ABSTRACT Objectives: To assess the risk of brain damage in premature infants under 34 weeks of gestational age exposed to histological chorioamnionitis (HCA). Materials and methods: A cohort study was conducted at the Hospital Cayetano Heredia, during 2015. Premature infants under 34 weeks of gestational age, who had histopathological examination of the placenta, were included. The types of HCA evaluated were sub-chorionitis, chorionitis, chorioamnionitis, with or without funisitis. Brain damage was evaluated in three age periods, between 0 and 7 days, between 7 and 30 days and at 40 weeks of corrected gestational age. A neurological follow-up and regular controls were performed with brain ultrasound. Results: A total of 85 premature infants were included, 47.1% were women and the mean gestational age was 30.9 weeks. From the total, 42% (36/85) were born exposed to HCA. Premature rupture of membranes was the main cause of sepsis, which was related to neurological damage. HCA was associated with intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) during the first week and with white matter lesions between 7 and 30 days of age (p = 0.035). The chorioamnionitis type of HCA was associated with neurological damage during the first week (RR = 2.11, 95% CI: 1.09-4.11) and between 7 and 30 days of age (RR = 2.72, 95% CI: 1.07-6.88). Conclusions: Chorioamnionitis was a risk factor for developing brain injuries in premature infants under 34 weeks of gestational age. It was also a risk factor for HIV during the first 7 days and for white matter injuries between 7 and 30 days of age. At 40 weeks of corrected gestational age, extreme premature infants with HCA had more extensive brain damage.

RESUMEN Objetivos: Evaluar el riesgo de daño cerebral en prematuros menores de 34 semanas expuestos a corioamnionitis histológica (CAH). Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio de cohortes en el Hospital Cayetano Heredia, durante el 2015. Fueron incluidos prematuros menores de 34 semanas que tuvieran examen histopatológico de la placenta. Los tipos de CAH evaluados fueron subcorionitis, corionitis, corioamnionitis, con o sin funisitis. El daño cerebral se evaluó en tres periodos de edad, entre 0 y 7 días, entre 7 y 30 días y a las 40 semanas gestacionales corregidas. Se realizó un seguimiento neurológico y controles con ecografía cerebral. Resultados: Se estudiaron 85 prematuros, 47,1% eran mujeres y la media de la edad gestacional fue de 30,9 semanas. El 42% (36/85) nacieron expuestos a CAH. La ruptura prematura de membrana fue la principal generatriz de sepsis, y la sepsis se relacionó con daño neurológico. La CAH estuvo asociada con hemorragia intraventricular (HIV) durante la primera semana y con lesiones de la sustancia blanca entre los 7 y 30 días de edad (p = 0,035). El tipo corioamnionitis de CAH se asoció al daño neurológico durante la primera semana (RR = 2,11; IC 95%: 1,09-4,11) y entre los 7 y 30 días de vida (RR = 2,72; IC 95%: 1,07-6,88). Conclusiones: La corioamnionitis fue un factor de riesgo para desarrollar lesiones cerebrales en prematuros menores de 34 semanas, para HIV durante los primeros 7 días y lesiones de sustancia blanca entre los 7 y los 30 días de edad. A las 40 semanas de edad corregida, los prematuros extremos con CAH tuvieron lesiones cerebrales más extensas.

ABSTRACT Objectives: To assess the risk of brain damage in premature infants under 34 weeks of gestational age exposed to histological chorioamnionitis (HCA). Materials and methods: A cohort study was conducted at the Hospital Cayetano Heredia, during 2015. Premature infants under 34 weeks of gestational age, who had histopathological examination of the placenta, were included. The types of HCA evaluated were sub-chorionitis, chorionitis, chorioamnionitis, with or without funisitis. Brain damage was evaluated in three age periods, between 0 and 7 days, between 7 and 30 days and at 40 weeks of corrected gestational age. A neurological follow-up and regular controls were performed with brain ultrasound. Results: A total of 85 premature infants were included, 47.1% were women and the mean gestational age was 30.9 weeks. From the total, 42% (36/85) were born exposed to HCA. Premature rupture of membranes was the main cause of sepsis, which was related to neurological damage. HCA was associated with intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) during the first week and with white matter lesions between 7 and 30 days of age (p = 0.035). The chorioamnionitis type of HCA was associated with neurological damage during the first week (RR = 2.11, 95% CI: 1.09-4.11) and between 7 and 30 days of age (RR = 2.72, 95% CI: 1.07-6.88). Conclusions: Chorioamnionitis was a risk factor for developing brain injuries in premature infants under 34 weeks of gestational age. It was also a risk factor for HIV during the first 7 days and for white matter injuries between 7 and 30 days of age. At 40 weeks of corrected gestational age, extreme premature infants with HCA had more extensive brain damage.

