Abstract Production and sale of botanical insecticides depend on knowing the potential opportunities for these products. Essential oils from plants secondary metabolism can control pests, especially in agricultural systems where synthetic insecticides are limited, as in organic agriculture. The objective of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of essential oils to Diaphania hyalinata (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) and to show regions with the potential to use Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Citrus sinensis, and Syzygium aromaticum in the formulation and commercialization of insecticides to control this insect. The C. zeylanicum oil was more toxic to larvae and pupae and the S. aromaticum to eggs of D. hyalinata. Essential oils are an alternative for the management of D. hyalinata. The production of pesticides from essential oils of C. zeylanicum, C. sinensis, and S. aromaticum to control D. hyalinata has high potential in America. Also, Asia, Africa, Europe, the Middle East, and Asia can extract these plants to formulate insecticide molecules for the America countries. products pests limited agriculture Lepidoptera (Lepidoptera Crambidae sinensis insect C S D Also Africa Europe East countries

RESUMO O cultivo de hortaliças requer alto consumo de água e controle de plantas daninhas. A cobertura do solo com papel reciclado pode ser uma alternativa biodegradável ao filme de polietileno para reduzir a incidência de plantas daninhas, temperatura do solo e aumentar a eficiência do uso da água além de reduzir custos e poluição ambiental. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o uso do mulch biodegradável no manejo de plantas daninhas e eficiência do uso da água (EUA) na cultura da alface. Os tratamentos foram papel reciclado marrom (RP), filme de polietileno preto (PF) e solo sem cobertura com remoção de plantas daninhas (WR) e sem remoção de plantas daninhas (WW). O RP e PF foram eficientes no controle das plantas daninhas. A temperatura do solo com RP foi 8,2 e 2,1ºC menor que PF e WR, respectivamente. A produtividade da alface com RP foi 14,5 e 28,3% superior ao WR e PF, respectivamente. O volume de água aplicado com RP foi 26,5% menor e EUA foi 55,6% maior em comparação a WR. A cobertura do solo com papel reciclado controlou a incidência de plantas daninhas, reduziu a temperatura do solo e o consumo de água e aumentou a produtividade e eficiência do uso da água na cultura da alface.

ABSTRACT Vegetable cultivation requires high water use and weed control. Soil cover using recycled paper, can be an alternative to polyethylene film to reduce weed incidence, soil temperature and increase water use efficiency beyond reduces costs and environmental pollutions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of biodegradable mulch in weed management and water use efficiency (WUE) in lettuce crop. The treatments were composed of brown recycled paper (RP), black polyethylene film (PF) and soil without cover with weed removal (WR) and without weed removal (WW). RP and PF were efficient to control weeds. The soil temperature with RP was 8.2 and 2.1ºC lower than with PF and WR, respectively. The lettuce yield with RP was 14.5 and 28.3% higher than WR, and with PF, respectively. The water volume applied with RP was 26.5% lower, and WUE was 55.6% higher compared to WR. Soil cover with recycled paper controlled weeds, reduced soil temperature and water consumption and increased yield and water use efficiency in lettuce crop.

RESUMO Espécies de Thysanoptera podem transmitir vírus para vegetais da família Solanaceae, incluindo plantas de tomate para processamento industrial, causando a doença vira-cabeça do tomateiro (TSWV). A resistência dos tripes a inseticidas indica a necessidade urgente de técnicas adequadas às práticas de Manejo Integrado de Pragas. O objetivo foi avaliar a eficiência de controle (CE%) de Frankliniella schultzei (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) com o fungo Beauveria bassiana (Bb), o indutor de resistência silicato de potássio (KSil) e o inseticida químico profenofós + cipermetrina (PC) isolados, ou em misturas binárias. Os tratamentos foram aplicados via foliar nas plantas de tomate com Bb (T1), KSil (T2) e PC (T3) isolados ou em misturas binárias Bb+KSil (T4), PC+KSil (T5) e Bb+PC (T6). Os tripes foram amostrados com bandejas plásticas aos 0, 1, 7, 14 e 21 dias após a aplicação (daa). A CE% de cada produto (isolado ou em misturas) diferiu em todos os intervalos de tempo. O tratamento Bb+KSil teve alta CE% desde as primeiras 24 horas da aplicação até o final do período experimental, variando entre 95% (1 daa) a 41,5% (21 daa). A CE% diminuiu em todos os tratamentos com um comportamento quadrático ao longo do tempo. O inseticida PC, isolado, apresentou uma diminuição para a CE% através de uma regressão linear. Análises de agrupamento indicaram que o efeito do Bb+KSil foi mais heterogêneo do que o dos outros tratamentos avaliados. O sinergismo entre Bb e KSil, em mistura, indica seu potencial em programas de Manejo Integrado de Pragas de F. schultzei em plantas de tomate para processamento industrial.

