USE OF ARROWS IN THE CONTEXT OF LEARNING IN CHEMISTRY AND THE IMPORTANCE OF ITS SYMBOLISM. The representation of arrows in Chemistry learning is routinely applied in classrooms and textbooks. Arrows of different shapes like horizontal, curved, vertical, or wavy have been used as symbols since the beginning of ancient civilizations, representing elements or compounds. The arrow is one of the most used symbols in Chemistry, as different types have presented different functions, especially in chemical reactions, and because there is no consensus, their use has generated ambiguities and confusion when applying them. In this sense, the present work sought to present and differentiate the types of arrows used in Chemistry to provide a better understanding of this symbol in the learning process. Furthermore, a historical overview of the emergence of arrows in the world of chemistry and the process of acceptance as chemical symbolism in chemical reactions is provided. The use of arrows in some chemical phenomena (e.g., resonance, tautomerism, symmetry operations, and movement of electrons) is also detailed. This work reflects that arrows, as chemical symbolism, require an increasingly concrete standardized notation system to avoid ambiguities of concepts. Finally, when using them, let us consider why the arrow is being symbolized and, above all, what is the scientific concept behind its symbolism. SYMBOLISM textbooks horizontal curved vertical civilizations compounds functions consensus them sense Furthermore provided e.g., eg e g (e.g. resonance tautomerism operations electrons detailed concepts Finally all e.g. (e.g e.g

Abstract BI-RADS® is a standardization system for breast imaging reports and results created by the American College of Radiology to initially address the lack of uniformity in mammography reporting. The system consists of a lexicon of descriptors, a reporting structure with final categories and recommended management, and a structure for data collection and auditing. It is accepted worldwide by all specialties involved in the care of breast diseases. Its implementation is related to the Mammography Quality Standards Act initiative in the United States (1992) and breast cancer screening. After its initial creation in 1993, four additional editions were published in 1995, 1998, 2003 and 2013. It is adopted in several countries around the world and has been translated into 6 languages. Successful breast cancer screening programs in high-income countries can be attributed in part to the widespread use of BI-RADS®. This success led to the development of similar classification systems for other organs (e.g., lung, liver, thyroid, ovaries, colon). In 1998, the structured report model was adopted in Brazil. This article highlights the pioneering and successful role of BI-RADS®, created by ACR 30 years ago, on the eve of publishing its sixth edition, which has evolved into a comprehensive quality assurance tool for multiple imaging modalities. And, especially, it contextualizes the importance of recognizing how we are using BI-RADS® in Brazil, from its implementation to the present day, with a focus on breast cancer screening. BIRADS® BIRADS BI RADS® RADS BI-RADS descriptors management auditing diseases 1992 (1992 1993 1995 1998 200 2013 languages highincome high income BIRADS®. RADS®. e.g., eg e g (e.g. lung liver thyroid ovaries colon. colon . colon) Brazil BIRADS®, RADS®, 3 ago edition modalities And especially day 199 (199 20 201 e.g. (e.g 19 (19 2 e.g 1 (1 (