RESUMEN Objetivos: Evaluar el riesgo de daño cerebral en prematuros menores de 34 semanas expuestos a corioamnionitis histológica (CAH). Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio de cohortes en el Hospital Cayetano Heredia, durante el 2015. Fueron incluidos prematuros menores de 34 semanas que tuvieran examen histopatológico de la placenta. Los tipos de CAH evaluados fueron subcorionitis, corionitis, corioamnionitis, con o sin funisitis. El daño cerebral se evaluó en tres periodos de edad, entre 0 y 7 días, entre 7 y 30 días y a las 40 semanas gestacionales corregidas. Se realizó un seguimiento neurológico y controles con ecografía cerebral. Resultados: Se estudiaron 85 prematuros, 47,1% eran mujeres y la media de la edad gestacional fue de 30,9 semanas. El 42% (36/85) nacieron expuestos a CAH. La ruptura prematura de membrana fue la principal generatriz de sepsis, y la sepsis se relacionó con daño neurológico. La CAH estuvo asociada con hemorragia intraventricular (HIV) durante la primera semana y con lesiones de la sustancia blanca entre los 7 y 30 días de edad (p = 0,035). El tipo corioamnionitis de CAH se asoció al daño neurológico durante la primera semana (RR = 2,11; IC 95%: 1,09-4,11) y entre los 7 y 30 días de vida (RR = 2,72; IC 95%: 1,07-6,88). Conclusiones: La corioamnionitis fue un factor de riesgo para desarrollar lesiones cerebrales en prematuros menores de 34 semanas, para HIV durante los primeros 7 días y lesiones de sustancia blanca entre los 7 y los 30 días de edad. A las 40 semanas de edad corregida, los prematuros extremos con CAH tuvieron lesiones cerebrales más extensas.

Objetivo. Identificar las relaciones y las diferencias por sexo en la motivación al cambio, el nivel de dependencia y el ansia (craving) por el consumo de cigarrillo en una muestra de estudiantes universitarios. Método. Participaron 936 estudiantes, seleccionados en un muestreo aleatorio estratificado por carreras y semestres, a los que se les evaluó la historia de consumo de tabaco, el nivel de dependencia, el ansia por el consumo, la motivación y los procesos de cambio. Resultados. El 25.9% de la muestra que reportó consumir tabaco, presentó bajos niveles de motivación al cambio y de dependencia. Se identificó un mayor uso de procesos cognitivos experienciales en las primeras etapas de cambio (ps < 0.03) y un mayor uso de procesos conductuales en las fases finales del cambio (ps < 0.02). La correlación entre nivel de dependencia y de motivación al cambio fue negativa y significativa (r = -0.321, p < 0.01), y positiva entre nivel de dependencia y de ansia por el consumo (r = 0.417, p < 0.01). No hubo correlaciones significativas entre ansia por el consumo y la etapa motivacional. En ninguna de las variables se encontró diferencia entre sexos. Conclusión. La construcción de la motivación al cambio se caracteriza por el uso de procesos cognitivos y la consolidación de la motivación por el uso de procesos conductuales.

Objective. Identify gender relations and differences in motivation for change, dependency level, and craving for cigarette smoking in a sample of college students. Method. A total of 936 students were selected, randomly stratified by races and semesters, who were evaluated for history of tobacco use, dependency level, craving, motivation and change processes. Results. 25.9% of the sample that reported consuming tobacco, showed low levels of motivation for change and dependence. We identified greater use of experiential cognitive processes in the early stages of change (ps <0.03) and increased use of behavioral processes in the final stages of change (ps <0.02). The correlation between level of dependence and motivation to change was negative and significant (r = -0.321, p <0.01), and positive between dependence level and consumer craving (r = 0.417, p <0.01). There were no significant correlations between craving for consumption and motivational stage. No difference was found between the sexes in any of the variables. Conclusion. The construction of motivation to change is characterized by the use of cognitive processes and the consolidation of motivation by the use of behavioral processes.

