Resumo Campomanesia xanthocarpa, planta pertencente à família Mirtaceae, é popularmente conhecida como gabiroba. Folhas da gabiroba são popularmente usadas para tratar de doenças inflamatórias, renais, digestivas entre outras. Além disso, estudos têm mostrado um efeito redutor dos níveis de colesterol. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos anti-hiperglicêmico e hipolipidêmico do extrato de sementes de Campomanesia xanthocarpa em ratos hiperglicêmicos. Os resultados mostraram que 400 mg/kg do extrato da semente foi capaz de reduzir os níveis de glicose sanguínea e aumentar o conteúdo de glicogênio hepático e muscular, bem como inibir a atividade da maltase e sacarase. Na dose de 200 mg/kg e 800 mg/kg, a atividade das enzimas também foi reduzida. No perfil lipídico, 400 mg/kg produziu uma redução nos níveis séricos de colesterol total e LDL e com 200 mg/kg houve um aumento nos níveis de colesterol HDL. O extrato não apresentou efeitos tóxicos hepáticos e renais nas doses testadas. Os resultados sugerem que o tratamento com o extrato de Campomanesia xanthocarpa é eficaz na redução da glicemia, de colesterol total e LDL com potencial para tratamento adjuvante do diabetes e hipercolesterolemia, no entanto estudos farmacológicos e toxicológicos adicionais são necessários.

Abstract Campomanesia xanthocarpa, a plant belonging to the Myrtaceae family, is popularly known as gabiroba. Leaves of gabiroba has been popularly used to treat various diseases, including inflammatory, renal, and digestive, among others. Additionally, studies have shown an effect to reduce blood cholesterol levels. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antihyperglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of Campomanesia xanthocarpa seed extract in hyperglycemic rats. The results showed that 400 mg/kg of seed extract was able to decrease blood glucose levels and to increase the muscular and hepatic glycogen content as well as to inhibit the sucrase and maltase activity. At doses of 200 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg, the activity of these enzymes was also reduced. In the lipid profile 400 mg/kg produced a decrease in total and LDL cholesterol serum levels; and with 200 mg/kg there was an increase in HDL cholesterol levels. The extract did not present hepatic and renal toxic effects at the different doses tested. The results suggest that the treatment with Campomanesia xanthocarpa seeds extract is useful in reducing glycemia, total cholesterol and LDL levels with potential adjuvant therapeutic in the treatment of diabetes and hypercholesterolemia, however, additional pharmacological and toxicological studies are still required.

Resumo A utilização de plantas com fins medicinais para prevenção, tratamento e cura de doenças é uma prática antiga utilizada pela humanidade, sendo que muitas espécies vegetais são usadas para a pesquisa da bioprospecção. Neste contexto, destaca-se a Eugenia uniflora L., conhecida popularmente como pitangueira e pertencente à família Myrtaceae, com ampla distribuição geográfica e nativa do Brasil. Diante das qualidades terapêuticas da planta e a falta de estudos sobre suas sementes, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o perfil fitoquímico dos extratos das sementes de Eugenia uniflora L. a partir de diferentes solventes, bem como sua atividade antibacteriana, antioxidante e seu efeito inibidor de dissacaridases intestinais. Os resultados mostraram um alto teor de compostos fenólicos e flavonóides totais, caracterizando a atividade antioxidante, destacando também a melhor ação bacteriostática para a cepa Gram positiva de Staphylococcus aureus na fração etanólica. Em relação às dissacaridases, uma forte ação inibitória foi observada para todas as concentrações, evidenciando um potencial anti-hiperglicêmico. A presente pesquisa permitiu concluir que as sementes de Eugenia uniflora L. apresentam atividades biológicas promissoras para o setor industrial, mas é necessária uma investigação mais detalhada de seus compostos bioativos.