Considering the lack of consensus related to the impact of selective IL-6 receptor inhibition on bone remodeling and the scarcity of reports, especially on large bone defects, this study proposed to evaluate the biological impact of the selective inhibitor of interleukin-6 receptor (tocilizumab) in an experimental model of critical calvarial defect in rats. In this preclinical and in vivo study, 24 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups (n=12/group): defect treated with collagen sponge (CG) and defect treated with collagen sponge associated with 2 mg/kg tocilizumab (TCZ). The defect in the parietal bone was created using an 8-mm diameter trephine drill. After 90 days, the animals were euthanized, and tissue samples (skull caps) were evaluated through micro-CT, histological, immunohistochemistry, cytokines, and RT-qPCR analyses. Tocilizumab reduced mononuclear inflammatory infiltration (P<0.05) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α levels (P<0.01) and down-regulated tissue gene expression of BMP-2 (P<0.001), RUNX-2 (P<0.05), and interleukin (IL)-6 (P<0.05). Moreover, it promoted a stronger immunostaining of cathepsin and RANKL (P<0.05). Micro-CT and histological analyses revealed no impact on general bone formation (P>0.05). The bone cells (osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes) in the defect area were similar in both groups (P>0.05). Tocilizumab reduced inflammatory cytokines, decreased osteogenic protein, and increased proteases in a critical bone defect in rats. Ninety days after the local application of tocilizumab in the cranial defect, we did not find a significant formation of bone tissue compared with a collagen sponge. IL6 IL 6 IL- reports defects interleukin6 interleukin- (tocilizumab n=12/group n12group ngroup n 12 group (n=12/group) CG (CG mgkg mg kg TCZ. TCZ . (TCZ) 8mm mm 8 drill 9 euthanized skull caps microCT, microCT micro CT, CT micro-CT immunohistochemistry cytokines RTqPCR RT qPCR P<0.05 P005 P 0 05 (P<0.05 TNFα TNF α P<0.01 P001 01 (P<0.01 downregulated down regulated BMP2 BMP BMP- P<0.001, P0001 P<0.001 , 001 (P<0.001) RUNX2 RUNX RUNX- P<0.05, (IL)- P<0.05. Moreover MicroCT Micro P>0.05. P>0.05 (P>0.05) osteoblasts, osteoblasts (osteoblasts osteoclasts osteocytes protein 1 (n=12/group (TCZ P<0.0 P00 (P<0.0 P000 P<0.00 00 (P<0.001 (IL) P>0.0 (P>0.05 P<0. P0 (P<0. (P<0.00 (IL P>0. (P>0.0 P<0 (P<0 P>0 (P>0. P< (P< P> (P>0 (P (P>

ABSTRACT: The use of molecular information in breeding programs contributed to important advances in the improvement of traits of economic interest in livestock production. The advent of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) panels applied to genome-wide selection (GWS) and genome-wide association studies (GWAS), along with computational advances (e.g., use of powerful software and robust analyses) allowed a better understanding of the genetic architecture of farm animals and increased the selection efficiency. In this context, the statistic method single-step GBLUP has been frequently used to perform GWS, and more recently GWAS analyses, providing accurate predictions and QTL detection, respectively. Nevertheless, in developing countries, species such as sheep and goats, whose genomic data are more difficult to be obtained, the use of data simulation has been efficient in the study of the major factors involved in the selection process, such as size of training population, density of SNP chips, and genotyping strategies. The effects of these factors are directly associated with the prediction accuracy of genomic breeding values. In this review we showed important aspects of the use of genomics in the genetic improvement of production traits of animals, the main methods currently used for prediction and estimation of molecular marker effects, the importance of data simulation for validation of those methods, as well as the advantages, challenges and limitations of the use of GWS and GWAS in the current scenario of livestock production. ABSTRACT (SNP genomewide genome wide (GWS GWAS, , (GWAS) e.g., eg e g (e.g. analyses efficiency context singlestep step detection respectively Nevertheless countries goats obtained process population chips strategies values advantages (GWAS e.g. (e.g e.g

RESUMO: Em programas de melhoramento genético, o uso de informações moleculares garantiu importantes avanços para a melhoria de características de interesse econômico, no âmbito da produção animal. O advento da tecnologia de painéis de SNPs aplicados à seleção genômica ampla (GWS) e associação genômica ampla (GWAS), aliado ao avanço computacional, com o uso de softwares e análises robustas, permitiram melhor compreensão sobre a arquitetura genética dos animais de produção e, consequentemente, maior eficiência na seleção. Nesse contexto, o método estatístico single-step GBLUP tem sido utilizado, frequentemente, na execução da GWS e, mais recentemente, em GWAS, possibilitando predições acuradas e detecção de QTLs, respectivamente. No entanto, em países em desenvolvimento e, em espécies como os ovinos e caprinos, que existe maior dificuldade para a aquisição de dados genômicos, o uso da simulação de dados tem se mostrado eficiente para estudar os principais fatores envolvidos no processo de seleção, como o tamanho da população de treinamento, densidade de chipde SNPs e estratégias de genotipagem, cujos efeitos estão diretamente associados à acurácia da predição de valores genéticos genômicos. Nesta revisão, serão abordados pontos importantes sobre o uso da genômica no melhoramento genético de características produtivas em animais, principais métodos de predição e estimação de efeitos de marcadores moleculares na atualidade, a importância da simulação de dados para a validação desses métodos, bem como as vantagens, os desafios e as limitações no cenário atual da produção animal com o uso da seleção e associação genômica ampla. RESUMO econômico (GWS GWAS , (GWAS) computacional robustas consequentemente contexto singlestep single step utilizado frequentemente recentemente QTLs respectivamente entanto caprinos genômicos treinamento genotipagem revisão atualidade vantagens (GWAS