Escopo. Identificar as relações e diferencias de sexo na motivação pela mudança, o nível de dependência e ânsia (craving) pelo consumo de cigarro numa amostra de estudantes universitários. Metodologia. Participaram 936 estudantes, selecionados numa amostragem aleatória estratificada por carreiras e semestres os que foram avaliados segundo sua história de consumo de tabaco, nível de dependência, ânsia pelo consumo, motivação e processos de mudança. Resultados. O 25.9% da amostra que reportou consumir tabaco, mostrou baixos níveis de motivação à mudança e de dependência. Foi identificado um maior uso de processos cognitivos experienciais nas primeiras etapas de mudança (ps < 0.03) e um maior uso de processos comportamentais nas fases finais da mudança (ps < 0.02). A correlação entre o nível de dependência e motivação à mudança foi negativa e significativa (r = -0.321, p < 0.01), e positiva entre nível de dependencia e ânsia pelo consumo (r = 0.417, p < 0.01). Não teve correlações significativas entre ânsia pelo consumo e etapa motivacional. Em variável nenhuma foi encontrada diferencia entre sexos. Conclusão. A construção da motivação à mudança é caraterizada pelo uso de processos cognitivos e a consolidação da motivação pelo uso de processos comportamentais.

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by weakness and fatigability of the skeletal muscles due to dysfunction of the neuromuscular junction. We report the case of an 11-year-old girl diagnosed with bulbar myasthenia gravis. The patient had two previous crises of myasthenia gravis erroneously diagnosed as asthma attacks. She received treatment with human immunoglobulin, corticosteroids, pyridostigmine and thymectomy. We discuss the clinical course and the risks attributable to social situations that can delay the diagnosis and its effective management.

La miastenia gravis (MG) es un trastorno autoinmune caracterizado por debilidad y fatigabilidad de los músculos esqueléticos debida a la disfunción de la unión neuromuscular. Se presenta el caso de una adolescente de 11 años de edad, con diagnóstico de miastenia gravis de tipo bulbar. La paciente presentó dos crisis de MG previamente diagnosticadas de manera equivocada como crisis asmáticas. Recibió tratamiento con inmunoglobulina humana, corticoides, piridostigmina y timectomía. Se discute la evolución clínica y riesgos atribuibles a situaciones sociales que pueden retrasar el diagnóstico y su manejo efectivo.

Abstract Introduction: In Spain, the current economic crisis has led to an unfortunate phenomenon little known until now: the eviction process. The aim was to evaluate unhealthy habits such as consumption of tobacco and alcohol in a group of Granada as at risk of losing their residence. Methods: Participated 205 adult undergoing an eviction process from their homes (122 women and 83 men) who were given the items of health-related habits of the Andalusian Health Survey 2011. All participants were linked to the Platform Affected by Mortgage, Stop Desahucios of Granada. Results: Consumption of tobacco: observe higher percentage of daily smokers among men (54.22 %), people who live as a couple and workers. People who have entered the judicial process smoke more cigarettes per day (t = 1944, p = .055) and perceived an increase in the consumption of tobacco from the process of eviction. (χ2 = 8.494, p = .037). Consumption of alcohol: find higher percentage in men (χ2 = 10.005, p = .019) and in people who do not live with a partner (χ2 = 8.553, p = .036); men perceive a greater increase in alcohol consumption due to the eviction process (χ2 = 20.375, p = .000). Conclusions: The eviction process negatively affects health-related habits and should therefore be prioritized in Public Health policies as a population at risk.

Resumen Introducción: En España, la actual crisis económica nos ha llevado a un lamentable fenómeno poco conocido hasta ahora: el proceso del desahucio. Nuestro objetivo ha sido evaluar hábitos poco saludables como el consumo del tabaco y alcohol en un grupo de granadinos/as en riesgo de perder su vivienda habitual. Método: Han participado 205 personas adultas (122 mujeres y 83 hombres) a los que se les administró los ítems de hábitos relacionados con la salud de la Entrevista Andaluza de Salud 2011. Todos los participantes estaban vinculados a la Plataforma de Afectados por la Hipoteca Stop Desahucios de Granada. Resultados: Consumo de tabaco: observamos mayor porcentaje de fumadores a diario en hombres (54.22 %), personas que no viven en pareja y trabajadores. Las personas que han entrado en el proceso judicial fuman más cigarrillos al día (t = -1.944, p = .055) y perciben un aumento en el consumo de tabaco debido al proceso de desahucio (χ2 = 8.494, p = .037). Consumo de alcohol: encontramos mayor porcentaje en hombres χ2 = 10.005, p = .019) y en personas que no viven en pareja χ2 = 8.553, p = .036); los hombres perciben un mayor aumento en el consumo de alcohol debido al proceso de desahucio (χ2 = 20.375, p = .000). Conclusiones: El proceso de desahucio afecta negativamente a los hábitos relacionados con la salud por lo que debería priorizarse en las políticas de Salud Pública como una población de riesgo.

