Abstract Background: In Mexico, the epidemiology of heart failure is still not well understood. However, it is known that the primary cause of hospital admissions in patients with heart failure is pulmonary and systemic congestion. Objective: To estimate congestion status and assess cardiac function using portable ultrasound in patients with heart failure. Method: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted. Patients who attended the Heart Failure Clinic at the Ignacio Chávez National Cardiology Institute in Mexico City between May and August 2022 were selected. They underwent ultrasonographic evaluation using a portable device to assess pulmonary and systemic congestion, as well as cardiac function and structure. Results: One-hundred patients diagnosed with heart failure were prospectively included during the study period; 76% were male, with an average age of 59 years (range: 50-68 years). The recorded LVEF median was 34% (IQR: 27-43.5%). When evaluating pulmonary congestion, 78% of the patients showed a pattern A and 22% a pattern B. Following the VExUS protocol, 92% of the patients were at grade 0, 2% at grade 1, and 6% at grade 2. Conclusions: The use of the portable ultrasound facilitated the quantitative characterization of the echocardiographic features of the studied population. This device could provide better clinical characterization which, in turn, might allow for optimized drug prescription for heart failure and dose adjustments of diuretics based on echocardiographic congestion findings.

Resumen Antecedentes: En México aún es muy poco conocida la epidemiología de la insuficiencia cardiaca, sin embargo se sabe que la principal causa de ingresos hospitalarios en los pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca es la congestión pulmonar y sistémica. Objetivo: Estimar el estado de congestión y evaluar la función cardiaca mediante el ultrasonido portátil en pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca tratados en un centro de tercer nivel en México. Método: Se llevó a cabo un estudio observacional transversal. Se seleccionaron pacientes que acudieron a la Clínica de Insuficiencia Cardiaca del Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez en la Ciudad de México entre mayo y agosto de 2022. Se les sometió a una evaluación ultrasonográfica mediante un dispositivo portátil para valorar la congestión pulmonar y sistémica, así como la función y estructura cardiaca. Resultados: Se incluyeron de forma prospectiva 100 pacientes diagnosticados con insuficiencia cardiaca en el periodo de estudio. El 76% fueron hombres, con una edad mediana de 59 años (RIQ: 50-68 años). La mediana del FEVI registrada fue del 34% (RIQ: 27.0-43.5%). Al evaluar la congestión pulmonar, el 78% de los pacientes presentaron un patrón A y el 22% un patrón B. Siguiendo el protocolo VExUS, el 92% de los pacientes mostraron un grado 0, el 2% un grado 1 y el 6% un grado 2. Conclusiones: El uso del ultrasonido portátil facilitó la caracterización cuantitativa de las características ecocardiográficas de la población estudiada. Este dispositivo podría ofrecer una mejor caracterización clínica que, a su vez, permita una optimización en la prescripción de medicamentos para la insuficiencia cardiaca y el ajuste de dosis de diuréticos según los hallazgos ecocardiográficos de congestión.

ABSTRACT From February to December 2021, 960 serum samples from different climate regions in two Mexican states were analyzed for antibodies against EIAV using competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) and agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) tests. The overall seroprevalence of EIAV infection in equids determined by ELISA and AGID tests was 19.69% and 17.60%, respectively. The highest rate of seropositivity was observed in the state of Veracruz (23.67%, using AGID test), and the lowest rate was found in the state of Puebla (13.12%, using cELISA test). In total, 17.45% (85/487, using AGID test) and 15.40% (75/487, using cELISA test) of horses were positive for EIAV infection. Donkeys showed a prevalence of 19.87% (94/473) in cELISA and 21.99% (104/476) in AGID. The cELISA was compared with AGID as the gold standard test. The diagnostic sensitivity for horses and donkeys was 90.4% and 92.2%, and the specificity was 97.5% and 97.3%, respectively, with an almost perfect degree of agreement (kappa values of 0.871 and 0.888). Therefore, the overall seroprevalence rate of EIAV infection in equines in the sampled states of Puebla and Veracruz was 19.3%, with 91.4% sensitivity, 97.4% specificity, and an agreement of 96.25%, indicating almost perfect agreement (kappa = 0.880). 2021 96 enzymelinked enzyme linked (cELISA (AGID 1969 19 69 19.69 1760 17 60 17.60% respectively 23.67%, 2367 23 67 (23.67% test, test , 13.12%, 1312 13 12 (13.12% . total 1745 45 17.45 85/487, 85487 85 487 (85/487 1540 15 40 15.40 75/487, 75487 75 (75/487 1987 87 19.87 94/473 94473 94 473 (94/473 2199 21 99 21.99 104/476 104476 104 476 (104/476 904 90 4 90.4 922 92 2 92.2% 975 97 5 97.5 973 3 97.3% kappa 0871 0 871 0.87 0.888. 0888 0.888 888 0.888) Therefore 193 19.3% 914 91 91.4 974 97.4 9625 25 96.25% 0.880. 0880 0.880 880 0.880) 202 9 196 1 6 19.6 176 17.60 23.67% 236 (23.67 13.12% 131 (13.12 174 17.4 85/487 8548 8 48 (85/48 154 15.4 75/487 7548 7 (75/48 198 19.8 94/47 9447 47 (94/47 219 21.9 104/47 10447 10 (104/47 90. 92.2 97. 97.3 087 0.8 088 0.88 88 19.3 91. 962 96.25 20 19. 17.6 23.67 (23.6 13.12 (13.1 17. 85/48 854 (85/4 15. 75/48 754 (75/4 94/4 944 (94/4 21. 104/4 1044 (104/4 92. 08 0. 96.2 23.6 (23. 13.1 (13. 85/4 (85/ 75/4 (75/ 94/ (94/ 104/ (104/ 96. 23. (23 13. (13 85/ (85 75/ (75 (94 (104 (2 (1 (8 (7 (9 (10 (