Abstract The use of medicinal plants for disease prevention, treatment and cure is an ancient practice used by humanity, and many plants species are used in bioprospecting research. In this context, its stands out Eugenia uniflora L., populary known as pitangueira and belongs to the Myrtaceae family, with a wide geographic distribution and native of Brazil. In view of the therapeutic qualities of the plant and the lack of the studies on its seeds, the present study had as objective to evaluate the phytochemical profile of the extracts of Eugenia uniflora L. seeds, from different solvents, as well as their antibacterial activity, antioxidant and its inhibitory effect of intestinal disaccharidases. Results showed a high content of phenolic compounds and total flavonoids, thus characterizing antioxidant activity, also highlighting the best bacteriostatic action for the Gram positive strain of Staphylococcus aureus in the ethanolic fraction. Regarding the disaccharidases, a strong inhibitory action was observed for all concentrations, evidencing a antihyperglycemic potential. The present research allowed to concluded that Eugenia uniflora L. seeds have promising biological activities for the industrial sector, but a more detailed investigation is needed regarding their bioactive compounds.

The key step in the chemoenzymatic synthesis of apremilast was to produce the chiral alcohol (R)-1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-(methylsulfonyl)ethanol, (R)-3. Two enzymatic approaches were evaluated to obtain (R)-3, one using ketoreductases and the other lipases. Bioreduction of 1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-(methylsulfonyl)ethanone (2), using ketoreductase KRED-P2-D12, led to (R)-3 with 48% conversion and 93% enantiomeric excess (ee). Kinetic resolution of rac-1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-(methylsulfonyl)ethyl acetate (rac-4), via hydrolysis reaction, with 20% of n-butanol, catalyzed by lipase from Aspergillus niger yielded (R)-3 with > 99% ee, 50% conversion and E-value (enantiomeric ratio) > 200. The reaction between enantiomerically pure (R)-3 and 4-acetylamino-isoindol-1,3-dione (8) afforded apremilast in 65% yield and 67% ee.

Resumo: A qualidade das sementes e a ocorrência de estresses são determinantes para o crescimento e desenvolvimento das culturas. Assim, o trabalho teve como objetivo verificar o efeito do vigor das sementes no crescimento e na partição de massa seca de plantas de trigo submetidas a condições de estresse hídrico. Para avaliação do crescimento o delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 x 8 (nível de vigor x regime hídrico x época de coleta), com quatro repetições. Para avaliação do rendimento de grãos, o delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 (nível de vigor x regime hídrico), com quatro repetições. Foram avaliadas massa seca total, taxa de produção de massa seca, taxa de crescimento relativo, razão de área foliar, área foliar, eficiência de conversão da energia solar, partição de massa seca e índice de colheita. A produção de massa seca total, a taxa de produção de massa seca, taxa assimilatória líquida, área foliar, razão de massa foliar, eficiência de conversão da energia solar e rendimento foram superiores para plantas provenientes de sementes de alto vigor sob capacidade de campo. O rendimento foi superior para plantas de alto vigor em relação àquelas de baixo vigor na capacidade de campo.

Abstract: The quality of the seeds and the occurrence of stresses are decisive for the development of the crops. Thus, the work aimed to verify the effect of seed vigor on growth and dry weight partition of wheat plants subjected to water stress. For growth evaluation, the experimental design was completely randomized, in a 2 x 2 x 8 factorial scheme (vigor level x water regime x collection time), with four replications. To evaluate the yield of the seeds, the design was completely randomized, in a 2 x 2 factorial scheme (level of vigor x water regime), with four replications. Total dry weight, dry weight production rate, relative growth rate, leaf area ratio, leaf area, solar energy conversion efficiency, dry weight partition and harvest index were evaluated. Total dry weight production, dry weight production rate, leaf area, leaf weight ratio, solar energy conversion efficiency and yield were higher for plants from highly vigorous seeds under field capacity. The yield was higher for plants with high vigor compared to those with low vigor in field capacity.