Objective: To analyze perceived health status and other health-related indicators in the adult population in Granada (Spain) undergoing an eviction process from their homes, whether rented or owned, in comparison with health indicators in the general adult population in Andalusia. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was administered by trained staff. The survey included instruments from the Andalusian Health Survey 2011 for measuring variables related to physical and mental health, as well as health-related habits. We compared the results with those obtained from the Andalusian general population through the Andalusian Health Survey. A bivariate analysis using the χ2 test and a multivariate logistic regression analysis were conducted. Results: We obtained a total sample of 205 people in the process of eviction. A total of 59.5% (n = 122) were women, and 40.5% (n = 83) were men. Participants were more likely to have poor health (odds ratio [OR]: 12.63, 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 8.74-18.27), have cardiovascular diseases (OR: 3.08; 95%CI: 1.54-6.16), or to smoke (OR: 1.68; 95% CI: 1.21-2.33) compared with the Andalusian general population. Most of the health indicators analyzed showed a worse outcome for women undergoing an eviction process. Conclusions: Our results suggest that, in the current context of economic crisis, people undergoing a process of eviction in Granada and its metropolitan area show poorer health than the Andalusian general population. Further research is needed on health and evictions from different methodological approaches, for a better understanding of the topic.

Objetivo: Analizar el estado de salud percibida, y otros indicadores relacionados con la salud, en personas adultas de Granada que se encuentran en un proceso de desahucio de su vivienda habitual, de alquiler o en propiedad, en comparación con la salud de la población general andaluza. Métodos: Estudio transversal mediante encuesta administrada por personal entrenado que incluye instrumentos de la Encuesta Andaluza de Salud 2011 para la medición de variables de salud física y mental, y de hábitos relacionados con la salud. Se han comparado los resultados con los obtenidos sobre la población general andaluza mediante la Encuesta Andaluza de Salud. Se ha realizado un análisis bivariado utilizando la prueba de ji al cuadrado, y un análisis multivariado mediante regresión logística. Resultados: Se ha obtenido una muestra total de 205 personas en proceso de desahucio. El 59,5% (122) son mujeres y el 40,5% (83) hombres. Presentan una mayor probabilidad de tener una salud deficiente (odds ratio [OR]: 12,63; intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC95%]: 8,74-18,27), enfermedad cardiovascular (OR: 3,08; IC95%:1,54-6,16) o consumir tabaco (OR: 1,68; IC95%: 1,21-2,33), en comparación con la población general andaluza. La mayoría de los indicadores analizados muestran un peor resultado para las mujeres que experimentan un proceso de desahucio. Conclusiones: Nuestros resultados indican que las personas afectadas por un proceso de desahucio en Granada y su área metropolitana, en el actual contexto de crisis, expresan una peor salud en relación a la población general andaluza. Es necesario seguir investigando sobre la salud y los desahucios, desde diferentes aproximaciones metodológicas, para una mejor comprensión de este problema.

Objective: To analyze perceived health status and other health-related indicators in the adult population in Granada (Spain) undergoing an eviction process from their homes, whether rented or owned, in comparison with health indicators in the general adult population in Andalusia. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was administered by trained staff. The survey included instruments from the Andalusian Health Survey 2011 for measuring variables related to physical and mental health, as well as health-related habits. We compared the results with those obtained from the Andalusian general population through the Andalusian Health Survey. A bivariate analysis using the χ2 test and a multivariate logistic regression analysis were conducted. Results: We obtained a total sample of 205 people in the process of eviction. A total of 59.5% (n = 122) were women, and 40.5% (n = 83) were men. Participants were more likely to have poor health (odds ratio [OR]: 12.63, 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 8.74-18.27), have cardiovascular diseases (OR: 3.08; 95%CI: 1.54-6.16), or to smoke (OR: 1.68; 95% CI: 1.21-2.33) compared with the Andalusian general population. Most of the health indicators analyzed showed a worse outcome for women undergoing an eviction process. Conclusions: Our results suggest that, in the current context of economic crisis, people undergoing a process of eviction in Granada and its metropolitan area show poorer health than the Andalusian general population. Further research is needed on health and evictions from different methodological approaches, for a better understanding of the topic.