ABSTRACT The papers on this Special Issue of the Journal of Contemporary Administration promote an important discussion in the Brazilian digital marketing field. In this editorial, we explain how the authors build bridges between digital marketing, marketplace, consumers, and firms’ applications by means of empirical investigations. As new technologies force marketing to constantly change to adjust to social platforms in the digital environment, insights about Brazilian digital marketing are missing. Considering the digital economy, consumer behavior, and technological culture, the five papers raise interesting questions about how viral advertising and image/video/audio platforms affect consumer response measures (e.g., online purchases) and create social media experiences. Such experiences include omnichannel environments that connect and create ecosystems across firms, consumers, governments, stakeholders, and marketing professionals in organized networks. field editorial marketplace consumers firms investigations environment missing economy behavior culture imagevideoaudio image video audio e.g., eg e g (e.g. purchases governments stakeholders networks e.g. (e.g e.g

RESUMO Nos artigos deste Número Especial da Revista de Administração Contemporânea (RAC), os autores promovem uma importante discussão no campo do marketing digital brasileiro. Neste editorial, explicamos como os autores constroem pontes entre marketing digital, marketplace, consumidores e aplicações das empresas por meio de investigações empíricas. Como o marketing vem utilizando novas tecnologias isso demanda mudanças constantes de ajustes às plataformas sociais no ambiente digital e faltam insights sobre o marketing digital brasileiro. Considerando a economia digital, o comportamento do consumidor e a cultura tecnológica, os cinco artigos levantam questões interessantes sobre como a publicidade viral e as plataformas de imagem/vídeo/áudio afetam as medidas de resposta do consumidor (por exemplo, compras on-line) e criam experiências de mídia social. Tais experiências incluem ambientes omnichannel que conectam e criam ecossistemas entre empresas, consumidores, governos, partes interessadas e profissionais de marketing em redes organizadas. RAC, RAC , (RAC) brasileiro editorial marketplace empíricas tecnológica imagemvídeoáudio imagem vídeo áudio exemplo online on line on-line social governos organizadas (RAC

Why does such a successful theory like Quantum Mechanics have so many mysteries? The history of this theory is replete with dubious interpretations and controversies, and yet a knowledge of its predictions, however, contributed to the amazing technological revolution of the last hundred years. In its very beginning Einstein pointed out that there was something missing, due to contradictions with the relativity theory. So, even though Quantum Mechanics explains all the nanoscale physical phenomena, there were many attempts to find a way to “complete” it, e.g. hidden-variable theories. In this paper, we discuss some of those enigmas, with special attention to the concepts of physical reality imposed by quantum mechanics, the role of the observer, prediction limits, a definition of collapse, and how to deal with correlated states (the basic strategy for quantum computers and quantum teleportation). That discussion is carried out within the framework of accepting that there is in fact nothing important missing, rather we are just restricted by the limitations imposed by quantum mechanics. The mysteries are thus explained by a proper interpretation of those limitations, which is achieved by introducing two interpretation rules within the Copenhagen paradigm.

RESUMO Manobras para ativação da musculatura do core equino podem ser diferenciais para saúde física e psíquica dos animais, sendo recomendadas e praticadas, mas existem poucas pesquisas comprovando a eficácia delas. Este artigo tem como objetivo descrever, por meio da eletromiografia de superfície, as ocorrências, as durações e as sequências temporais da atividade muscular do longuíssimo dorsal, do reto abdominal e do glúteo médio durante a realização das manobras de flexão toracolombar, flexão lombar e lombossacra, flexão global (toracolombar e lombossacra) e tração de cauda. Para isso, sete equinos adultos e hígidos de três raças realizaram esses quatro movimentos clássicos para ativar o core equino, com cinco repetições e manutenção do estímulo reflexivo por cinco segundos. Durante a realização, a atividade eletromiográfica foi capturada com a utilização de sensores superficiais posicionados de forma não invasiva em regiões cutâneas referentes a cada músculo. O protocolo completo de manobras foi realizado uma vez por cada animal enquanto a atividade muscular era capturada. Posteriormente, duas repetições de cada animal foram triadas e submetidas ao software matLab para análise. Com base na tabulação dos dados, foram descritas as variáveis eletromiográficas de presença ou ausência de ativação muscular, a duração média dos picos eletromiográficos superiores ao RMS (root mean square) e a sequência da atividade muscular observada durante cada manobra. Essas manobras provocaram ativações pontuais e transitórias nos três músculos, o que confirma a capacidade de excitar músculos do core equino. Contudo, as respostas não foram padronizadas, sugerindo que, na prática dessa atividade, devem-se realizar mais repetições com durações superiores a cinco segundos, a fim de se buscarem maiores ativações.