Abstract Salvia hispanica L. is an annual herbaceous plant, belonging to the Lamiaceae family, it stands out as the natural resource of plant origin with the highest content of fatty acids known so far. To obtain success in the production of seeds it is necessary to use lots of high quality, which can be evaluated, through the vigor of the same, at present, one of the main requirements for the evaluation of vigor refers to the obtaining of reliable results in a relatively short period of time. The tetrazolium test stands out for being fast and reliable. However, the methodology for the genus Salvia is not referenced within the standards of the International Seed Testing Association (ISTA), considering these facts, it becomes important to carry out the experiment for the development of a protocol that allows this analysis. The research was carried out in the Seed Laboratory of the Federal University of Pelotas, six batches of black chia seeds were used and four concentrations of tetrazolium salt (0.075%, 0.1%, 0.5% and 1%) were tested to evaluate the seed viability. The experimental delineation was in randomized blocks, submitted to the analysis of variance through the F test and subsequently the means compared to each other by the Tukey test, at 5% probability, for comparison of the means. The tetrazolium test conducted in the concentration of 0.075% is efficient to evaluate the viability of the seeds of S. hispanica L., as well as to differentiate lots with different physiological quality.

Resumen La chía (Salvia hispanica L.) es una planta herbácea anual, perteneciente a la familia Lamiaceae, se destaca por ser el recurso natural de origen vegetal con mayor contenido de ácidos grasos conocidos hasta ahora. Para obtener éxito en la producción de semillas es necesario utilizar lotes de alta calidad, la cual puede ser evaluada, a través del vigor de estas, en la actualidad una de las principales exigencias para la evaluación del vigor se refiere a la obtención de resultados confiables en un período de tiempo relativamente corto. La prueba de tetrazolio se destaca por ser rápida y confiable. Sin embargo, la metodología para el género Salvia no es referenciada dentro de las normas de la International Seed Testing Association (ISTA), considerando estos hechos, se vuelve importante a la realización del experimento para el desarrollo de un protocolo que permita realizar este análisis. La investigación se realizó en el laboratorio de semillas de la Universidad Feneral de Pelotas, se utilizaron seis lotes de semillas negras de chía y se probaron cuatro concentraciones de sal de tetrazolio (0.075%, 0.1%, 0.5% y 1%) para evaluar la viabilidad de las semillas. El delineamiento experimental fue en bloques al azar, sometidos al análisis de varianza a través del test F y posteriormente las medias comparadas entre sí por el test de Tukey, al 5% de probabilidad, para comparación de las medias. La prueba de tetrazolio conducida en la concentración de 0.075% es eficiente para evaluar la viabilidad de las semillas de S. hispanica L., así como para diferenciar lotes con calidad fisiológica distinta.

Resumo: A cultura da soja está difundida nas diferentes regiões produtoras de grãos do Brasil, sendo uma das principais commodities do agronegócio nacional, gerando fonte de renda e desenvolvimento em diferentes regiões. Neste contexto, a semente de soja é um dos principais insumos da lavoura, apresentando forte relação entre sua qualidade e o sucesso do cultivo. Entretanto, o período após a maturidade fisiológica é crítico para a manutenção da qualidade fisiológica das sementes. Neste trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do atraso de colheita nas qualidades inicial e final de sementes de soja. O experimento consistiu em quatro períodos de colheita, nos quais foi avaliada a qualidade inicial através de ensaios de primeira contagem de germinação, germinação, envelhecimento acelerado e pelo teste de tetrazólio. Após 120 dias de armazenamento, foram conduzidos testes de germinação e envelhecimento acelerado. Foi utilizado delineamento em blocos ao acaso com oito repetições, e as chuvas na região foram monitoradas durante a fase pré-colheita. Observou-se influência negativa em todas as variáveis estudadas, ocasionadas pelo atraso na colheita. Também foi verificado um aumento na incidência de danos por umidade devido ao retardamento da colheita. Por último, notou-se um comportamento decrescente nas variáveis germinação e vigor, após período de armazenamento.