Objetivo: Analizar el estado de salud percibida, y otros indicadores relacionados con la salud, en personas adultas de Granada que se encuentran en un proceso de desahucio de su vivienda habitual, de alquiler o en propiedad, en comparación con la salud de la población general andaluza. Métodos: Estudio transversal mediante encuesta administrada por personal entrenado que incluye instrumentos de la Encuesta Andaluza de Salud 2011 para la medición de variables de salud física y mental, y de hábitos relacionados con la salud. Se han comparado los resultados con los obtenidos sobre la población general andaluza mediante la Encuesta Andaluza de Salud. Se ha realizado un análisis bivariado utilizando la prueba de ji al cuadrado, y un análisis multivariado mediante regresión logística. Resultados: Se ha obtenido una muestra total de 205 personas en proceso de desahucio. El 59,5% (122) son mujeres y el 40,5% (83) hombres. Presentan una mayor probabilidad de tener una salud deficiente (odds ratio [OR]: 12,63; intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC95%]: 8,74-18,27), enfermedad cardiovascular (OR: 3,08; IC95%:1,54-6,16) o consumir tabaco (OR: 1,68; IC95%: 1,21-2,33), en comparación con la población general andaluza. La mayoría de los indicadores analizados muestran un peor resultado para las mujeres que experimentan un proceso de desahucio. Conclusiones: Nuestros resultados indican que las personas afectadas por un proceso de desahucio en Granada y su área metropolitana, en el actual contexto de crisis, expresan una peor salud en relación a la población general andaluza. Es necesario seguir investigando sobre la salud y los desahucios, desde diferentes aproximaciones metodológicas, para una mejor comprensión de este problema.

The co-occurrence between personality disorders and anxiety disorders may have important implications. Multiple diagnoses can give us an idea of the severity of the disorder, functioning impairment and prognosis. The aim of this study was two-fold, to analyze the co-occurrence between personality disorders and anxiety disorders, and to identify personality disorder profiles in different anxiety disorders. A total of 31 patients with anxiety disorders participated in the study. They were divided into four groups: specific pho-bia, social phobia, generalized anxiety and panic with or without the presence of agoraphobia. The assessment instruments used were The Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory II and the Anxiety Disorders Interview according to the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. The specific phobia group presented lower scores on the different scales and lower frequency of personality disorders. On the contrary, the generalized anxiety group had a higher rate of multiple diagnoses of personality disorders. Higher scores were observed in the schizoid, de-pendent, self-defeating, avoidant and compulsive scales. Each anxiety disorder presented a profile of personality disorders. Co-occurrence between disorders may help to understand the success or failure of a treatment, so the systematic evaluation of pathological personality in the clinical setting is recommended.

La coocurrencia entre los trastornos de personalidad y los trastornos de ansiedad puede tener implicaciones importantes. Los diagnósticos múltiples nos pueden dar idea de la gravedad de la alteración, el deterioro del funcionamiento y el pronóstico. El objetivo de este estudio fue doble, analizar la coocurrencia entre trastornos de personalidad y trastornos de ansiedad, e identificar perfiles de trastornos de personalidad en los diferentes trastornos de ansiedad. En este estudio participaron 31 pacientes con trastornos de ansiedad, distribuidos en cuatro grupos: fobia específica, fobia social, ansiedad generalizada y pánico, con y sin presencia de agorafobia. Los instrumentos de evaluación utilizados fueron El Inventario Clínico Multiaxial de Mi-llon II y la Entrevista para los Trastornos de Ansiedad según el Manual diagnóstico y estadístico de los trastornos mentales IV. El grupo de fobia específica presenta puntuaciones más bajas en las distintas escalas y menor frecuencia de trastornos de personalidad. Por el contrario, el grupo de ansiedad generalizada presenta mayor tasa de diagnósticos múltiples de trastornos de personalidad. Las puntuaciones más altas se observan en las escalas esquizoide, dependiente, autodestructiva, evitativa y compulsiva. Cada trastorno de ansiedad presenta un perfil de trastornos de personalidad. Tener en cuenta la coocurrencia entre trastornos puede ayudar a comprender el éxito o no de un tratamiento, por lo que la evaluación sistemática de la personalidad patológica en el ámbito clínico es recomendable.

El objetivo de esta investigación fue comprobar el fenómeno de priming motivacional, observado a través de la modulación del reflejo de sobresalto en población colombiana. Participaron 73 estudiantes universitarios (38 hombres y 35 mujeres), los cuales fueron expuestos a 21 imágenes del Sistema Internacional de Imágenes Afectivas y a un estímulo sonoro de sobresalto de 105 dB. Se midió la electromiografía del músculo orbicular del ojo para evaluar la magnitud del reflejo de sobresalto. A través de un ANOVA de medidas repetidas, se encontró que la valencia de las imágenes modula la magnitud del reflejo de sobresalto (p < 0.0001, η² = 0.41) independientemente del sexo de los participantes. Se concluye que el fenómeno de priming motivacional también se presenta en esta población y que la metodología de la modulación del reflejo de sobresalto puede ser utilizada de forma confiable en ella.