ABSTRACT Maneuvers to activate the equine's core can make a difference in their physical and psychic health. Although these activities are recommended and practiced, there is little research proving their effectiveness. This article aims to describe, through surface electromyography, the occurrences, durations and sequences activity of longissimus dorsi, rectus abdominis and gluteus medius during thoracolumbar flexion (TLF), lumbar and lumbosacral flexion (LLSF), global flexion (GF), which is the combination of TLF and LLSF, and tail traction (TT). Seven healthy adult horses of three different breeds performed five repetitions of these movements for five seconds (sec). Electromyographic activity was captured with non-invasive superficial sensors positioned in the skin regions covering these muscles. The sequence was performed once per animal, muscle activity captured by surface electromyography, data from two replicates of each animal were selected, analyzed on matLab software and data tabulation were described during each maneuver. These maneuvers provoked punctual and transient activation of muscles mentioned above, confirming the ability to activate equine core muscles. However, responses were not standardized, which means there were variations of occurrence, duration and sequence, suggesting that for practical application of those maneuvers it is necessary to perform more repetitions with longer durations to activate more muscles.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Reconstructive coverage of foot defects, especially those of the calcaneus region, is a unique technical challenge for the surgeon due to the high degree of specialization of the tissues involved and the relative immobility of the proximal tissues. Methods: In the present study, we present our experience with the use of the flap based on the medial plantar artery to cover tissue defects in the foot, especially in the region of the calcaneal fat pad. Twelve medial plantar artery flaps constructed from 2001 to 2013 at the As a Norte Regional Hospital, Brasília, DF, were included. Results: Of the 12 patients with the medial plantar artery flaps, 10 were men and 2 were women. The indications were traumatic tissue loss of the plantar fat pad in 10 patients and of the dorsum of the foot in two cases. All flaps were elevated as fasciocutaneous pedicle flaps based on the medial plantar artery. All the flaps healed without major complications, except one case that involved partial loss . The donor area was covered with a partial skin graft and there was one case of partial graft loss. The flap displayed a slightly lower protective sensitivity than the normal side. Conclusion: According to the results, the medial plantar flap is a good option for covering traumatic foot defects, especially those affecting the calcaneus. The versatility of the flap allows the coverage of defects of the calcaneus (e.g., the Achilles tendon and plantar fat pad regions), as well as those affecting the dorsum of the foot. The coverage of the plantar fat pad region with skin of similar texture and protective sensitivity confers to the medial plantar flap a large advantage over other flaps for reconstruction of this region. Introduction Methods study 200 201 Hospital Brasília DF included Results 1 women cases complications side Conclusion results e.g., eg e g (e.g. regions, regions , regions) 20 e.g. (e.g e.g

RESUMO Introdução: A cobertura do pé e especialmente da região do calcâneo são desafios técnicos para o cirurgião devido ao alto grau de especialização dos tecidos envolvidos e à relativa imobilidade dos tecidos próximos. Métodos: No presente estudo, apresentamos nossa experiência com uso do retalho baseado na artéria plantar medial para cobertura de defeitos teciduais no pé, especialmente na região de apoio plantar no calcâneo. Doze retalhos da artéria plantar medial feitos de 2001 a 2013 no Hospital Regional da Asa Norte, Brasília, DF, foram incluídos. Resultados: Dos 12 pacientes, 10 eram homens e dois eram mulheres. As indicações foram perda traumática do coxim do calcâneo em 10 pacientes e dorso do pé em dois casos. Todos os retalhos foram elevados como retalhos pediculados fasciocutâneos baseados na artéria plantar medial. Todos os retalhos cicatrizaram sem maiores complicações, exceto um caso com perda parcial. A área doadora foi coberta com enxerto de pele parcial e houve um caso de perda parcial do enxerto. Os retalhos apresentaram uma sensibilidade protetora levemente inferior ao lado normal. Conclusão: De acordo com os resultados, o retalho plantar medial é uma boa opção para cobertura do pé, especialmente do calcâneo. A versatilidade do retalho permite a cobertura de defeitos no calcâneo sobre o tendão de Aquiles e apoio plantar, assim como o dorso do pé. A cobertura da região de apoio plantar com pele de textura similar e sensibilidade protetora confere a esse retalho uma grande vantagem sobre outros retalhos para reconstrução dessa região. Introdução próximos Métodos estudo 200 201 Norte Brasília DF incluídos Resultados 1 mulheres casos complicações normal Conclusão resultados 20 2