Abstract: Soybean is one of the leading commodities in Brazilian agribusiness. Its cultivation is widespread in different seed-producing regions of the country, where it generates income and local development. In this context, the soybean seed is a fundamental input, as its quality strongly influences the success of the crop. However, the period after the achievement of physiological maturity is critical for the maintenance of seed quality. For that reason, this study aimed at evaluating the effect of harvest delay on both the initial and final qualities of soybean seeds. The research consisted of four harvest times, in which the initial quality was assessed through tests of first germination count, germination, accelerated aging and tetrazolium. After 120 days of storage, the germination and accelerated aging tests were once again conducted. The experiment complied with a completely randomized block design with eight replications. The rainfall was monitored during the pre-harvest phase. All variables experienced negative impacts due to the delay in harvesting. Also, the seeds suffered more damage as the delay progressed, and the variables germination and seed vigor decreased after the storage period.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi aplicar um índice multivariado de vigor em sementes da soja para identificar os efeitos diferenciais da interação genótipos x ambientes na qualidade das sementes produzidas na safra 2016/2017. O experimento foi conduzido na safra agrícola de 2016/2017 em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, organizado no esquema fatorial, sendo: cinco ambientes de produção de sementes (Santa Rosa - RS, Tenente Portela - RS, Campos Borges - RS, Sarandi - RS e Pelotas - RS) x 20 genótipos de soja, dispostos em quatro repetições. Os ambientes de produção de sementes da soja de Tenente Portela - RS e Santa Rosa - RS caracterizam-se como os ambientes que expressam maior magnitude para o índice de vigor das sementes, entretanto biometricamente Sarandi - RS definiu-se como o ambiente ótimo para a produção de sementes de alto vigor diante dos genótipos testados. Elevado índice de vigor das sementes foram expressos para os genótipos TMG 7161 RR, AMS Tibagi RR, BMX Magna RR, Fepagro 37 RR e NA 5909 RG. Os efeitos diferenciais da interação genótipos x ambientes de produção das sementes de soja influencia em mais de 68% o índice de vigor das sementes produzidas.

Abstract : The objective of this work was to apply a multivariate index of vigor in soybean seeds to identify the differential effects of the genotypes x environments interaction on the quality of the seeds produced in the 2016/2017 harvest season. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design, organized in the factorial scheme, with five seed production environments x 20 soybean genotypes, arranged in four replications. The seed production environments of Tenente Portela - RS and Santa Rosa - RS soybeans are characterized as the environments that express the highest magnitude for seed vigor index, however biometrically Sarandi - RS has been defined as the optimal environment for the production of high vigor seeds according to the tested genotypes. High seed vigor index were expressed for the genotypes TMG 7161 RR, AMS Tibagi RR, BMX Magna RR, Fepagro 37 RR and NA 5909 RG. The differential effects of the genotypes x production environments interaction of soybean seeds influenced by more than 68% the vigor index of the seeds produced.

O trabalho objetivou avaliar comparativamente o crescimento e a expressão do vigor de sementes de feijão provenientes de plantas submetidas à aplicação de ácido giberélico. Os tratamentos consistiram na aplicação de ácido giberélico nas concentrações de zero; 50; 100 e 200 mg.L-1 no estádio V2. As coletas para análise de crescimento foram realizadas em intervalos regulares de sete dias após a semeadura, até as plantas atingirem o estádio R9. Em cada coleta, as plantas foram separadas em órgãos, para a determinação do crescimento e da partição de matéria seca. Além disso, determinou-se o índice de colheita, massa de mil sementes, número de sementes por planta, inserção da primeira vagem, comprimento e matéria seca total de plântulas. A matéria seca total, as taxas de produção de matéria seca e a eficiência de conversão de energia solar são superiores em plantas submetidas à aplicação exógena de ácido giberélico. O índice de colheita bem como o número de sementes por planta apresentam uma tendência de redução com a elevação da concentração de ácido giberélico. Contudo, a massa de mil sementes tende a ser superior na dose de 50 mg.L-1. O vigor de sementes de feijão, avaliado pelo teste de comprimento de plântulas, é alterado com aplicação de ácido giberélico.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the growth and vigor expression of bean seeds from plants submitted to the application of gibberellic acid. The treatments consisted of the application of gibberellic acid in concentrations of zero; 50; 100 and 200 mg.L-1 in the V2 stage. The samples for growth analysis were performed at regular intervals of seven days after sowing, until the plants reached the R9 stage. At each collection, the plants were separated into organs for determination of growth and dry matter partition. In addition, the harvest index, mass of one thousand seeds, number of seeds per plant, insertion of the first pod, length and total dry matter of seedlings were determined. Total dry matter, dry matter production rates and solar energy conversion efficiency are higher in plants submitted to the exogenous application of gibberellic acid. The harvest index as well as the number of seeds per plant present a tendency of reduction with the increase of the gibberellic acid concentration. However, the mass of one thousand seeds tends to be higher in the dose of 50 mg.L-1. The vigor of bean seeds, evaluated by the test of seedling length, is altered with application of gibberellic acid.