The objective of this research was to test the phenomenon of motivational priming observed through the modulation of the startle reflex in Colombian population, involved 73 university students (38 men and 35 women) who were exposed to 21 pictures of the International Affective Pictures System and a sound startle stimulus of 105 dB. Electromyography of the orbicularis oculi of the eye was measured to assess the magnitude of the startle reflex. Through repeated measures ANOVA we found that the pictures valence modulates the magnitude of the startle reflex (p < 0.0001, η² = 0.41) and that modulation does not depend on the sex of the participants. It is concluded that motivational priming phenomenon occurs also in this population and this methodology can be used reliably in this population.

Objetivo. Esta investigación tuvo por objetivo crear y validar un conjunto de imágenes relacionadas con el consumo de tabaco que fueran capaces de generar, en los consumidores, la activación del sistema motivacional apetitivo y un nivel alto de activación, con el fin de que puedan ser utilizadas en la evaluación de las respuestas emocionales asociadas al consumo de tabaco. Método. Se siguió el protocolo de visualización de imágenes afectivas. Participaron 60 personas consumidoras frecuentes de tabaco con baja motivación para abandonar el consumo. Se utilizó una encuesta para evaluar la historia de consumo de tabaco, la escala breve para evaluar estadios de cambio, 28 imágenes de tabaco creadas por los investigadores, 46 imágenes de la adaptación colombiana del Sistema Internacional de Imágenes Afectivas y el Self-Assessment Manikin (Lang, Bradley y Cuthbert, 1997). Resultados. Los resultados muestran que 26 de las 28 imágenes desarrolladas se encuentran ubicadas en el polo positivo del espacio afectivo bidimensional, compuesto por una valencia positiva y un nivel medio-alto de activación. No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre hombres y mujeres. Conclusión. Los resultados indican que estas imágenes activan el sistema motivacional apetitivo y generan un nivel de activación significativo, por lo que pueden ser utilizadas para evaluar la respuesta emocional en consumidores de tabaco.

Objective. The aim of this research was to create and validate a set of tobacco-related images that would be capable of activating in the consumer the appetitive motivational system (positive valence) and a high level of arousal, so that they could be used in the assessment of emotional responses associated with tobacco consumption. Method. The affective picture viewing protocol was followed. The participants were 60 frequent cigarette consumers with low motivation to stop smoking. A survey was used to assess the history of tobacco consumption, along with the brief scale for assessing stages of change, 28 tobacco images created by the researchers, 46 images from the Colombian adaptation of the International Affective Picture System and Self-Assessment Manikin (Lang, Bradley & Cuthbert, 1997). Results. The results show that 26 out of the 28 images are located in the positive pole of the two-dimensional affective space consisting of a positive valence and a medium-high level of arousal. No significant differences between men and women were found. Conclusión. These results indicate that these images activate the appetitive motivational system and generate a significant level of arousal, and can therefore be used to assess emotional response in tobacco consumers.

Escopo. Esta pesquisa teve por escopo criar e validar um conjunto de imagens relacionadas com o consumo de tabaco que foram capazes de gerar, nos consumidores, a ativação do sistema motivacional apetitivo e um nível alto de ativação, com o fim que possam ser usadas na avaliação das respostas emocionais associadas ao consumo de tabaco. Metodologia. Foi seguido o protocolo de visualização de imagens afetivas. Participaram 60 pessoas consumidoras frequentes de tabaco com baixa motivação para abandonar o consumo. Foi usada uma sondagem para avaliar a história de consumo de tabaco criadas por pesquisadores, 46 imagens da adaptação colombiana do Sistema Internacional de Imagens Afetivas e o Self Assesment Mankin (Lang, Bradley e Cuthbert, 1997). Resultados. Os resultados mostram que 26 das 28 imagens desenvolvidas estão no polo positivo do espaço afetivo bidimensional composto por uma valência positiva e um nível medio-alto de ativação. Não foram achadas diferencias significativas entre homens e mulheres. Conclusão. Os resultados indicam que estas imagens ativam o sistema motivacional apetitivo e geram um nível de ativação significativo, pelo que podem ser usadas para avaliar a resposta emocional em consumidores de tabaco.