The efficiency of a recirculation system for the cultivation of C. auratus, fed with natural and artificial diets was evaluated. The experiment consisted of four treatments with four replicates. The first two treatments used recirculation system and the last two static system. In the first and fourth treatment, animals were fed with brine shrimp biomass (50% CP), while in the second and third treatments a commercial flake ration (42% CP) was used. At the end of cultivation (60 days), water samples were taken from all experimental units and subjected to standard plate count for determining the density of mesophilic bacteria. Final weight (g), final length (cm), specific growth rate (% day -1) and weight gain (%) were significantly different (p<0.05) among tested diets, but the culture systems did not affect fish performance. There was significant difference (p<0.05) between systems for total ammonia and nitrite. Animals fed with brine shrimp biomass acquired more intense and brighter colors than those fed only with commercial flake food. The values of standard plate count of mesophilic bacteria ranged from 7.0 × 10³ to 1.1 × 10(4) CFU.ml-1. In this study we observed that C. auratus is a species tolerant to adverse water conditions, perhaps with increased stock densities, the recirculation system could play some positive role on the zootechnical performance of cultured animals.

A eficiência de um sistema de recirculação para o cultivo de C. auratus, alimentados com dieta natural e artificial foi avaliada. O experimento consistiu de quatro tratamentos com quatro repetições. Os dois primeiros tratamentos utilizaram sistemas de recirculação e os dois últimos sistemas estáticos. No primeiro e quarto tratamento, os animais foram alimentados com biomassa de artêmia (PB 50%), enquanto nos tratamentos dois e três, com ração comercial em flocos (42% PB). Ao final do cultivo (60 dias), amostras de água foram coletadas em todas as unidades experimentais e submetidos a contagem padrão em placas para determinação da densidade de bactérias mesófilas. O peso final (g), comprimento final (cm), taxa de crescimento específico (% dia-1) e ganho de peso (%) foram significativamente diferentes (p<0,05) entre as dietas testadas, mas os sistemas de cultivo não afetaram o desempenho dos peixes. Houve diferença significativa (p<0,05) entre os sistemas para os níveis de amônia total e nitrito. Os animais alimentados com biomassa artêmia adquiriram cor e brilho mais intensos do que aqueles alimentados apenas com ração comercial em flocos. Os valores de contagem padrão em placas de bactérias mesófilas variaram de 7,0 × 10³ para 1,1 × 10(4) CFU.ml-1. Neste estudo, observou-se que C. auratus é uma espécie tolerante a condições adversas de água, talvez com maior densidade de estocagem, o sistema de recirculação poderia desempenhar papel positivo sobre o desempenho zootécnico dos animais cultivados.

Avaliaram-se os efeitos dos precursores dos glicosaminoglicanos (GAG) e do sulfato de condroitina A (SC) sobre a histomorfometria da cartilagem articular normal ou de cartilagem de cães com doença articular degenerativa (DAD) experimental. Os grupos experimentais constituíram-se de animais com articulação direita normal, que não foi submetida a procedimento cirúrgico, e com articulação esquerda osteoartrótica e que foi submetida à intervenção cirúrgica. Os grupos foram subdivididos em animais com articulação não tratada e tratada, portanto: normais (N) (n=5), NGAG (n=5) e NSC (n=4); e osteoartróticos (O) (n=5), OGAG (n=5) e OSC (n=4). Secções de cartilagens do fêmur, da tíbia e da patela foram utilizadas neste estudo. Nos normais (N, NGAG e NSC), não se encontraram lesões que caracterizassem a DAD, embora tenha havido diminuição na celularidade nos de NGAG e NSC, em relação a N. Foram observadas alterações em graus variáveis entre os grupos osteoartróticos. Houve redução acentuada dos condrócitos no grupo O em comparação aos normais enquanto os grupos osteoartróticos tratados apresentaram celularidade semelhante aos normais tratados. Estes resultados foram confirmados pela análise do índice de proporção (IP), que se mostrou elevado em O, indicando menor síntese de proteoglicanos. Não houve diferença significativa entre os IPs dos grupos osteoartróticos tratados (OGAG, OSC) apesar do comportamento distinto do OSC ao assemelhar-se aos grupos N e NSC. Estes resultados sugeriram que o SC agiu na cartilagem osteoartrótica de maneira mais eficaz, reduzindo a perda de proteoglicanos e estimulando a viabilidade celular e a atividade metabólica.