The amorphous, mesoporous SiO2-SO3H catalyst with a surface area of 115 m2 g-1 and 1.32 mmol H+ per g was very efficient for the protonation of ketones on a 10% (m/m) basis, and the catalyst-bound intermediates can be trapped by polyalcohols to produce ketals in high yields or suffer aldol condensations within minutes under low-power microwave irradiation. The same catalyst can easily reverse the ketalization reaction.

ABSTRACT Objective: Osteocalcin has been associated with several effects on energy and glucose metabolism. However, the physiological role of undercarboxylated osteocalcin (U-osc; the hormonally active isoform of osteocalcin) is still controversial. To correlate the serum levels of U-osc with bone mineral density (BMD) values and metabolic parameters in postmenopausal women. Subjects and methods: Cross-sectional study including 105 postmenopausal women (age 56.5 ± 6.1 years, body mass index [BMI] 28.2 ± 4.9 kg/m2) grouped based on the presence of three or less, four, or five criteria of metabolic syndrome according to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF). The subjects underwent dualenergy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) for the assessment of body composition and BMD and blood tests for the measurement of U-osc and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BSAP) levels. Results: The mean U-osc level was 3.1 ± 3.4 ng/mL (median 2.3 ng/mL, range 0.0-18.4 ng/mL) and the mean BSAP level was 12.9 ± 4.0 ng/mL (median 12.1 ng/mL, range 73-24.4 ng/mL). There were no associations between U-osc and BSAP levels with serum metabolic parameters. Lower fasting glucose levels were observed in participants with increased values of U-osc/femoral BMD ratio (3.61 ± 4 ng/mL versus 10.2 ± 1.6 ng/mL, p = 0.036). When the participants were stratified into tertiles according to the U-osc/ femoral BMD and U-osc/lumbar BMD ratios, lower fasting glucose levels correlated with increased ratios (p = 0.029 and p = 0.042, respectively). Conclusion: Based on the ratio of U-osc to BMD, our study demonstrated an association between U-osc and glucose metabolism. However, no association was observed between U-osc and metabolic parameters.The U-osc/BMD ratio is an innovative way to correct the U-osc value for bone mass.

RESUMO El ácido salicílico (AS) es conocido por estar involucrado en una serie de procesos fisiológicos que mejoran las características de germinación y vigor. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de concentraciones de AS sobre la calidad fisiológica de semillas de escarola (Cichorium endivia L.) cv. Escarola Lisa. Las semillas de escarola fueron embebidas durante 24 horas en concentraciones 0; 0,05; 0,1; 0,15 y 0,2 mM de Bion® (análogo al ácido salicílico) y después sometidas a pruebas de germinación y vigor (laboratorio e invernadero). Los lotes de semillas evaluadas diferían en cuanto a su calidad fisiológica. El uso de ácido salicílico no presenta beneficios a la calidad fisiológica de semillas de escarola. Sin embargo, se sugiere que nuevos trabajos sean realizados probando este producto en condiciones de estrés o aplicado en estadios posteriores a la germinación de las semillas.