ABSTRACT Thysanoptera species can transmit virus to Solanaceae family vegetables, including tomato plants for industrial processing, causing the disease known as Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV). Thrips resistance to insecticides indicate the urgent need of techniques adequate for Integrate Pest Management practices. The objective was to evaluate the control efficiency (CE%) against Frankliniella schultzei (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) of the fungus Beauveria bassiana (Bb), the resistance inducer potassium silicate (KSil) and the chemical insecticide profenophos + cypermethrin (PC) isolated, or in binary mixtures. The treatments were foliar spraying on tomato plants with Bb (T1), KSil (T2) and PC (T3) isolated or in mixtures of Bb+KSil (T4), PC+KSil (T5) and Bb+PC (T6). Thrips were sampled with white plastic trays at 0, 1, 7, 14 and 21 days after application (daa). The CE% of each product (isolated or in mixtures) differed at all time intervals. The Bb+KSil treatment had highest CE% from 24 hours of application, until the end of the experiment, ranging from 95% (1 daa) to 41.5% (21 daa). The CE% decreased in all treatments with a quadratic curve behavior, throughout time. PC insecticide, isolated, showed a decreased CE% through a linear regression. Grouping analyzes indicated the Bb+KSil effect was more dissimilar than the other evaluated treatments. Synergism between Bb and KSil, in mixture, indicate its potential for Integrated Pest Management programs of F. schultzei in tomato plants for industrial processing.

Growth patterns and distribution of dry matter in different parts of potato plants (Solanum tuberosum, Solanaceae) with green manure can be positively influenced by the use of green manure. The aim was to evaluate the dry matter accumulation and pro-ductivity of potato with varying quantities of sunn hemp, Crotalaria juncea (Fabaceae) as a nitrogen source. The experiment used three different amounts of sunn hemp, equivalent to 100, 200 and 400 Kg ha-1 nitrogen (N), the recommended mineral N dose (250 Kg ha-1), and a treatment with zero N. Sampling was carried out at 35, 50, 65 and 80 days after planting, representing the subplots. The treatments were arranged in a randomized block design with split plot, the plot were enlarged fertilization and the small plot sampling dates. Four replications were used. Dry matter accumulation in the shoots of potato was greater with sunn hemp than with mineral nitrogen. The accumulation of dry matter in tubers and in the whole plant increased over time at higher rates of sunn hemp than with mineral fertilizer. Commercial and total potato productivity increased with sunn hemp quantity. Green manure at higher rates (400 and 200 Kg ha-1) increased the accumulation of dry matter in potato aboveground parts and in tubers. The commercial productivity of potato was 24% greater with green manure than with mineral fertilizers, indicating the potential of sunn hemp to provide adequate quantities of nitrogen for the growth and development of this crop.

Los patrones de crecimiento y la distribución de materia seca en las diferentes partes de la planta de papa Solanum tuberosum (Solanaceae) pueden ser influenciados positivamente por la utilización de abono verde. El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar la acumulación de materia seca y el rendimiento de papa con diferentes dosis de Crotalaria juncea (Fabaceae) como fuente de nitrógeno. En el experimento se utilizó tres dosis de crotalaria, equivalente a 100, 200 y 400 kg ha-1 de N, la dosis mineral recomendada para el cultivo (250 kg ha-1 de N) y un tratamiento sin fertilización. Se realizó muestreos a los 35, 50, 65 y 80 días después de la siembra, representado a las subparcelas. Se utilizó un diseño experimental en bloques al azar con arreglo en parcelas divididas, la parcela consideró dosis de fertilización y las subdivisiones las fechas de muestreo. Se consideró cuatro repeticiones por tratamiento. La acumulación de materia seca en la parte aérea fue mayor en plantas de papas manejadas con crotalaria en comparación con plantas fertilizadas con la dosis mineral. En los tubérculos y en la planta entera, la tasa de acumulación de materia seca aumentó por medio del tiempo y fue mayor con la crotalaria que con la dosis mineral. El rendimiento comercial y el rendimiento total de papa aumentaron en función de la cantidad de la crotalaria. Altas dosis (400 y 200 kg ha-1) incrementaron la acumulación de materia seca en la parte aérea de la planta y en el tubérculo. El rendimiento comercial de la papa con crotalaria fue 24% mayor que con la dosis mineral, esto demuestra el potencial de este abono verde para suplir las cantidades adecuadas de nitrógeno requerido para el crecimiento y desarrollo de este cultivo.

