Summary: Homeopathic medicine is a discipline of universal medical science, with increasing application in humans, animals and plants. The acceptance of agricultural homeopathy is increased by the safety and proven effectiveness of its ultra-diluted and agitated medicines, to stimulate the germination, development, growth and production of various plant species. The present work aimed to evaluate the effect of homeopathic medicines on physiological indicators and the development of Yorimón beans (Vigna unguiculata L., Walp.) var. Paceña. A completely randomized design was used with two homeopathic treatments, Manganum metallicum 31CH (MnM-31CH), Magnesium-manganum phosphoricum 3CH (MaMnP-3CH) and as a control treatment destilled water (DW), with six replicas per treatment. Photosynthetic rate, perspiration, total chlorophyll, leaf area and fresh and dried biomass of root, stem and leaves were evaluated. An analysis of variance was applied and when there was a significant difference between treatments, a comparison of means (Tukey HSD, P ≤ 0.05). The results revealed a significant increase for all the variables evaluated with respect to the control treatment (DW), in the plants that received treatments (MnM-31CH and MaMnP-3CH). Fresh root biomass was the response variable with the highest percentage increase (111.2%) and was recorded in the plants treated with MnM-31CH, compared to the plants in the control group, without medication (DW). Likewise, in the treated plants (MnM-31CH and MaMnP-3CH) there was an increase greater than 40% in total chlorophyll and in photosynthesis. This confirms the effectiveness of applied treatments and reveals potential of agricultural homeopathy, as an alternative to achieve greater efficiency in the cultivation of V. unguiculata.

Resumen: La medicina homeopática es una disciplina de la ciencia médica universal, con aplicación creciente en humanos, animales y plantas. La aceptación de la homeopatía agrícola se incrementa por la inocuidad y probada efectividad de sus medicamentos ultradiluidos y agitados, para estimular la germinación, crecimiento, desarrollo y producción de varias especies vegetales. El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto de medicamentos homeopáticos en indicadores fisiológicos y del desarrollo, en frijol Yorimón (Vigna unguiculata L., Walp.) var. Paceña. Se usó un diseño completamente al azar con dos tratamientos homeopáticos, Manganum metallicum 31CH (MnM-31CH), Magnesium-manganum phosphoricum 3CH (MaMnP-3CH) y como tratamiento control agua destilada (AD), con seis réplicas por tratamiento. Se evaluó tasa fotosintética, transpiración, clorofila total, área foliar y biomasa fresca y seca de raíz, tallo y hojas. Se aplicó un análisis de varianza y cuando hubo diferencia significativa entre tratamientos, una comparación de medias (Tukey HSD, P ≤ 0.05). Los resultados revelaron un incremento significativo para todas las variables evaluadas con respecto al tratamiento control (AD), en las plantas que recibieron tratamientos homeopáticos (MnM-31CH y MaMnP-3CH). La biomasa fresca de raíz fue la variable de respuesta con mayor incremento porcentual (111.2%) y se registró en las plantas tratadas con MnM-31CH, comparado con las plantas del grupo control, sin medicación homeopática (AP). Igualmente, en las plantas tratadas (MnM-31CH y MaMnP-3CH) se registró un incremento superior al 40% en clorofila total y en fotosíntesis. Esto confirma la efectividad de los tratamientos aplicados y el potencial de la homeopatía agrícola para incrementar eficiencia en el cultivo de V. unguiculata.