RESUMO De fevereiro a dezembro de 2021, 960 amostras de soro de diferentes regiões climáticas em dois estados mexicanos foram analisadas quanto à presença de anticorpos contra o EIAV, por meio de testes de imunoabsorção enzimática competitiva (cELISA) e imunodifusão em gel de ágar (AGID). A soroprevalência geral da infecção por EIAV em equídeos, determinada pelos testes ELISA e AGID, foi de 19,69% (189 de 960 amostras de soro) e 17,60% (169 de 960 amostras de soro), respectivamente. A maior taxa de soropositividade foi observada no estado de Veracruz (23,67%, usando-se o teste AGID), e a menor taxa foi encontrada no estado de Puebla (13,12%, usando-se o teste cELISA). No total, 17,45% (85/487, usando-se o teste AGID) e 15,40% (75/487, usando-se o teste cELISA) dos cavalos foram positivos para a infecção por EIAV. Os jumentos apresentaram uma prevalência de 19,87% (94/473) no cELISA e 21,99% (104/476) no AGID. O cELISA foi comparado com o AGID como o teste padrão-ouro. A sensibilidade diagnóstica para cavalos e jumentos foi de 90,4% e 92,2%, e a especificidade foi de 97,5% e 97,3%, respectivamente, com um grau de concordância quase perfeito (valores kappa de 0,871 e 0,888). Portanto, a taxa de soroprevalência geral da infecção por EIAV em equinos nos estados de Puebla e Veracruz amostrados foi de 19,3%, com sensibilidade de 91,4%, especificidade de 97,4% e concordância de 96,25%, indicando concordância quase perfeita (kappa = 0,880). 2021 96 (cELISA . (AGID) equídeos 1969 19 69 19,69 189 (18 1760 17 60 17,60 169 (16 soro, , respectivamente 23,67%, 2367 23 67 (23,67% usandose usando se 13,12%, 1312 13 12 (13,12% cELISA. total 1745 45 17,45 85/487, 85487 85 487 (85/487 1540 15 40 15,40 75/487, 75487 75 (75/487 1987 87 19,87 94/473 94473 94 473 (94/473 2199 21 99 21,99 104/476 104476 104 476 (104/476 padrãoouro. padrãoouro padrão ouro. ouro padrão-ouro 904 90 4 90,4 922 92 2 92,2% 975 97 5 97,5 973 3 97,3% valores 0871 0 871 0,87 0,888. 0888 0,888 888 0,888) Portanto 193 19,3% 914 91 91,4% 974 97,4 9625 25 96,25% 0,880. 0880 0,880 880 0,880) 202 9 (AGID 196 1 6 19,6 18 (1 176 17,6 16 23,67% 236 (23,67 13,12% 131 (13,12 174 17,4 85/487 8548 8 48 (85/48 154 15,4 75/487 7548 7 (75/48 198 19,8 94/47 9447 47 (94/47 219 21,9 104/47 10447 10 (104/47 90, 92,2 97, 97,3 087 0,8 088 0,88 88 19,3 91,4 962 96,25 20 19, ( 17, 23,67 (23,6 13,12 (13,1 85/48 854 (85/4 15, 75/48 754 (75/4 94/4 944 (94/4 21, 104/4 1044 (104/4 92, 08 0, 91, 96,2 23,6 (23, 13,1 (13, 85/4 (85/ 75/4 (75/ 94/ (94/ 104/ (104/ 96, 23, (23 13, (13 85/ (85 75/ (75 (94 (104 (2 (8 (7 (9 (10