The diversity of plants in agricultural systems benefits natural enemies. Herbicides are used in weed management in corn (Zea mays L.) to reduce competition and productivity losses, but they can impact natural enemies and contaminate the environment. The objective was to evaluate toxicity of herbicides on pupae parasitoid Palmistichus elaeisis Delvare and LaSalle, 1993 (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). The treatments were represented by the host pupae Tenebrio molitor L., 1785 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and herbicides atrazine, nicosulfuron, paraquat, and tembotrione in commercial doses compared to a control treatment with water. Pupae of T. molitor were immersed in the solution of herbicides and exposed to parasitism by six females of P. elaeisis each. The herbicides atrazine and paraquat were highly toxic and, therefore, not selective to P. elaeisis. Nicosulfuron reduced the sex ratio of P. elaeisis (0.20 ± 0.03), which may affect subsequent generations. Moreover, the herbicide tembotrione was selective to P. elaeisis, showing results comparable to the control. Floristic diversity of weeds can increase food source, habitat, shelter, breeding places and microclimates for insect parasitoids but herbicides formulations can be toxic and these products can affect P. elaeisis or its hosts by direct or indirect contact, showing the importance of selectivity studies for this natural enemy. However, the herbicide tembotrione was selective to P. elaeisis and it can be recommended for programs of sustainable management of weeds in corn crop with this parasitoid.

Factors such as fertilization, allelochemicals, trichomes, weather, and natural enemies can influence pest populations. Thus, it is necessary to understand the factors that predispose vegetable species to pests and the role of polyculture, crop rotation, and neighboring plants. The objective of this research was to study the hosting capacity for pests of Abelmoschus esculentus (L.), Brassica oleracea L. vars. acephala and capitata, Capsicum annuum L., Cucurbita moschata (Duchesne), Cucurbita maxima Duchesne and Cucumis sativus L., Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., Solanum gilo Raddi and Solanum melongena L., and Phaseolus vulgaris L. The higher density of Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) adults on C. sativus can be due to the higher amount of pentacosane and octacosane in this plant. The occurrence of Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) only in Brassica spp. can be accounted for by the nonacosane of these plants. The low trichome density and greater palmitic acid level can explain the greatest damage by Aphis gossypii Glover in A. esculentum. Empoasca sp. was more frequent in P. vulgaris followed by A. esculentum, which are plants with lower K content. Solanum melongena was attacked more by Hydrangea similis (Walker) and Epitrix sp. perhaps because of higher palmitic acid and 11,14,17-eicosatrienoic methyl ester concentrations in their leaves. Frankliniella sp. exhibited more damage in C. sativus probably owing to higher pentacosane and octacosane in its leaves. Sistena sp. was more frequent in C. maxima and had higher octadecane levels and trichome density. The presence of ¥-humulene and hexacosane can explain the damage by Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) on L. esculentum.

