Resumo Antecedentes Há evidências crescentes de que biomarcadores inflamatórios desempenham um papel importante na trombose venosa cerebral (TVC). A razão neutrófilo-linfócito (NLR), a razão plaqueta-linfócito (PLR) e a razão monócito-linfócito (MLR) estão relacionadas a condições trombóticas e são indicadores de inflamação sistêmica. Objetivo Analisar a correlação entre NLR, PLR, MLR e a extensão do trombo, determinada pelo escore de TVC. Métodos Avaliamos retrospectivamente 40 pacientes com TVC (24 mulheres; 60%) e 40 controles pareados por idade e sexo. Biomarcadores inflamatórios, incluindo proteína C reativa (PCR), PLR, NLR, MLR e escore de TVC, foram registrados para avaliar a relação entre biomarcadores e carga trombótica. Os pacientes foram agrupados de acordo com a duração dos sintomas (grupo 1: 0–3 dias; grupo 2: 4–7 dias; e grupo 3: 8–30 dias) para a comparação dos níveis de biomarcadores. Resultados A PCR, a NLR e a PLR foram significativamente maiores no grupo com TVC (p< 0,001; p= 0,003; e p= 0,014, respectivamente). A NLR e a PLR apresentaram correlação positiva significativa com o escore de TVC (p= 0,003, r = 0,464; e p= 0,040, r = 0,326, respectivamente). A NLR foi significativamente maior no grupo 1 em comparação aos grupos 2 e 3 (p= 0,016 e p= 0,014, respectivamente). No grupo 1, houve correlação mais forte entre o escore de TVC e a NLR (p= 0,026, r = 0,591) e a PLR (p= 0,012, r = 0,648). A análise de regressão linear múltipla identificou a NLR como fator-chave na predição do escore de TVC (p= 0,019). Conclusão A NLR e a PLR estão associadas à carga trombótica na TVC, especialmente em pacientes admitidos precocemente, e a RNL é um fator independente na previsão da carga trombótica. . (TVC) neutrófilolinfócito neutrófilo linfócito , (NLR) plaquetalinfócito plaqueta (PLR monócitolinfócito monócito (MLR sistêmica trombo 4 24 (2 mulheres 60% 60 sexo PCR (PCR) 03 0 0– dias 47 7 4– 830 8 30 8–3 p< p (p 0,001 0001 001 0,003 0003 003 0014 014 0,014 respectivamente. respectivamente respectivamente) 0,464 0464 464 0040 040 0,040 0326 326 0,326 0016 016 0,01 0026 026 0,026 0,591 0591 591 0012 012 0,012 0,648. 0648 0,648 648 0,648) fatorchave chave 0,019. 0019 0,019 019 0,019) precocemente (TVC (NLR ( 6 (PCR 83 8– 0,00 000 00 01 0,46 046 46 004 04 0,04 032 32 0,32 0,0 002 02 0,02 0,59 059 59 064 0,64 64 0,4 0,3 0, 0,5 05 5 06 0,6

Abstract Background Increasing evidence suggests that inflammatory biomarkers play a significant role in cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST). The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR) are related to thrombotic conditions and indicators of systemic inflammation. Objective To analyze the correlation between inflammatory biomarkers and the extent of thrombus, determined by the CVST-Score. Methods A total of 40 patients with CVST (24 female subjects; 60%) and 40 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were retrospectively evaluated. Inflammatory biomarkers, including C-reactive protein (CRP), PLR, NLR, MLR, and the CVST-Score, were recorded to assess the relationship between biomarkers and thrombus burden. The patients were grouped according to symptom duration (group 1: 0–3 days; group 2: 4–7 days; and group 3: 8–30 days) to compare biomarker levels. Results The CRP, NLR, and PLR were significantly higher in the CVST group (p< 0.001; p= 0.003; p= 0.014 respectively). The NLR and PLR presented a significant positive correlation with the CVST-Score (p= 0.003, r = 0.464; p= 0.040, r = 0.326 respectively). The NLR was significantly higher in group 1 compared with groups 2 and 3 (p= 0.016 and p= 0.014 respectively). In group 1, there was a stronger positive correlation between the CVST-Score and the NLR (p= 0.026, r = 0.591) and the PLR (p= 0.012, r = 0.648). The multiple linear regression analysis revealed that the NLR is a key factor in predicting the CVST-Score (p= 0.019). Conclusion The NLR and PLR are associated with thrombus burden in CVST, especially in patients admitted to the hospital in the early stages. The NLR is an independent factor to predict the thrombus burden in CVST. . (CVST) neutrophiltolymphocyte neutrophil lymphocyte , (NLR) platelettolymphocyte platelet (PLR) monocytetolymphocyte monocyte MLR (MLR inflammation CVSTScore. CVSTScore Score. Score 4 24 (2 subjects 60% 60 age sexmatched sex matched evaluated Creactive C reactive CRP (CRP) CVSTScore, Score, 03 0 0– days 47 7 4– 830 8 30 8–3 levels p< p (p 0.001 0001 001 0.003 0003 003 0014 014 0.01 respectively. respectively respectively) 0.464 0464 464 0040 040 0.040 0326 326 0.32 0016 016 0026 026 0.026 0.591 0591 591 0012 012 0.012 0.648. 0648 0.648 648 0.648) 0.019. 0019 0.019 019 0.019) stages (CVST (NLR (PLR ( 6 (CRP 83 8– 0.00 000 00 01 0.0 0.46 046 46 004 04 0.04 032 32 0.3 002 02 0.02 0.59 059 59 064 0.64 64 0. 0.4 0.5 05 5 06 0.6