ABSTRACT Salicylic acid (SA) is known to be involved in a series of physiological processes in the improvement of seed germination and vigor. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of SA concentrations on the physiological quality of escarole (Cichorium endivia L.) seeds, Escarola Lisa® cultivar. Escarole seeds were soaked for 24 h at concentrations 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2 mM of a similar to salicylic acid (Bion®) and afterwards submitted to germination and vigor tests (laboratory and greenhouse). The tested seed lots differed in their physiological quality. The use of salicylic acid does not present profits for the physiological quality of escarole seeds. However, it is suggested that new studies be carried out by testing this product under stress conditions or applied in stages after seed germination.

Resumen: El uso de reguladores de crecimiento en trigo tiene el objetivo de reducir los problemas causados por el acamado de plantas. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la expresión del crecimiento y el vigor de las semillas de trigo, tratadas con un regulador de crecimiento, y el uso de fertilización para obtener altos rendimientos. El cultivar utilizado fue OR Topázio, y los tratamientos consistieron en la combinación de cinco concentraciones del trinexapac-etilo [0-sin aplicación; 200; 400; 600 y 800 ml de producto comercial ha-1] con ocho períodos de colecta [14, 28, 42, 56, 70, 84, 98 y 112 días después de la emergencia]. Se utilizó un diseño experimental enteramente aleatorizado, en un esquema factorial 5 x 8 (cinco concentraciones y ocho períodos de colecta), con cuatro repeticiones. Se evaluó materia seca total, tasa de producción de materia seca, tasa relativa de crecimiento, tasa de asimilación neta, eficiencia de conversión de energía solar, partición de fotoasimilados, índice de cosecha e índice de velocidad de emergencia. La acumulación de materia seca total, tasa de crecimiento relativo, altura de la planta y el índice de cosecha se redujeron con el regulador de crecimiento, con intensidad variada de acuerdo con la concentración aplicada. La tasa de asimilación neta se redujo cuando las plantas fueron sometidas a las concentraciones de 400, 600 y 800 ml ha-1. La emergencia de las plántulas y el índice de velocidad de emergencia no se vieron afectados por la acción del regulador de crecimiento.

Summary: The use of growth regulators in wheat aims to reduce problems caused by the lodging of plants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the growth and vigor expression of wheat seeds treated with a growth regulator and the fertilization of plants to achieve high yields. The cultivar used was OR Topázio, the treatments consisted of the combination of five rates of the trinexapac-ethyl [0 - no application; 200; 400; 600 e 800 mL of the commercial product ha-1] and eight harvesting dates [14, 28, 42, 56, 70, 84, 98 e 112 days after emergence ]. The experimental design was completely randomized, in a factorial scheme 5 x 8 (five rates and eight harvest dates) with four repetitions. The total dry matter, dry matter production rate, relative growth rate, net assimilation rate, conversion efficiency of solar energy, photoassimilate partition, harvest index, and seedling emergence index were evaluated. Allocation of total dry matter, relative growth rate, plant height and harvest index were reduced by the growth regulator, with varied intensity according to the rate applied. The net assimilation rate was reduced in plants subjected to 400, 600 and 800 mL ha-1. The seedling emergence and the speed of emergence index were not affected by the action of the growth regulator.