Factores tales como la fertilización, aleloquímicos, tricomas, el clima y los enemigos naturales pueden influir en las poblaciones de plagas. Por lo tanto, es necesario comprender los factores que predisponen a las especies vegetales a las plagas y el papel de policultivos, rotación de cultivos y las plantas vecinas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar la capacidad hospedera de Abelmoschus esculentus (L.), Brassica oleracea L. vars. acephala and capitata, Capsicum annuum L., Cucurbita moschata (Duchesne), Cucurbita maxima Duchesne, Cucumis sativus L., Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., Solanum gilo Raddi, Solanum melongena L. y Phaseolus vulgaris L. a insectos plaga. La mayor densidad de adultos de Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) en C. sativus puede deberse al mayor contenido de pentacosano y octacosano en estas plantas. La aparición de Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) sólo en Brassica spp. puede ser debida a la nonacosano de estas plantas. La baja densidad de tricomas y mayor cantidad de ácido palmítico puede explicar el mayor daño por Aphis gossypii Glover en A. esculentum. Empoasca sp. fue más frecuente en P. vulgaris, seguido por A. esculentum, las plantas con menor contenido de K. Solanum melongena fue más atacada por Hortensia similis (Walter) y Epitrix sp., tal vez debido al aumento de las concentraciones de ácido palmítico y el éster metílico 11,14,17-eicosatrienoico en sus hojas. Frankliniella sp. presentan mayor daño en C. sativus, probablemente por el mayor contenido de pentacosano y octacosane en sus hojas. Sistena sp. fue más frecuente en C. maxima que tenían los mayores niveles de octadecano y densidad de tricomas. La presencia de ¥-humuleno y hexacosane podría explicar el daño por Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) en L. esculentum.

This is the first record of immature stages of species belonging to the subgenus Nyssorhynchus (Blanchard) in eutrophized breeding habitats. Larvae of Anopheles (Nys.) evansae (Brethes), Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) rangeli (Gabaldon et al), Culex nigripalpus (Theobald) and Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) (Diptera: Culicidae) were collected in a rural eutrophized dam in Rio de Janeiro State, in Southeastern Brazil. Eutrophication was substantiated by the low diversity of mosquitoes, the high incidence of Cx. quinquefasciatus (42%) and of Daphinia sp. and, the high levels of both organic nitrogen (0.28 mg/l) and total phosphorus (0.02 mg/l).

Palmistichus elaeisis Delvare & LaSalle é um parasitóide pupal natural de pupas de lepidópteros desfolhadores de eucalipto e é considerado um promissor agente de controle biológico. No entanto, o desenvolvimento de técnicas de criação eficientes desse inimigo natural é inicialmente necessário para que ele possa ser utilizado em programas de controle biológico. Pupas de Bombyx mori L. são hospedeiras alternativas em potencial para criação massal de P. elaeisis. Por isto, nós avaliamos a idade mais suscetível do hospedeiro e os efeitos da idade do parasitóide na produção de progênie de P. elaeisis. Pupas de B. mori com 24, 48, 72 ou 96h de idade foram expostas a fêmeas de P. elaeisis de mesmas idades. A duração do ciclo de vida (ovo-adulto) de P. elaeisis não foi afetada pela idade das fêmeas, entretanto, a idade do hospedeiro afetou o desenvolvimento do parasitóide. O melhor parasitismo foi obtido com fêmeas do parasitóide com 72h a 96h e pupas de B. mori com 48h a 72h de idade, que permitiram a elevação da progênie de P. elaeisis.

Palmistichus elaeisis Delvare & LaSalle is a natural pupal parasitoid of eucalyptus defoliator lepidopterans and is considered a promising biocontrol agent. However, the development of efficient rearing techniques for this natural enemy are first required before it can be used in biocontrol programs. Bombyx mori L. pupae are potential alternative hosts for this parasitoid mass rearing, and they are easy to rear. Therefore, we investigated the most suitable host age and the effects of parasitoid age on progeny production of P. elaeisis. B. mori pupae, 24h-, 48h-, 72h- or 96h-old were exposed to P. elaeisis females of similar age. The duration of the life cycle (egg-adult) of P. elaeisis was not affected by the age of the parasitizing female; however, the host age affected parasitoid development. The best parasitization was obtained for 72h- to 96h-old parasitoid females when offered to 48h- to 72h-old host pupae, allowing the synchronized rearing of a large number of P. elaeisis offspring.