RESUMO Antecedentes: A estenose da artéria carótida aumenta o risco de evento isquêmico cerebral por meio da alteração de diferentes parâmetros hemodinâmicos cerebrais. Objetivo: Investigar como a hemodinâmica cerebral no segmento M1 da artéria cerebral média se altera em pacientes com estenose da artéria carótida, após tarefas motoras com ultrassonografia Doppler transcraniana (DTC). Métodos: Foram recrutados trinta e dois indivíduos saudáveis e 30 pacientes com estenose da artéria carótida sintomática unilateral. A população de pacientes foi dividida em três grupos de acordo com o grau de estenose (grupo 1: ≥50 a 69%, grupo 2: 70 a 89% e grupo 3: ≥90 a 99%). A DTC foi usada para medir o índice de pulsatilidade (IP) e a reatividade vasomotora cerebral (RVC). Resultados: No grupo de pacientes, foram observadas diferenças significativas para os valores de IP do lado sintomático (p=0,01) e aumentos médios da RVC (p=0,05), em comparação com os controles saudáveis. No entanto, a diferença não foi estatisticamente significativa para os valores de IP laterais assintomáticos e aumentos médios de RVC. Os resultados da comparação intergrupos mostraram percentagens significativamente maiores de aumentos da RVC do lado sintomático e assintomático no grupo 1, em comparação com os grupos 2 e 3 (p=0,001 e p=0,002, respectivamente). Conclusões: Nosso estudo mostrou que a autorregulação cerebral e os mecanismos hemodinâmicos estão prejudicados em pacientes com estenose da artéria carótida. Além disso, o comprometimento do IP e da RVC tende a piorar com o aumento dos graus de estenose. Além disso, este estudo demonstrou que a avaliação desses dois parâmetros hemodinâmicos na prática clínica pode ser útil para monitorar a evolução da estenose da artéria carótida.

ABSTRACT Background: Carotid artery stenosis increases cerebral ischemic event risk through changing different cerebral hemodynamic parameters. Objective: To investigate how cerebral hemodynamics in the M1 segment of middle cerebral artery change in patients with carotid artery stenosis, after motor tasks using transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD). Methods: Thirty-two healthy subjects and 30 patients with unilateral symptomatic carotid artery stenosis were recruited. The patient population was divided into three groups according to the degree of stenosis (group 1: ≥50 to 69%, group 2: 70 to 89% and group 3: ≥90 to 99%). TCD was used to measure the pulsatility index (PI) and cerebral vasomotor reactivity (CVR). Results: In the patient group, significant differences for symptomatic side PI values (p=0.01) and mean CVR increases (p=0.05) were observed, compared with the healthy controls. However, the difference was not statistically significant for asymptomatic side PI values and mean CVR increases. The results from the intergroup comparison showed significantly higher percentages of symptomatic and asymptomatic side CVR increases in group 1, compared with groups 2 and 3 (p=0.001 and p=0.002, respectively). Conclusions: Our study showed that cerebral autoregulation and hemodynamic mechanisms are impaired in patients with carotid artery stenosis. Furthermore, the impairment of PI and CVR tends to get worse with increasing degrees of stenosis. In addition, this study demonstrated that assessment of these two hemodynamic parameters in clinical practice might be helpful for monitoring the progress of carotid artery stenosis.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To investigate experimentally the effects of Tropifexor, a farnesoid X receptor agonist, on liver injury in rats with obstructive jaundice. Methods: Forty healthy Wistar albino female rats were divided randomly in selected groups. These groups were the sham group, control group, vehicle solution group, Ursodeoxycholic acid group and Tropifexor group. Experimental obstructive jaundice was created in all groups, except the sham one. In the blood samples obtained, aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), total bilirubin and direct bilirubin levels were established and recorded. Additionally, liver malondialdehyde, myeloperoxidase and catalase enzyme activity in the tissue samples were studied. Histopathological analysis was also performed. Results: No statistical difference was found between the control group and the Tropifexor group when AST, ALT and ALP values were compared. However, it was found that the Tropifexor group had statistically significant decreases in the values of GGT, total bilirubin and direct bilirubin (p < 0.05). Additionally, Tropifexor decreased the median values of malondialdehyde and myeloperoxidase, but this difference was not statistically significant compared to the control group. Finally, the Tropifexor group was statistically significant in recurring histopathological liver damage indicators (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Tropifexor reduced liver damage due to obstructive jaundice.

In learning of students, cognitive and affective skills and interaction of these skills are very significant. Intellectual risk taking (IRT) and test anxiety inventory (TAI) fall between these cognitive and affective skills. In this research, in addition to the relation between the skills of secondary school students, whether their class level and science success (SS) have any affect receives scrutiny. The research data has been obtained from 591 students, studying in 12 different government schools in 5 different provinces of Central Blacksea Region of Turkey. Three different data collection tools were used in this research conducted with the cross-sectional method. The correlation analysis results show that there is a negative relation between success in science and TAI, whereas there is a low relation between TAI and IRT. MANOVA results have revealed that as class level gets higher, IRT decreases and TAI does not have a significant tendency. It has been found that as the academic success of students gets higher, their TAI decreases and their IRT points do not have a specific tendency.