En Colombia no existen instrumentos validados para medir de forma fiable las dimensiones de la emoción basados en el uso de imágenes afectivas. Por esta razón, el objetivo de esta investigación fue validar en la población colombiana cuatro conjuntos de imágenes del International Affective Picture System (IAPS), y comparar los resultados con los de la población española y estadounidense con el fin de contribuir a la validación transcultural del instrumento. Los participantes fueron 404 personas (175 hombres y 229 mujeres) que evaluaron, mediante el Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM), 238 imágenes pertenecientes a los conjuntos 13, 14, 19 y 20 del IAPS. Los resultados muestran una distribución de las imágenes en el espacio afectivo delimitado por las dimensiones de valencia y arousal en forma de boomerang similar a lo encontrado en países como Estados Unidos, España y Bélgica. Se observa una mayor dispersión y menor inclinación en el polo positivo que en el polo negativo y diferencias significativas entre hombres y mujeres en la dimensión de arousal, siendo mayor la activación en ellas. Por último, se comparan estos resultados con los encontrados en otros países, y se identifican diferencias en las dimensiones de arousal y dominancia, pero no en valencia, lo cual apoya el modelo bioinformacional en el cual se afirma que la valencia es la dimensión principal sobre la cual se organizan las emociones. Con esta investigación se demuestra que el IAPS es un instrumento válido y fiable para medir las emociones.

There is a lack of validated instruments in Colombia for measuring the dimensions of emotional states in a reliable way. For this reason, this study was aimed at validating four sets of images of the International Affective Picture System (IAPS)in a Colombian sample and comparing the results with those found in Spanish and American samples in order to contribute to the instrument's cross-cultural validation. Participants were 404 people (175 men and 229 women) who assessed, through the Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM), 238 images belonging to sets 13, 14, 19 and 20 of the IAPS. Results showed the classical boomerang-shaped distribution of the pictures within the affective space, demarcated by the valence and arousal dimensions. These results are consistent with those found in other countries such as the United States, Spain, and Belgium. There is a greater dispersion and less inclination in the positive pole than in the negative pole and significant differences between men and women in the arousal dimension, showing a greater activation in women. Finally, these results are compared with those found in other countries and differences are identified in the dimensions of arousal and dominance, but not in valence. This supports the bio-informational model which states that valence is the main dimension around which emotions are organized. This research shows that the IAPS is a valid and reliable instrument to measure emotions.

Na Colômbia não existem instrumentos validados para medir de forma confiável as dimensões da emoção baseados no uso de imagens afetivas. Por esta razão, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi validar na população colombiana quatro conjuntos de imagens do International Affective Picture System (IAPS), e comparar os resultados com os da população espanhola e estadunidense com o objetivo de contribuir à validação transcultural do instrumento. Os participantes foram 404 pessoas (175 homens e 229 mulheres) que avaliaram mediante o Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM), 238 imagens pertencentes aos conjuntos 13, 14, 19 e 20 do IAPS. Os resultados mostram uma distribuição das imagens no espaço afetivo delimitado pelas dimensões de valência e arousal em forma de bumerangue similar ao encontrado em países como Estados Unidos, Espanha e Bélgica. Observa-se uma maior dispersão e menor inclinação no polo positivo que no polo negativo e diferenças significativas entre homens e mulheres na dimensão de arousal, sendo maior a ativação nelas. Por último, comparam-se estes resultados com os encontrados em outros países, e identificam-se diferenças nas dimensões de arousal e dominância, mas não em valência, que apoia o modelo bioinformacional no qual se afirma que a valência é a dimensão principal sobre a qual se organizam as emoções. Com esta pesquisa demonstra-se que o IAPS é um instrumento válido e confiável para medir as emoções.

Using a Stroop matching task, we evaluated how alcohol affects the time needed to overcome Stroop conflict and whether practice might reverse the effect of alcohol. Participants (n = 16) performed two sessions in which they had to compare the color of a color-word with the meaning of a color-word in neutral color. The two task stimuli were presented simultaneously or with a Stimulus Onset Asynchrony (SOA) of 200, 500, or 800 ms. For half of the subjects, alcohol was administered in the first session, and for the other half, alcohol was administered in the second session. The results showed that the Stroop effect was significant at the 0 and 200 ms intervals in the sober subjects. Moreover, in untrained intoxicated individuals, interference endured until the 500 ms interval, a result that was abolished in trained intoxicated subjects. In conclusion, alcohol increased the time needed for Stroop matching task conflict resolution. However, this deleterious effect was minimized by a previous practice session.