The effects of precursors of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) and chondroitin sulphate A (CS) on the histomorphometry of normal articular cartilage and with experimental degenerative joint disease (DJD) in dogs were evaluated. The groups were constituted as follows: normal joints were not undergone to the surgical procedure and left osteoarthritics that suffered surgical intervention. These were then distributed into joints that did not receive drug treatment and those that received: normal (N) (n = 5); NGAG (n = 5), and NCS (n = 4); and osteoarthritics: O (n = 5); OGAG (n = 5); and OCS (n = 4). Cartilage sections of the femur, tibia, and patella were used in this study. In normal groups (N, NGAG, and NCS) no lesions were found that could characterize DJD, although the cellularity was shown to be slightly diminished in NGAG and NCS, in relation to N. Characteristic DJD disorders were identified in variable degrees among osteoarthritic groups and were more severe in O. There was marked reduction of the number of chondrocytes in group O, as compared to the normal groups, while treated osteoathritic groups showed similar cellularity to that of normal groups. These results were supported by the analysis of the index of proportion (IP), which was high in O, indicating less synthesis of proteoglycans. These results suggest that chondroitin A sulphate acted on osteoarthritic cartilage in a more efficient way than glycosaminoglycan precursors, reducing the loss of proteoglycans caused by the degenerative process, stimulating cellular viability and metabolic activity.

Foram utilizados 25 ratos (Rattus novergicus) submetidos a trauma experimental da medula espinhal, empregando-se aparelho estereotáxico com um peso de 50,5g comprimindo a duramáter durante cinco minutos. Após o trauma, os animais foram divididos em cinco grupos de cinco. O grupo A (controle) recebeu placebo oito horas após o trauma; os grupos B, C, D e E receberam prednisona oito, 24, 48 e 120 horas após o trauma, respectivamente. A prednisona foi administrada na dose inicial de 2mg/kg, durante cinco dias, com diminuição progressiva até o 26º dia. Os animais foram avaliados conforme a capacidade motora, posicionamento proprioceptivo, reflexo de localização, plano inclinado e sensibilidade dolorosa. Após 33 dias da cirurgia, foram sacrificados para avaliação histológica das medulas espinhais. Observaram-se degeneração das raízes nervosas, necrose medular, inflamação local e reação glial, sem diferenças entre os grupos. Não houve correlação entre os testes neurológicos. A utilização da prednisona na lesão medular aguda não teve efeito diferenciado com o tempo e não foi prejudicial na recuperação neurológica, mesmo quando utilizada tardiamente.

Twent-five rats (Rattus novergicus) were submitted to an experimental spinal cord injury by using a 50.5g stereotaxic equipament to apply pressure on the duramater during five minutes. After the spinal cord injury, the animals were randomly distributed into five groups of five animals each: one group received placebo 8 hours after injury and the remaining four groups received prednisone at 8, 24, 48, and 120 hours after injury. Prednisone was applied at 2mg/kg dosage during five days and progressively reduced until the 26th day. Animals were evaluated by motor capacity, proprioceptive positioning, locating reflex, inclined plan, and sensibility to pain. The animals were sacrificed 33 days after surgery for histological study of the spinal cords that revealed degeneration of the rootlets, necrosis, inflammatory foci, and reactive gliosis, with no significant differences among the treated groups. The administration of high dosages of prednisone to animals with acute spinal cord injury had no deleterious effects on neurological recovery, even when used late.