ABSTRACT Global advances in reproductive biotechnology have allowed for the transfer of embryos from donor females with high genetic merit to recipients using the cryopreservation technique, which preserves an embryo of excellent quality and viability, thereby achieving a feasible pregnancy rate. The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality and viability of Holstein embryos that have been cryopreserved for more than 40 years under glycerol freezing. The embryos were transferred to the recipient heifers using a non-surgical method. Two 17-month-old Holstein heifers (360 kg live weights) which were clinically healthy and reproductively active were used as the recipients. Two bovine embryos of Grade 1 quality were thawed and evaluated for their morphology. Of the two embryo transfers, one pregnancy was achieved, resulting in the birth of a calf. Therefore, embryos frozen in liquid nitrogen and glycerol as a cryopreservative for more than 40 years maintained their quality and viability to produce a live calf. technique rate 4 freezing nonsurgical non surgical method 17monthold monthold 17 month old 360 (36 weights morphology transfers achieved calf Therefore 36 (3 3 (

RESUMO Os avanços globais em biotecnologia reprodutiva permitiram a transferência de embriões de fêmeas doadoras com alto mérito genético para receptoras, usando-se a técnica de criopreservação, que preserva um embrião de excelente qualidade e viabilidade, alcançando, assim, uma taxa de gravidez viável. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a qualidade e a viabilidade de embriões Holstein, criopreservados por mais de 40 anos, sob congelamento de glicerol. Os embriões foram transferidos para as novilhas receptoras, usando-se um método não cirúrgico. Duas novilhas Holstein de 17 meses de idade (360kg de peso vivo), que eram clinicamente saudáveis e reprodutivamente ativas, foram utilizadas como receptoras. Dois embriões bovinos de qualidade Grau 1 foram descongelados e avaliados quanto à sua morfologia. Das duas transferências embrionárias, uma gravidez foi obtida, resultando no nascimento de um bezerro. Portanto, os embriões congelados em nitrogênio líquido e glicerol como criopreservante por mais de 40 anos mantiveram sua qualidade e viabilidade para produzir um bezerro vivo. receptoras usandose usando se criopreservação alcançando assim viável 4 cirúrgico 360kg kg vivo, vivo , vivo) ativas morfologia embrionárias obtida Portanto

ABSTRACT This study aimed to determine the efficacy and parasite resistance of levamisole (LV) and ivermectin (IVM) in beef cattle naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes, as well as the effect on the liveweight gain in a tropical wet region of Oaxaca, Mexico. From November 2019 to January 2020, sixty-six grazing calves were randomly allocated into three groups of twenty-two animals each, treated with LV or IVM or an untreated control group (day 0). Feces were collected 1 day before treatment and 15 days after treatment. The liveweight gain from each animal was recorded at days 0, 15, 30 and 45 post treatment. The LV group presented the highest reduction of eggs per gram (EPG) of feces, followed by the IVM group. Resistance to IVM was detected, although LV resistance was also suspected. The IVM group had significantly higher effective treatment at 93.5%, resulting in an increase (P<0.05) of liveweight gain of 16.1kg, followed by the LV group (92.4%) with 17.1kg, compared to the untreated control group. A significant (P < 0.05) negative correlation was observed between EPG and weight gain for the LV (�� = -0.46) and IVM groups (�� = -0.32). LV and IVM showed a lack of efficacy against gastrointestinal nematodes, as well as an adequate capacity for EPG reduction but with IVM resistance and detrimental effects on growth performance in grazing beef cattle. (LV (IVM nematodes Oaxaca Mexico 201 2020 sixtysix sixty six twentytwo twenty two 0. 0 . 0) 3 4 (EPG feces detected suspected 935 93 5 93.5% P<0.05 P005 P 05 (P<0.05 161kg kg 16 1kg 16.1kg 92.4% 924 92 (92.4% 171kg 17 17.1kg 0.05 005 �� (� 0.46 046 46 -0.46 0.32. 032 0.32 32 -0.32) 20 202 9 93.5 P<0.0 P00 (P<0.0 92.4 (92.4 0.0 00 � ( 0.4 04 -0.4 03 0.3 -0.32 2 93. P<0. P0 (P<0. 92. (92. -0. -0.3 P<0 (P<0 (92 -0 P< (P< (9 -