Dentre os efeitos associados ao consumo alcoólico, destaca-se a modulação sobre funções cognitivas, como atenção e memória, bem como sobre as emoções, comportamento de risco e agressividade. No presente estudo apresentamos uma revisão crítica da literatura propondo uma reinterpretação para os efeitos comportamentais do álcool com base na teoria da Miopia Alcoólica. Durante a intoxicação, existiria uma redução de recursos atencionais, os quais seriam direcionados para eventos mais relevantes. A repercussão, então, seria um aumento do foco atencional para situações emocionais, quando estas fossem suficientemente relevantes ou, em contrapartida, uma diminuição para tais situações na presença de uma tarefa-alvo demandante. A reinterpretação dos efeitos do álcool, com base na teoria da Miopia Alcoólica, fornece subsídios para a mudança de paradigma na intervenção clínica.

Among the known effects of alcohol on behavior, the modulation of cognitive functions (such as attention and memory), emotion, risk-taking and aggressive behavior are noteworthy. Here, we performed literature review in order to reinterpret alcohol effects on behavior according to the Alcohol Myopia Theory. According to this construct, there is a reduction of attentional resources during alcohol intoxication, which are primarily allocated to the most salient events in a given situation. The consequence is a hyperfocus directed to emotional situations when they are sufficiently relevant to grab attention, or a reduced attentional focus to emotional events in the presence of a relevant demanding task. The understanding of the mechanism mentioned above support the discussion of propositions toward the prevention of problems related to alcohol consumption. Importantly, the attentional allocation model provides inputs for a discussion on the scientifically-supported public health propositions aimed at preventing problems related to acute alcohol intoxication.

We studied the influence of attention on the timecourse of Stroop-like conflict. Thirty-two volunteers performed a Stroop matching task in which they had to compare either the color (n = 16) or meaning (n = 16) of two stimuli. The first stimulus was always a color-name printed in yellow, red, or blue (i.e., Stroop stimulus), and the second stimulus was either a color-bar (Experiment 1) or color-word in white ink (Experiment 2). Stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) was varied parametrically. Interference by incongruent Stroop stimuli was clearly modulated by SOA manipulation in both cases. The results are discussed in terms of interactions between translational and attentional models in which the degree of Stroop-like interference is attributed to time implementation of attentional mechanisms during color-to-color and color-to-word matching contexts.

The study of defense reactions has become in the last years one of the most relevant ways to advance knowledge on the psychological and neurophysiological mechanisms of fear and anxiety. The antecedents of these studies are rooted in the work of Pavlov on the unconditioned reflexes of orienting and defense and on the work of Cannon on the fight or flight response, giving rise to two different approaches to defense: the attentional and the motivational. These two approaches have been difficult to reconcile in the past. However, in the last years new data have been accumulated on defense reactions which are facilitating the integration of both traditions. Part of these data refers to the cardiac defense response. Recent research in this area has shown that cardiac defense is a complex pattern of heart rate changes with two accelerative/decelerative sequential components, with both sympathetic and parasympathetic physiological mediation, and with both attentional and motivational significance. In this context, an attentional- motivational model of cardiac defense has been proposed. The model postulates an attentional defense phase - analogous to the freezing response- associated with the first acceleration/deceleration and a motivational defense phase - analogous to the fight/flight response- associated with the second acceleration/deceleration.

El estudio de las reacciones defensivas constituye una de las principales vías de conocimiento de los mecanismos psicológicos y neurofisiológicos del miedo y la ansiedad. Los antecedentes de estas investigaciones se encuentran en los trabajos de Pavlov sobre los reflejos incondicionados de orientación y defensa y en los trabajos de Cannon sobre las respuestas defensivas de lucha o huida, dando lugar a dos aproximaciones diferentes: la aproximación atencional y la aproximación motivacional. Estas dos tradiciones han sido difíciles de reconciliar en el pasado. Sin embargo, en los últimos años se han ido acumulando nuevos datos sobre las respuestas defensivas que están facilitando la integración de ambas tradiciones. Una parte de estos datos se refiere a la respuesta cardíaca. Las investigaciones recientes demuestran que la defensa cardíaca es un patrón complejo de cambios cardíacos con dos componentes acelerativo/desacelerativos secuenciales, con mediación fisiológica tanto simpática como parasimpática, y con significación psicológica tanto atencional como motivacional. En este contexto, se ha propuesto un modelo atencional- motivacional de la defensa cardíaca que postula una fase atencional defensiva - análoga a la respuesta de inmovilidad- asociada a la primera aceleración/desaceleración y una fase motivacional defensiva - análoga a la respuesta de lucha/huida- asociada a la segunda aceleración/desaceleración.