ResumenIntroducción. La microabrasión del esmalte es un procedimiento usado para remover la capa superficial de esmalte que tiene alguna alteración de color y / o textura causada por la fluorosis dental. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar la microdureza y micromorfología de la superficie del esmalte fluorado después de microabrasión con ácido clorhídrico al 6,6% y sílice ó 18% de ácido clorhídrico y evaluar el efecto de la exposición del agente desensibilizante sobre el esmalte tratado. Materiales y métodos. 20 dientes anteriores con fluorosis moderada se dividieron en dos grupos: 1) grupo PerlaDent® y 2) grupo Opalustre®. La superficie bucal se seccionó para obtener muestras de 3x3 mm. Las muestras se montaron luego en bloques acrílicos. La superficie del esmalte de los bloques fue pulida, y posteriormente los materiales de microabrasión y el agente desensibilizante se aplicaron de acuerdo con las instrucciones del fabricante. Todas las muestras fueron analizadas por medio de microdureza Vickers y Microscopía electrónica de barrido (MEB). Resultados. Ambos grupos experimentales presentaron disminución de los valores de microdureza con diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p<0.0001) al comparar los valores de antes y después de los tratamientos. Al comparar los valores de microdureza después del tratamiento de microabrasión y desensibilizante en los grupos de estudio, se observó que el grupo Perla-Dent® obtuvo valores más bajos que el grupo Opalustre® con diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p<0.0001). Las imágenes representativas de los grupos de estudio en MEB mostraron la morfología de la superficie del esmalte después del tratamiento con Perla-Dent® más irregular y con un relieve más marcado que el observado en la superficie del esmalte después del tratamiento con Opalustre®. Conclusión. La superficie del esmalte se presentó más afectada posterior al tratamiento con Perla-Dent® que con Opalustre® y la colocación del agente UltraEz® no logró recuperar el grado de microdureza basal.

AbstractIntroduction. Enamel microabrasion is a procedure used for removing a superficial layer of enamel that has some alteration of color and/or texture caused by dental fluorosis. The purpose of this study was to compare the microhardness and micromorphology of the fluorotic enamel surface after microabrasion with 6.6% hydrochloric acid and silica or 18% hydrochloric acid and evaluate the effect of desensitizing agent exposure on the treated enamel. Materials and Methods. Twenty anterior teeth with moderate fluorosis were divided into two groups: 1) Perla-Dent® group and 2) Opalustre® group. Each buccal surface of incisors was sectioned to obtain samples 3x3 mm. The samples were then mounted in acrylic blocks. The enamel surface of the blocks was polished, after the microabrasion materials and desensitizing agent were applied according to the manufacturer's instructions. All samples were analyzed by Vickers microhardness tester and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results. Both experimental groups presented a decrease in the microhardness values, with statistically significant differences (p<0.0001) when comparing the baseline and after treatments values. To compare the microhardness values after both microabrasion and desensitizing treatment in the study groups, it was observed that the Perla-Dent® group obtained lower values than the Opalescence® group with a statistically significant difference (p<0.0001). The representative images of study groups in SEM showed the enamel surface morphology after Perla-Dent® treatment more irregular and a very marked relief than that observed in enamel surface morphology after Opalustre® treatment. Conclusion. The surface of the enamel was more affected with Perla-Dent® treatment than with Opalustre® treatment and the placement of UltraEz® agent does not recover its baseline microhardness.

Abstract The microhardness is an essential property of tooth enamel; there may be many factors that alter or diminish this quality causing weakness, one of which is dental fluorosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the surface microhardness of fluorotic enamel compared with healthy enamel. Two hundred forty extracted human molars were classified into four groups: Healthy (H), mild (MI), moderate (MO) and severe (S) fluorosis according to the Dean index. Micro Vickers Hardness Tester was used to analyze all samples. Average, standard deviation and ranges were calculated for quantitative variables, the ANOVA and Tukey test was used to identify differences between groups. The mean values of surface microhardness in HVN were: H, 333.4; MI, 290.3; MO, 266.1; S, 252.0. The differences between mean surface microhardness among healthy group and fluorotic groups were statistically significant (p < 0.05). This in vitro study confirms that surface microhardness decreased according to the severity of fluorosis.

In this work, hydroxyapatite nanostructured powders were prepared with different crystallinity degree, crystal size and morphology using a simple aqueous precipitation method varying the pH and temperature parameters. We found that at higher pH values the crystal size grows and crystallinity was improved; at higher temperatures there is also a crystal size growth and crystallinity improving but this change is more significant, a change in the morphology of the nanopowders was also observed. Using XRD patterns and Rietveld analysis we found that the crystal size change from 9.15 to 26.4 nm. The prepared powders are highly agglomerated with a pseudo-spherical and rod-like morphology.