Realizaram-se avaliações radiográfica e clínica pós-cirúrgica tardia da substituição do ligamento cruzado cranial (LCCr) por fáscia lata autógena em casos de ruptura clínica em 14 cães, de ambos os sexos, com massa corporal média de 28,6kg e idade média de 68 meses. As articulações tratadas constituíram o grupo tratado e as contralaterais o grupo-controle, totalizando 28 articulações estudadas. O tempo médio entre o aparecimento dos sintomas e a cirurgia foi de cinco meses e 15 dias e o decorrido entre a cirurgia e a avaliação pós-cirúrgica, 14 meses. Deambulação normal foi vista em 57,1% e claudicação discreta em 32,9% dos casos tratados. Nestes foram observados crepitação, dor, redução da amplitude de movimento articular e do diâmetro da coxa. Ausência de claudicação foi vista em 92,8% dos casos-controle. Doença articular degenerativa foi verificada radiograficamente nos dois grupos. A técnica empregada para substituição do LCCr foi efetiva clinicamente. Os resultados radiográficos, as vezes, mostravam-se diferente dos clínicos. O resultado foi melhor nos pacientes cuja cirurgia foi realizada após curto período do inicio dos sintomas e o intervalo entre a lesão e o tratamento foi o fator que mais influenciou na recuperação pós-operatória.

After the replacement of the cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) with an autogenous fascia lata graft, radiographic and clinic post-surgical evaluation were performed. Fourteen male and female dogs averaging 68 month-old and 28.6kg body weight with unilateral rupture of CrCL were selected. Twenty-eight joints were studied. The treated joints consisted of the treated and non-treated animals. The mean time from the initial onset of the symptoms to the surgery was five months and 15 days and the mean interval between the surgery and the follow-up examination was 14 months. No lameness was observed in 57.1% of the treated dogs and mild lameness in 42.9% of them. In this group, articular crepitus, pain, reduced articular motion amplitude and muscular atrophy were observed. No lameness was observed in 98.2% of the non-treated dogs. These joints showed mild arthrosis. Degenerative joint disease was observed in both groups. The surgical technique was efficient, the dogs showed clinical improvement after surgery, regardless of radiographic signs. The results were better in the dogs submitted to surgery soon after the onset of the symptoms. The interval between the injury and the treatment was the most important factor involved in the recovering after surgery.

Investigaram-se os eventos morfológicos relacionados ao desenvolvimento pré-natal de ovários de 81 embriões e fetos da raça Nelore, coletados em frigoríficos, com idades variando de 26 a 240 dias pós-fecundação. Observou-se formação da crista gonádica e presença de células germinativas em seu interior aos 29 e 34 dias, respectivamente. As oogônias e folículos primordiais, ao contrário dos folículos em crescimento, apresentaram diferenças significativas de diâmetro nos vários períodos estudados. Verificou-se correlação positiva (P<0,05) entre o diâmetro das oogônias e de seus núcleos, bem como entre o diâmetro dos folículos primordiais e em crescimento com seus oócitos e respectivos núcleos. A gônada apresentou-se completamente formada aos 40 dias. Folículos primordiais, em crescimento e antrais surgiram, aproximadamente, aos 95, 140 e 180 dias, respectivamente. Na raça Nelore, a oogênese tem início e duração semelhante à de raças taurinas, mas apresenta como peculiaridade a antecipação do surgimento da foliculogênese.

The morphologic events related to the prenatal development of the ovaries in 81 Nelore breed embryos and fetuses gathered in a local slaughterhouse, with age range from 26 to 240 days following fecundation were studied. The age of fetuses was estimated from measures taken in the cranium-caudal direction. The sex was identified from macroscopic observations and using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique. For histology the gonads were fixed in Bouin’s fluid for 24 hours and 5 µm thick section’s were stained with hematoxylin-eosin. Formation of gonadal ridge and presence of germinal cells were found within it at 29 and 34 days, respectively. Oogonia and primordial follicles, unlike the growing follicles, exhibited significant differences in diameter in the various periods studied. Positive correlation (P<0.05) was found between the diameter of oogonia and their nucleus as well as between primordial and growing follicles with their oocytes and respective nuclei. The gonad was fully formed at 40 days. Primordial follicles, in the growing stage, and antral follicles first appeared, approximately at 95, 140, and 180 days, respectively. Despite the onset and duration of oogenesis being similar to that of taurine breeds, folliculogenesis initiates at an early stages in the Nelore breed.