Un análisis faunístico de las especies de califóridos sinantrópicos, Chrysomya megacephala y C. albiceps se realizó en el área urbana de la ciudad de Volta Redonda, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil desde octubre de 2000 hasta septiembre de 2001. Se utilizaron dos trampas cebadas con sardina fresca. Un total de 4.101 individuos del género Chrysomya fueron recolectados. La mayor abundancia de los adultos se registró entre diciembre de 2000 y enero de 2001. Chrysomya megacephala fue la especie más abundante (57,71%) alcanzando el valor más alto en diciembre 2000 seguida por C. albiceps (41,94%) con un pico poblacional en enero de 2001. Chrysomya putoria también estuvo presente en algunas trampas pero solamente 14 individuos fueron recolectados. Correlaciones entre la presencia de las especies y las variables climáticas indicaron que la presencia de C. megacephala está influida por la precipitación y la temperatura, mientras que C. albiceps está solamente afectada por la precipitación.

A faunistic analysis of sinantropic calliphorids, Chrysomya megacephala and C. albiceps, was carried out in the urban area of Volta Redonda city, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil from October 2000 to September 2001. Two traps baited with fresh sardine were used. A total of 4,101 specimens of the genus Chrysomya were collected. The highest abundance of adults occurred between December 2000 and January 2001. Chrysomya megacephala was the most abundant species (57.71%) reaching its highest number in December 2000, followed by C. albiceps (41.94%) with a population peak in January 2001. Chrysomya putoria was also present in some traps but only 14 individuals were collected. Correlations between the presence of these species and the weather variables indicated that the presence of C. megacephala was influenced by rainfall and temperature, while C. albiceps was only affected by rainfall.

De marzo de 1987 a febrero de 1992 se realizó un monitoreo con trampas luminosas en plantaciones de Eucalyptus grandis en Bom Despacho, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Se recolectaron 547 especies del orden Lepidoptera: plagas primarias: 13; plagas secundarias: 20; especies sin importancia definida para el cultivo de eucalipto: 79; y especies no identificadas: 435. Estos cuatro grupos tuvieron medias de 5231.29; 338,18; 438.16 y 2222.87 individuos por trampa respectivamente, para un total de 8229.87 lepidopteros recolectados por trampa. Durante los cinco años hubo un aumento del número de especies de los grupos III y IV. Las plagas primarias con mayor número de individuos fueron Thyrinteina arnobia Stoll y Stenalcidia sp. (Geometridae), con las mayores frecuencias para los meses más secos y fríos del año. Psorocampa denticulata Schaus (Notodontidae) fue más abundante en los periodos más lluviosos. La probabilidad de brotes de larvas desfoliadoras de eucalipto, principalmente T. arnobia, es alta en la región. Se recomienda hacer el monitoreo de lepidópteros plaga en los periodos más secos y fríos del año, cuando pueden presentar picos poblacionales.

Lepidoptera species were monitored in a plantation of Eucalyptus grandis in the Municipality of Bom Despacho, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil from March 1987 to February 1992. A total of 547 species were collected and divided in: primary pests: 13; secondary pests: 20; species without defined importance to eucalyptus: 79; and non-identified species: 435. These four groups had a mean of 5231.29; 338.18; 438.16 and 2222.87 individuals with a total of 8229.87 individuals collected per trap. The number of species without defined importance to eucalyptus, and non-identified species, increased during the collecting period of five years while those of primary and secondary pests showed similar numbers in all years. The most collected primary pests Thyrinteina arnobia Stoll and Stenalcidia sp. (Geometridae) showed higher frequencies during the driest and coldest periods of the year, whereas Psorocampa denticulata Schaus (Notodontidae) was most frequent during periods of higher rainfall. Species of groups III and IV increased in diversity with eucalyptus age. This area has a high probability of outbreaks of eucalyptus defoliating caterpillars, especially T. arnobia. For this reason, lepidopteran pests should be monitored in this plantation during the driest and coldest periods of the year, when they can reach population peaks. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54(2): 553-560. Epub 2006 Jun 01.