ABSTRACT Cynara scolymus L., Asteraceae, are traditionally used to treat dyspepsia. This study evaluated the hypolipidemic and antiatherogenic effects of an aqueous extract prepared from the leaves of C. scolymus in rat's model. Hypercholesterolemic rats (1% cholesterol and 0.5% cholic acid for 15 days) were treated (0.5 ml/200 g) with extract of C. scolymus (150, 300, or 600 mg/kg p.o.; n = 6) or simvastatin (4 mg/kg p.o.; n = 6) once per day for 30 days along with hypercaloric diet. A control group (C) was given water (0.5 ml/200 g; n = 6). A high-cholesterol diet was maintained throughout the treatment period. Rats treated with extract of C. scolymus (150, 300, or 600 mg/kg) and simvastatin showed significant decreases in serum levels of total cholesterol (−46.9%, −51.9%, −44%, and −41.9%, respectively) and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C; −52.1%, −54.8%, −51.9%, and −46.7%, respectively), compared with group C (p < 0.005). Biochemical analyses revealed significant decrease in the concentration of IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ, C-reactive protein, oxidized-LDL, and antioxidized-LDL in rats treated with extract of C. scolymus (150, 300, or 600 mg/kg). There were no differences in serum ALT enzyme activity between the groups. Our results suggest that hypolipidemic and antiatherogenic effects could be related with the presence of polar substances present in aqueous extract of C. scolymus.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto del anegamiento del suelo sobre el comportamiento fisiológico de las semillas y la productividad de las plantas de centeno. Nuestro estudio consistió en tres tratamientos: 1) sin anegamiento; 2) un período de anegamiento; 3) dos períodos de anegamiento. La productividad de la planta se evaluó a partir del número de espigas por planta, el número de semillas por planta, el número de semillas por espiga y el rendimiento de las semillas. Las semillas fueron sometidas a una prueba de germinación para evaluar la calidad fisiológica de acuerdo a la tasa de germinación, tasa de germinación inicial, índice de velocidad de germinación, conductividad eléctrica, longitud del tallo, longitud de la raíz primaria, materia seca de la raíz y del tallo y peso de mil semillas. Las semillas de plantas no expuestas al anegamiento del suelo alcanzaron mayor porcentaje de germinación en menos tiempo y registraron mayores valores del índice de velocidad de germinación. Sin embargo, presentaron un menor peso de mil semillas, y las plántulas registraron mayor longitud del tallo y de la raíz primaria. Las plantas no expuestas al anegamiento tuvieron mayor número de espigas por planta, mayor número de semillas por planta, mayor número de semillas por espiga, y mejor rendimiento de semilla por planta. Por lo tanto, se concluye que el anegamiento del suelo en largos períodos afecta negativamente el rendimiento fisiológico de la semilla y la productividad de la planta de centeno.

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of waterlogging on seed physiological performance and plant productivity in rye. Our study consisted of three treatments: 1) no waterlogging, 2) a single waterlogging period, and 3) double waterlogging period. Plant productivity was evaluated from the number of spikes per plant, the number of seeds per plant, the number of seeds per spike, and seed yield. Seeds were exposed to a germination test and seed physiological quality was evaluated from the seed germination rate, initial germination rate, germination speed index, electric conductivity, shoot length, primary root length, shoot dry matter and primary root dry matter, and weight per 1000 seeds. The seeds derived from plants not exposed to waterlogging showed a higher germination rate in a shorter period of time and higher germination speed index than those derived from plants that were exposed to waterlogging; however, the weight per 1000 seeds was lower and seedlings had longer shoots and primary roots. The plants that were not exposed to waterlogging had a higher number of spikes per plant, higher number of seeds per plant, higher number of seeds per spike, and better seed yield per plant. Therefore, it was concluded that waterlogging has a negative effect on seed physiological performance in rye and that plant productivity is reduced under long-term waterlogging

This study aimed to evaluate the growth, assimilate partitioning and seed vigor expression of rye seeds subjected to waterlogging during development. The experimental design was completely randomized with six replications and three treatments. The treatments involved different waterlogging periods: a) no waterlogging; b) single waterlogging of three days; and c) two soil waterlogging periods of three days. The plants were collected at regular intervals of 14 days after emergence until the end of the growth cycle, measuring the dry matter accumulation and the leaf area for growth analysis and dry matter partition between the organs and number of flowers. The other calculated indices included the harvest index and relative seedling emergence rate originating from the seeds of plants that were maintained at field capacity and under the effect of soil waterlogging. Rye plants that were not subjected to waterlogging had a higher dry matter, dry matter production rates and harvest index compared to the plants under the effect of two soil waterlogging periods. Plants under the effect of two waterlogging periods showed drastic alterations in their growth rates and assimilate partitioning during development, and seed vigor expression was negatively affected when the plants were subjected to soil waterlogging.