RESUMO Os nematódeos gastrointestinais do gado de pastoreio causam perdas econômicas substanciais em todo o mundo. Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar a eficácia e a resistência parasitária do levamisol (LV) e da ivermectina (IVM) em bovinos de corte naturalmente infectados com nematódeos gastrointestinais, bem como o efeito no ganho de peso vivo, em uma região tropical úmida de Oaxaca, México. De novembro de 2019 a janeiro de 2020, 66 bezerros de pasto foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em três grupos de 22 animais cada um, tratados com LV ou IVM, ou em um grupo controle sem tratamento (dia 0). As fezes foram coletadas 1 dia antes do tratamento e 15 dias após o tratamento. O ganho de peso vivo de cada animal foi registrado nos dias 0, 15, 30 e 45 pós-tratamento. O grupo do LV apresentou a maior redução de ovos por grama de fezes (EPG), seguido pelo grupo IVM. A resistência à IVM foi detectada, embora também se suspeitasse de resistência ao LV. O grupo IVM teve um tratamento eficaz significativamente maior, com 93,5%, resultando em um aumento (P < 0,05) do ganho de peso vivo de 16,1kg, seguido pelo grupo LV (92,4%), com 17,1kg, em comparação com o grupo controle sem tratamento. Foi observada uma correlação negativa (P < 0,05) entre o EPG e o ganho de peso para os grupos LV (�� = -0,46) e IVM (�� = -0,32). LV e IVM mostraram falta de eficácia contra nematódeos gastrointestinais, assim como uma capacidade adequada de redução de EPG, mas com resistência IVM e efeitos prejudiciais no desempenho de crescimento em gado de corte em pastagem. mundo (LV (IVM Oaxaca México 201 2020 6 2 0. 0 . 0) 3 4 póstratamento. póstratamento pós pós-tratamento , (EPG) detectada 935 93 5 93,5% P 0,05 005 05 161kg kg 16 1kg 16,1kg 92,4%, 924 92,4% 92 (92,4%) 171kg 17 17,1kg �� (� 0,46 046 46 -0,46 0,32. 032 0,32 32 -0,32) pastagem 20 202 (EPG 9 93,5 0,0 00 92,4 (92,4% � ( 0,4 04 -0,4 03 0,3 -0,32 93, 92, (92,4 -0, -0,3 (92, -0 (92 - (9

ABSTRACT Haemonchus contortus is a gastrointestinal parasite of small ruminants. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of the acetonic and ethanolic extracts of the Caesalpinia coriaria fruits legume on the egg eclosion inhibition (EEI) of H. contortus in small ruminants. For this effect, it was evaluated at different concentrations of the extracts (acetonic: 20.0, 10.0, 5.0, 2.5, 1.2 and 0.6 mg / mL), (ethanolic: 6.15, 3.12, 1.56 and 0.78 mg / mL), and methanol 4 % v/v in distilled water as negative control and ivermectin 0.5 % as positive control, were used. The inhibitory effect data were analyzed with a completely randomized design by analysis of variance using the general linear model and the Tukey test (p <0.05); the lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC90) were estimated by the Probit analysis of the statistical analysis systems (SAS) program. The inhibitory effects of the extracts depended on the concentration, where the inhibitory activity was comparatively similar to the positive control doses of 1.2 mg/mL for the acetonic extract (AE) and 0.78 mg/mL for the ethanolic extract (EE), (p < 0.0001). The LC50 were AE = 0.23 mg/mL and EE = 0.014 mg/mL; LC90 AE = 1.04 mg/mL and EE = 0.14 mg/mL. The results indicate that the EEI of the extracts elaborated with the C. coriaria fruits in acetonic and ethanolic solvent have inhibitory activity against H. contortus eggs eclosion, nevertheless, requires further investigations as antiparasitic for oral use in animals.

RESUMEN Haemonchus contortus es un parasito gastrointestinal de los pequeños rumiantes. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto del extracto acetónico y etanólico de frutos de la leguminosa Caesalpinia coriaria sobre la inhibición de la eclosión de huevos (EEI) de H. contortus en pequeños rumiantes. Por éste efecto se evaluó a diferentes concentraciones de los extractos (acetónico: 20.0, 10.0, 5.0, 2.5, 1.2 y 0.6 mg / mL), (etanólico: 6.15, 3.12, 1.56 y 0.78 mg / mL), y metanol al 4 % v/v en agua destilada fue utilizada como control negativo e ivermectina 0.5 % como control positivo. Los datos del efecto inhibidor se analizaron con un diseño completamente al azar mediante análisis de varianza utilizando el modelo lineal general y la prueba de Tukey (p < 0.05); las concentraciones letales (LC50 y LC90) se estimaron mediante el análisis Probit del programa de sistemas de análisis estadístico (SAS). Los efectos inhibitorios de los extractos dependieron de la concentración, donde la actividad inhibitoria fue comparativamente similar al control positivo a las dosis de 1.2 mg/mL para el extracto acetónico (AE) y 0.78 mg/mL para el extracto etanólico (EE), (p < 0.0001). Las LC50 fueron AE = 0.23 mg/mL y EE = 0.014 mg/mL; LC90 AE = 1.04 mg/mL y EE = 0.14 mg/mL. Los resultados indican que la EEI de los extractos elaborados con los frutos de C. coriaria en disolvente acetónico y etanólico tienen actividad inhibitoria contra huevos de H. contortus, sin embargo, requiere de mayores investigaciones como antiparasitario para su uso vía oral en animal.

