPVO inoculation had no effect on respiratory burst activity; however, following iPPVO inoculation, we observed a significant decrease on circulating monocytes concomitantly with an increased number of heterophilic granulocytes and thrombocytes, which are the main cells involved in innate immunity and provide connection with acquired immunity. Fish inoculated with a combination of bovine serum albumin (BSA) + iPPVO had significantly higher levels of antibodies to BSA compared to fish inoculated with BSA alone, but lower than fish inoculated with BSA + Freund's incomplete adjuvant (FIA). These findings points to the potential usefulness of iPPVO as immunomodulator in fish and instigate further research to identify its component that interact with immune cells and that could be exploited as adjuvants in fish.

RESUMO: A eficácia de 28 desinfetantes individuais ou combinados sobre cepas de Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis e Escherichia coli foi determinada. Um teste in vitro em presença e ausência de soro como fonte de matéria orgânica foi realizado. Iodopovidona (contendo 1% de iodo ativo), permanganato de potássio a 1%, etanol a 70%, digliconato de clorexidina e três formulações comerciais, baseadas em compostos de amônia quaternária + formaldeído ou em derivados de cresóis, foram mais eficazes contra as cepas bacterianas testadas, reduzindo em mais 106 vezes (6-log) a contagem bacteriana, independente da presença de matéria orgânica. Esses compostos comerciais, bem como o etanol e a clorexidina entre as substâncias químicas individuais avaliadas, podem ser úteis para a implementação de medidas de controle ambiental contra estas duas enterobacterias de importância para a indústria aviária.

ABSTRACT The efficacy of 28 individual or blended disinfectants against avian Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis and Escherichia coli strains was determined. An in vitro test in the presence and absence of serum as source of organic material was conducted. Povidone-iodine (releasing 1% available iodine), 1% potassium permanganate, 70% ethanol, 2% chlorhexidine digluconate and three commercial formulations based on quaternary ammonium compounds + formaldehyde or cresol derivates were the most effective against all strains tested and reduced bacterial counts by more than 106 times (6-log10) regardless of the presence of organic matter. These commercial compounds as well as ethanol and chlorhexidine among the individual substances tested might be helpful in the adoption of environmental control measures against these two enterobacteria in poultry industry.

A reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) e o ensaio de hemaglutinação (HA) foram comparados para a identificação de parvovírus canino (CPV) em fezes de cães com gastrenterite. A prevalência de anticorpos anti-CPV em uma população de cães sem histórico de vacinação foi avaliada pelo ensaio de inibição da hemaglutinação (HI). A variabilidade fenotípica entre uma amostra vacinal e isolados de campo foi investigada utilizando soro hiperimune. Trinta amostras fecais foram obtidas de cães com diarréia e submetidas à PCR e ao HA, e 185 amostras de soro de cães foram submetidas à HI para detectar anticorpos anti-CPV. Considerando-se somente como positivas as amostras que apresentaram HA na diluição igual ou superior a 1:64, detectou-se CPV em 9 (30%) das amostras fecais. Nove amostras fecais apresentaram HA nas diluições entre 1:2 e 1:32 e foram consideradas negativas nesse teste. Todas as amostras que apresentaram HA na diluição igual ou superior a 1:64 foram positivas pela PCR e, das nove amostras que apresentaram HA nas diluições entre 1:2 e 1:32, seis também foram positivas para CPV na amplificação pela PCR. A pesquisa sorológica de amostras de soros caninos indicou que 178 (96,2%) cães tiveram contato prévio com o vírus. Os soros hiperimunes produzidos em cobaias contra a cepa vacinal e dois isolados de campo indicaram possíveis diferenças fenotípicas entre isolados.

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and hemaglutination (HA) assay were used to detect canine parvovirus (CPV) in feces from young dogs with gastroenteritis. The hemaglutination inhibition (HI) assay was used to detect the prevalence of anti-CPV antibodies in a non-vaccinated dog population. In addition, hiperimmune serum was used to investigate the phenotypic variability of a vaccine strain and two field isolates of CPV. Thirty fecal samples obtained from dogs with diarrhea were submitted to PCR and HA, and 185 serum samples were submitted to HI to detect anti-CPV antibodies. Nine (30%) of the samples demonstrated HA on fecal dilutions equal to or above 1:64 and were considered positive by this test; nine (30%) fecal samples had HA activity on dilution from 1:2 to 1:32 and were considered negative, and the remaining samples were negative. All samples with HA activity at dilutions above 1:64 were also positive to PCR and, out of the nine samples with HA activity at dilutions between 1:2 and 1:32, six were also positive by PCR. Serological analysis of the dog serum samples indicated that 178 (96,2%) of the dogs had previous contact with the virus. Hiperimmune serum indicated possible phenotypic differences among isolates, in that different HI titers were obtained following cross-HI assay.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar a prevalência de anticorpos contra os vírus da influenza (EIV), da arterite viral (EVAV) e herpesvírus (EHV) em eqüinos no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brasil. Amostras de soro provenientes de eqüinos de 65 municípios do Estado foram submetidas ao teste de inibição da hemaglutinação (HI) para a pesquisa de anticorpos contra o EIV, e à técnica de soroneutralização (SN), para a detecção de anticorpos contra os vírus da EVA e da EHV. Das 1.506 amostras testadas, 986 (65,4%) apresentaram anticorpos para o EIV (títulos entre 10 e 1280), 33 (2,2%) para o EVAV (2-16) e 67 (4,5%) foram positivas para o EHV (2-64). Dentre os 65 municípios amostrados, 55 (84,6%) apresentaram pelo menos um animal positivo para o EIV, 15 (23%) para o EVAV e 12 (18,5%) para o EHV. A prevalência de anticorpos para cada vírus não variou muito entre animais de diferentes propósitos (esporte, exposição e reprodução) e entre machos e fêmeas, indicando que os diferentes sistemas de criação apresentam condições epidemiológicas semelhantes em relação a essas infecções. Os resultados obtidos sugerem a circulação desses agentes na população eqüina do RS e alertam para a necessidade de estudos adicionais sobre a importância e o impacto econômico-sanitário dessas viroses para a eqüideocultura do Estado.

This study was aimed at investigating the prevalence of antibodies against infections virus of influenza virus (EIV), viral viral arteritis (EVAV), and herpesvirus (EHV) among horses in Rio Grande do Sul (RS) state, Brazil. Serum samples from horses of Serum samples from horses from 65 counties of northern and northwestern of RS, submitted to serological diagnosis for equine infectious anemia (EIA) at the University of Passo Fundo (UPF), were tested by inhibition hemaglutination test (HI) for EIV and by virus -neutralization test (VN) for EVAV and EHV antibodies. From 1506 samples, 986 (65.4%) presented antibodies against to EIV (titers ranging from 10 to 1280), 33 (2.2%) were positive for to EVAV antibodies (2-16), and 67 (4.5%) for EHV (2-64). Among the 65 sampled counties, 55 (84.6%) presented at least one positive animal to EIV, 15 (23%) to EVAV, and 12 (18.5%) to EHV. The prevalence among horses of different purposes (sports, farmshow and reproduction) and between genders did not differ significantly, indicating that these different herds are epidemiologically similar regarding these infections. These results demonstrate indicatesuggest the presence of these agents among RS horses and indicate the need necessityneed for additional epidemiological studies to determine the sanitary and economical importance of these infections for the RS equine husbandry.