The stinkbug Supputius cincticeps (Stål) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) can be found in agricultural and forest ecosystems feeding primarily on larvae of Coleoptera and Lepidoptera, where it can be exposed to insecticide applications. This study therefore aimed to evaluate the reproductive potential of'S. cincticeps after exposition to sublethal doses of permethrin (5.74 x 10-3, 5.74 x 10-2, 5.74 x 10-1, 5.74 and 57.44 ppb) through the use of a fertility life table. The development cycle of this predator was determined in order to calculate its net reproductive rate (R0), the infinitesimal (r m) and finite (λ) rates of increase in addition to mean generation time (T). The net reproductive (18.31), infinitesimal (r m) (0.050) and finite (λ) (1.051) rates of increase were higher, while generation time (57.93 days) was shorter for S. cincticeps exposed to 5.74x10-1 ppb of permethrin than in the control. This indicates a higher rate of population increase of this predator when exposed to this permethrin dose

Huevos de Podisus sculptus Distant (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) fueron recolectados en una alta población de larvas desfoliadoras de eucalipto, en Almerin, Estado de Pará, Brasil. Se obtuvieron seis especies de parasitóides de esos huevos: Ooencyrtus submetallicus Howard, Ooencyrtus sp.1 y sp.2 (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), Telenomus persimilis Ashmead, Telenomus cristatus Johnson y Trissolcus pustulans Johnson (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae). T. persimilis presentaron una mayor tasa de parasitismo en huevos de P. sculptus. Además, esta espécie y O. submetallicus presentaron la mayor tasa de parasitismo de huevos de hospedeiro alternativo Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) en laboratorio.

The daily periodicity of foraging and trail marking behaviour of Brassolis sophorae larvae was studied between August, 1991 and July, 1992 in a cocoa plantation in Bahia, Brazil. Larvae, originating from eight different nests, were observed continually during the dark phase for 20 consecutive days. They foraged for a single period of time each day, starting at 17:56 h, and for a meam duration of 90 min and 36 s. Larvae mark trails with threads of silk while moving from the nest to the foraging site and viceversa.

Nymphs of Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas, 1851) were fed with Zophobas confusa Gebien, 1906, Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus, 1758 (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae) and Musca domestica Linnaeus, 1758 (Diptera, Muscidae) under 25±0.5ºC, 60±10% of RH and photophase of 12h. Nymphal viability of P. nigrispinus were 64.0%, 80.0% and 92.0% with Z. confusa, M. domestica and T. molitor, respectively. No differences were found for pre-oviposition period, number of egg masses, number of eggs, egg viability, and longevity for females of this predator fed with any of these preys.

Essa pesquisa foi conduzida no laboratório de Entomologia Florestal da Universidade Federai de Viçosa à 25 ± 2" C, 60 ± 10% UR e fotoperiodo de 12L:12E. O objetivo foi estudar a biologia de Nystalea nyseus(Cramer, 1775) (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae) em folhas de Eucalyptus urophylla. Ν. nyseusapresentou cinco estádios, com duração, média, de 3,99 ± 0,11; 3,80 ±0,10; 4,95 ± 0,30; 5,96 ±0,21 e 6,85 ±0,14 dias, respectivamente. A duração total da fase larval foi de 25,5 dias. A fase de pré-pupa teve duração de 3,05 ± 0,05; 3,08 ± 0,06 dias e a de pupa 14,75 ± 0,45 c 13,82 ± 0,29 dias para machos e fêmeas, respectivamente. A viabilidade, dos ovos, foi de 74,72% e o período embrionário de 3,40 ± 0,16 dias. A longevidade de adultos, acasalados, foi de 6,71 ± 0,74 dias para machos e 9,14 ± 0,96 dias para fêmeas e razão sexual de 0,55, ou seja uma fêmea para 0,81 macho.

Biological aspects of Nystalea nyseus(Cramer, 1775) (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae), a major Eucalyptusdefoliator pest was studied under laboratory conditions at 25 ± 2" C, 60 ± 10% UR and photophasc 12L:12D. This species showed five instars with 3.99 ± 0.11 ; 3.80 ± 0.10; 4.95 ± 0.30; 5.96 ± 0.21 and 6.85 ± 0.14 days rcspectivelly and duration of total larval period of 25.55 days. Pre-pupal stage lasted 3.05 ± 0.05 and 3.08 ± 0.06 and pupal stage lasted 14.75 ± 0.45 and 13.82 ± 0.29 days for males and females, respeclivelly. Egg duration period was 3.40 ± 0.16 days with 74.72% of viability. Mated adults longevity were 6.71 ± 0.74 and 9.14 ± 0.96 days for males and females, respectivclly. Sexual ratio was 0.55, or one female for 0,81 male.