ABSTRACT In the Tropic of Guerrero Mexico the distribution, the density and uses of trees Pithecellobium dulce Roxb Benth, Gliricidia sepium (Jacq) Steud, Haematoxilum brasiletto Karst were studied and its foliage was added to the diets of kids and productive response and apparent digestibility was measured. The livestock farmers have six complementary uses (firewood, poles, shade, medicinal, human consumption and artisanal). The species were identified in live fences and scattered in paddocks with densities of 4.87 trees per 100 linear meters and 1.79 trees ha-1; P. dulce was the largest size and identified from 250 to 1332 masl. The ashes (P<0.0001) and detergent fibre (P<0.01) of P. dulce (T1) had higher apparent digestibility. The feed conversion and daily weight gain of the kids were different due to the effect of foliage trees. The rectal temperature was only affected (P<0.0001) by the time of evaluation. The ruminal pH of kids was affected by time evaluation (P<0.0001) and the treatments (P<0.0003). It is concluded that the density of trees is low and could be of impact on soil fertility and the contribution of biomass for animal feed; the apparent digestibility of diets and productive response were more efficient in the animals fed with P. dulce (T1).

RESUMEN En el Trópico Méxicano se estudió la distribución, densidad y usos de los árboles Pithecellobium dulce Roxb Benth, Gliricidia sepium (Jacq) Steud, Haematoxilum brasiletto Karst y se agregó su follaje a las dietas de cabritos y midió la respuesta productiva y la digestibilidad aparente. Los ganaderos dieron seis usos (leña, postes, sombra, medicinales, consumo humano y artesanal). Los árboles estuvieron en cercas vivas y dispersos en potreros con densidades de 4,87 árboles 100-1 metros lineales y 1,79 árboles ha-1; P. dulce Roxb Benth tuvo mayor talla y se localizó entre 250 a 1332 msnm. Las cenizas (P<0,0001) y fibras detergentes (P<0,01) del P. dulce (T1) fueron más digestibles. La CA y GDP entre los cabritos fueron diferentes entre tratamientos. La temperatura rectal sólo se afectó (P<0,0001) por la hora de evaluación. El pH ruminal de los cabritos fue diferente entre tiempos de evaluación (P<0,0001) y tratamientos (P<0,0003). Se concluye que la densidad de árboles es baja y podría tener un impacto sobre la fertilidad del suelo y la aportación de biomasa para la alimentación animal; La digestibilidad de las dietas y respuesta productiva fueron más eficientes en los animales alimentados con P. dulce Roxb Benth (T1).

SUMMARY The African bee (Apis mellifera scutellata) was introduced from South Africa to Brazil in 1956 to induce genetic recombinations and generate segregants adapted to tropical areas; however, 26 colonies escaped and a process of Africanization started in the American continent. An experimental apiary was integrated by recombination of European and Africanized germplasm for breeding purposes, which has been maintained without application of acaricide against varroasis for more than 20 years. The population was generated by controlled mating of European bees (Apis mellifera ligustica) that had been under genetic improvement for about 15 years (source of drones) with Africanized bees (A. m. scutellata with probable genetic recombination with other European subspecies) that had been under to a selection process for its semi-domestication and genetic improvement under apicultural criteria (source of queen bees). In order to obtain information on the maternal origin of the population, the intergenic regions COI-COII and ND5 of the mtDNA were sequenced in a random sample of 19 hives. The maternal African origin of A. m. scutellata (74%) was confirmed and the presence of hives of hybrid origin of A. m. scutellata × A. m. capensis (26%), not reported in Mexico before this investigation, was revealed. This seems to indicate that Africanized bees have conserved their mitochondrial DNA through the dispersion process.

RESUMEN La abeja africana (Apis mellifera scutellata) se introdujo del sur de África a Brasil en 1956 para inducir recombinaciones genéticas y generar segregantes adaptados a zonas tropicales; sin embargo, 26 colonias escaparon y con ello se inició un proceso de africanización en el continente americano. Se integró un apiario experimental mediante la recombinación de germoplasma europeo y africanizado con propósitos de mejoramiento genético, el cual se ha mantenido sin aplicación de acaricidas contra varroasis por más de 20 años. La población se generó mediante cruzamientos controlados de abejas europeas (Apis mellifera ligustica) que habían estado bajo mejoramiento genético por alrededor de 15 años (fuente de zánganos) con abejas africanizadas (A. m. scutellata con probable recombinación con diversas subespecies de abejas europeas) que habían estado sujetas a un proceso de selección para su semidomesticación y mejoramiento genético bajo criterios apícolas (fuente de abejas reinas). Con el objeto de tener información sobre el origen materno de la población, se realizó secuenciación de las regiones intergénicas COI-COII y ND5 del ADNmt en una muestra aleatoria de 19 colmenas. Se confirmó el origen materno africano de A. m. scutellata (74 %) y se reveló la presencia de colmenas de origen híbrido de A. m. scutellata × A. m. capensis (26 %), no reportado en México hasta antes de esta investigación. Los resultados parece indicar que las abejas africanizadas han conservado su ADN mitocondrial a través del proceso de dispersión.

Abstract: The objective was to know the use and utilization of Crescentia alata tree through the traditional knowledge of producers and housewives in the Municipality of Pungarabato, Guerrero Mexico. 140 surveys were carried out to 70 ranchers and 70 housewives. 100% of the producers know the cirian tree and 91.4% have this tree in their production units (PU), which is characterized by being resistant to fire (52.9%) and trampling (81.4%) and start fruit production between five and six years (44.3%). The greatest benefit in the UP of the tree is the shadow (61.4%), but also brings foliage and fruit for livestock feed (37.1%). The wood is hard (74.3%) and the fruits shell is used for jícaras fabrication (10%), the ornamental use is limited (23.4%). The fruit (100%) is used to treat eight diseases, standing out cough (52.9%) and strokes (51.4%). They are elaborated with the leaves tamales nejos (48.6%) and chocolate with the seeds (7.1%). The number dispersed trees in the prairies and in the live fences was 218 and 224, respectively. Positive correlation was observed between the weight (0.657 g) and the diameter (0.667 cm) of the fruit with the seeds number (P < 0.0001). C. alata is a tree that brings benefits multiple in the PU, being outstanding its use in the herbolaria and in the feeding of humans and animals, reason why it is necessary to promote its conservation and sowing.

Resumen: El objetivo fue conocer el uso y aprovechamiento del árbol de Crescentia alata a través del conocimiento tradicional de los productores y amas de casa en el municipio de Pungarabato, Guerrero México. Se realizaron 140 encuestas a 70 ganaderos y 70 amas de casa. El 100% de los productores conoce el árbol de Cirián y el 91.4% tienen este árbol en sus unidades de producción (UP), que se caracteriza por ser resistente al fuego (52.9%) y al pisoteo (81.4%), e inicia la producción de frutos entre los cinco y seis años (44.3%). El mayor beneficio del árbol en la UP es la sombra (61.4%), pero también aporta follaje y frutos para la alimentación del ganado (37.1%). La madera es dura (74.3%) y con la cáscara del fruto se elaboran jícaras (10%), el uso ornamental es limitado (23.4%). El fruto (100%) se utiliza para tratar ocho enfermedades, sobresaliendo tos (52.9%) y golpes (51.4%). Con las hojas se elaboran tamales nejos (48.6%) y con la semilla chocolate (7.1%). El número de árboles dispersos en las praderas y en las cercas vivas fue de 218 y 224, respectivamente. La correlación fue positiva entre el peso (0.657 g) y el diámetro (0.667 cm) del fruto con el número de semillas (P < 0.0001). C. alata es un árbol que aporta múltiples beneficios en las UP, sobresaliendo su uso en la herbolaria y en la alimentación de humanos y animales, por lo que es necesario promover su conservación y siembra.

The chemical composition, in vitro dry matter (IVDMD) and organic matter (IVOMD) digestibility of the fruits of Pithecellobium dulce, Acacia farnesiana and Acacia cochliacantha were determined. A cafeteria test in calves, sheep and goats was developed to determine through consumption of dry matter and coefficient of preference the palatability of these fruits as a feed source. Crude protein and neutral and acid detergent fiber contents were higher in the A. cochliacantha fruit (p < 0.001) with 11.1, 55.0 and 38.3 %, respectively. Total phenols were higher (p < 0.001) in A. farnesiana fruit with 39.7 %. The IVDMD and IVOMD were greater (p < 0.001) in P. dulce fruit with 57.7 and 35.6 %, respectively. The P. dulce fruit was more palatable (p < 0.0001) for calves and those of A. cochliacanta for sheep and goats (p < 0.05). It is concluded that palatability was higher for A. cochliacanta and P. dulce fruits due to their chemical composition.

Se determinó la composición química y digestibilidad in vitro de materia seca (DIVMS) y orgánica (DIVMO) de frutos de Pithecellobium dulce, Acacia cochliacantha y Acacia farnesiana. Se realizaron pruebas de cafetería en becerros, ovinos y caprinos, para determinar el consumo de materia seca y coeficiente de preferencia de palatabilidad de frutos como fuente de alimento. El contenido de proteína cruda, fibra detergente neutra y acida fue mayor en el frutos de A. cochliacantha (p < 0.001) con 11.1, 55.0 y 38.3 %, respectivamente. Los fenoles totales fueron mayores (p < 0.001) en frutos de A. farnesiana con 39.7 %. La DIVMS y DIVMO fue mayor (p < 0.001) en frutos del P. dulce con 57.7 y 35.6 %, respectivamente. Los frutos de mayor palatabilidad fueron P. dulce (p < 0.0001) en Becerros y A. cochliacanta en Ovejas y Cabras (p < 0.05). La palatabilidad de los frutos de las arbóreas estuvo determinada por la composición química.

The objective was to evaluate the activity against Haemonchus contortus by foliage taken from three tanniferous tree species and fed to Creole male kids experimentally infected with a dose of 350 larvae of H. contortus (L3) kg-1 body weight (BW). Twenty Creole kids weighing 12 ± 2.0 kg were randomly distributed in four treatments: T1 = control without foliage, and the addition of fresh foliage (10 % of the dry matter of the total diet) of Guazuma ulmifolia (T2), Pithecellobium dulce (T3) and Acacia cochliacantha (T4). For sixty days, the activity of the foliage against H. contortus was evaluated by quantifying the reduction in the excretion of eggs per gram of feces; also, the excretion of eggs was associated with the concentration of the blood cell pack, dry matter intake and weight change in animals. The data of the evaluated variables were analyzed in a completely randomized design and a Tukey test was carried out for comparison of means (p < 0.05). The secondary compounds of P. dulce and A. cochliacanta foliage were more effective (p < 0.04) in the control of H. contortus with minor excretion of eggs (1.48 and 1.18 Log10 g-1 of feces), respectively. The hematocrit was different (p < 0.005) mainly in hemoglobin, erythrocytes, lymphocytes and eosinophils; dry matter intake (p < 0.05) and changes in total body weight (p < 0.01) were higher in kids which received P. dulce foliage (T3) with 621.5 g d-1 and 2.4 kg, respectively. It was concluded that the secondary compounds of fresh P. dulce and A. cochliacantha foliage have the potential to control H. contortus without affecting the health and productive response in kids.

El objetivo fue evaluar la actividad contra Haemonchus contortus del follaje de tres árboles taniníferos en cabritos criollos infestados experimentalmente con una dosis de 350 larvas de H. contortus (L3) Kg-1 peso vivo. Veinte cabritos criollos de 12 ± 2.0 kg de peso vivo (PV), fueron distribuidos al azar en cuatro tratamientos: Tl= testigos sin follaje, y la adición de follaje fresco (10 % de la materia seca de la dieta total) de Guazuma ulmifolia (T2), Phitecellobium dulce (T3) y Acacia cochliacantha (T4). Durante 60 d se evaluó la actividad de los follajes contra H. contortus mediante la reducción en la excreción de huevos por gramo de heces (hpgh); además, la excreción de huevecillos se asoció con la concentración del paquete celular sanguíneo y el cambio de peso de los animales. Los datos de las variables evaluadas se analizaron en un diseño completamente al azar y la prueba de Tukey para la comparación de medias (p < 0.05). Los compuestos secundarios del follaje de P. dulce y A. cochliacanta resultaron más eficaces (p < 0.04) en el control de H. contortus, con menor excreción de hpgh (1.48 y 1.18 Log10 g-1 de heces), respectivamente. El hematocrito fue diferente (p < 0.005) principalmente en hemoglobina, eritrocitos, linfocitos y eosinófilos; el consumo de materia seca (p < 0.05) y el cambio de peso vivo total (p < 0.01) fue mayor en los cabritos que recibieron el follaje de P. dulce con 621.5 g d-1 y 2.4 kg de peso, respectivamente. Se concluye que los follajes de P. dulce y A. cochliacanta, por su contenido de taninos, tienen potencial para el control de H. contortus, lo que amerita mayor investigación.

The aim of this study was to determine the nutritional composition of Acacia farnesiana, Acacia macilenta and Acacia cochliacantha fruits and determine the intake (FI) the relative palatability index (PI) and its correlation with the nutritional composition of fruit in sheep and goats. Sixteen females of sheep and goats were used: eight sheep (F1 Dorper X Pelibuey body weight 18.5 ± 1.5 kg) and eight Creole goats (body weight 20.6 ± 1.8 kg). Animals were housed in individual pens (1.0 X 1.20 m) and fed on fruits (ad libitum) of the three acacias and corn stover (CS) for 24 hours during 15 days of experiment. Neutral and acid detergent fiber content, total phenols (TP) and condensed tannins (CT) were different (P < 0.01) between the fruits species. Fruits of A. farnesiana and A. cochliacantha had the highest (P < 0.01) intake by goats, and sheep consumed more fruits of A. cochliacantha. On average, the FI was increased in goats (P < 0.05), but the IP was increased in sheep (P < 0.01). The FI and IP were positively correlated with protein content (P < 0.01) and TP (P < 0.05) and negatively with the content of acid and neutral detergents fibers (P < 0.01). It could be concluded that the fruits of A. cochliacantha and A. farnesiana have more nutritional value for sheep and goats because of their lower content of neutral and acid detergent fiber and highest palatability index observed.

El objetivo fue determinar la composición nutricional de los frutos de Acacia farnesiana, Acacia macilenta y Acacia cochliacantha y medir en las cabras y las ovejas el consumo de frutos (CF), el índice de palatabilidad relativo (IP) y su correlación con la composición nutricional de los frutos. Se utilizaron 16 hembras: 8 ovejas F1 Dorper X Pelibuey de 18,5 ± 1,5 kg de peso vivo y 8 cabras Criollas de 20,6 ± 1,8 kg de peso vivo. Los animales fueron alojados en corrales individuales (1,0 x 1,20 m) y se les ofreció a libre acceso los frutos de las tres acacias y rastrojo de maíz (RM) al mismo tiempo las 24 horas durante 15 días. El contenido de fibras detergentes ácida y neutra (P < 0,01), fenoles totales (FT) y taninos condensados (TC) (P < 0,01) fue diferente entre los frutos. Los frutos de A. farnesiana y A. cochliacantha fueron los más consumidos por las cabras (P < 0,01), y las ovejas consumieron más frutos de A. cochliacantha. En promedio el CF fue mayor en las cabras (P < 0,05), pero el IP fue mayor en las ovejas (P < 0,01). El CF y el IP tuvieron correlación positiva con el contenido de proteína (P < 0,01) y FT (P < 0,05) y negativa con el contenido de fibras detergentes ácida y neutra (P < 0,01). Se concluye que los frutos de A. farnesiana y A. cochliacantha tienen más valor alimenticio para ovejas y cabras por el menor contenido de fibras detergentes neutro y ácido y el mayor índice de palatabilidad observado.

The aim of the present study was to select phage clones from a combinatorial library of filamentous phage that mimic the N protein of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRS) using a monoclonal antibody (SDOW17). An combinatorial library of random peptide 7-mer cysteine-constrained fused to a minor coat protein (pIII) of the M13 phage was used. To determine the effect of enrichment after each round of selection, the eluted phage were titrated, bacteriophages increased from 4,8 x 10³ plaque-forming units (pfu) in the first round to 3,2 x 10(5) pfu in the third round. After three rounds of panning 32 phage clones were randomly picked, each individual clone was amplified, purified and titred. The binding reactivity of phage clones with anti-PRRS antibodies was determined using a phage ELISA. Alignments of the selected clones with the published sequences of the N protein of PRRS virus were located at the amino terminal region and middle portion of the protein. The consensus amino acid residues of the 32 mimotopes sequenced was NYRYQ. Mimotope sequences were used to calculate the epitopes of the nucleocapsid protein by the web tool of Peptiope server with PepSurf algorithm. Two conformational epitopes against monoclonal antibody anti-protein N were identified, located in a different position and appeared mainly as an a-helix. The selected mimotopes and conformational epitopes could be regarded as informative for diagnosis of disease.

El objetivo del estudio fue seleccionar de una biblioteca combinatoria de fagos filamentosos clonas que mimeticen la proteína N del virus del Síndrome Respiratorio y Reproductivo Porcino (PRRS) utilizando un anticuerpo monoclonal (SDOW17). Se utilizó una biblioteca combinatoria de fagos filamentosos (M13) que expone aleatoriamente péptidos de 7 aminoácidos en la región N-terminal fusionado con la proteína III. Para determinar el efecto del enriquecimiento después de cada ronda de selección, los fagos eluidos fueron titulados; estos se incrementaron de 4,8 x 10³ unidades formadoras de colonias (ufc) en la primera ronda a 3,2 x 10(5) ufc en la tercera. Después de tres rondas de selección, 32 clonas fueron picadas al azar, cada clona individual fue amplificada, purificada y titulada. La reactividad de la unión de las clonas a los anticuerpos anti-PRRS fue determinado utilizando un ELISA de fagos. El alineamiento de las clonas secuenciadas con la obtenida del GenBank, ubican a estas en la región aminoterminal y porción media de la proteína N del vPRRS. La secuencia consenso de las 32 clonas seleccionadas fue NYRYQ. Las secuencias de los mimotopos fueron utilizadas para calcular los epitopos de la proteína N, mediante la herramienta bioinformática del servidor Peptiope con el algoritmo PepSurf. Dos epitopos conformacionales contra el anticuerpo monoclonal antiproteína N fueron identificados, localizados en diferentes posiciones y presentados principalmente como hélices a. Los mimotopos seleccionados y epitopos conformacionales podrían ser considerados informativos para el diagnóstico de la enfermedad.