Abstract The majority of central nervous system diseases show high signal intensity on T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Diseases of the central nervous system with low signal intensity are less common, which makes it a finding that helps narrow the differential diagnosis. This was a retrospective analysis of brain and spine magnetic resonance imaging examinations in which that finding was helpful in the diagnostic investigation. We selected the cases of patients examined between 2015 and 2022. All diagnoses were confirmed on the basis of the clinical-radiological correlation or the histopathological findings. We obtained images of 14 patients with the following central nervous system diseases: arteriovenous malformation; cavernous malformation; metastasis from lymphoma; medulloblastoma; embryonal tumor; metastasis from melanoma; Rathke’s cleft cyst; Erdheim-Chester disease; aspergillosis; paracoccidioidomycosis; tuberculosis; syphilis; immunoglobulin G4-related disease; and metastasis from a pulmonary neuroendocrine tumor. We described lesions of different etiologies in which the T2-weighted imaging profile helped narrow the differential diagnosis and facilitated the definitive diagnosis. T2weighted Tweighted T2 weighted T common investigation 201 2022 clinicalradiological clinical radiological findings 1 malformation lymphoma medulloblastoma tumor melanoma Rathkes Rathke s cyst ErdheimChester Erdheim Chester disease aspergillosis paracoccidioidomycosis tuberculosis syphilis G4related Grelated G4 related G 20 202 2

Resumo A grande maioria das doenças do sistema nervoso central apresenta alto sinal em ponderações T2 na ressonância magnética. As alterações com baixo sinal são menos comuns, de forma que essa característica permite estreitar o diagnóstico diferencial. Analisamos, retrospectivamente, pacientes com imagens de ressonância magnética de crânio e/ou coluna em que este achado foi útil na investigação diagnóstica. Os pacientes foram selecionados no período entre 2015 e 2022 e todos tiveram seus diagnósticos confirmados por estudo clinicorradiológico ou por estudo histopatológico. Obtivemos imagens de 14 pacientes com as seguintes afecções: malformação arteriovenosa, cavernoma, metástase de linfoma, meduloblastoma, tumor embrionário, metástase de melanoma, cisto da bolsa de Rathke, doença de Erdheim-Chester, aspergilose, paracoccidioidomicose, tuberculose, sífilis, doença relacionada à IgG4 e metástase de tumor neuroendócrino de pulmão. Descrevemos lesões de diversas origens etiológicas que, a partir de suas características nas imagens ponderadas em T2, foi possível reduzir o quadro de diagnósticos diferenciais e chegar mais facilmente à hipótese final. T comuns diferencial Analisamos retrospectivamente eou diagnóstica 201 202 histopatológico 1 afecções arteriovenosa cavernoma linfoma meduloblastoma embrionário melanoma Rathke ErdheimChester, ErdheimChester Erdheim Chester, Chester Erdheim-Chester aspergilose paracoccidioidomicose tuberculose sífilis IgG pulmão final 20 2

Resumo Objetivo: Relatar as características da tomografia computadorizada (TC) das complicações cerebrovasculares agudas em pacientes com doença do coronavírus 2019 (COVID-19) grave, internados em unidade de terapia intensiva. Materiais e Métodos: Foi realizada análise retrospectiva de 29 pacientes com COVID-19 confirmada, internados em unidade de terapia intensiva, que realizaram TC de crânio. Descrevemos as alterações tomográficas das complicações cerebrovasculares, bem como as características demográficas, clínicas e exames laboratoriais, tais como hemograma completo, teste de coagulação, função renal e proteína C reativa desses pacientes. Resultados: Seis pacientes (três homens e três mulheres; faixa etária de 49-81 anos) apresentaram alterações cerebrovasculares reveladas por TC e 21 pacientes (15 homens e 6 mulheres; faixa etária de 36-82 anos) não apresentaram complicações cerebrovasculares agudas. Dois pacientes foram excluídos por morte encefálica. Conclusão: Os radiologistas devem estar cientes dos riscos de complicações cerebrovasculares da COVID-19 e das possíveis etiologias subjacentes. A coagulopatia relacionada à COVID-19 é provavelmente multifatorial e pode aumentar os riscos de infarto isquêmico e hemorrágico.

Abstract Objective: To report the computed tomography (CT) features of acute cerebrovascular complications in severely ill patients with confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the intensive care unit. Materials and Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 29 intensive care unit patients with confirmed COVID-19 who underwent CT of the brain. We describe the CT features of the cerebrovascular complications of COVID-19, as well the demographic characteristics and clinical features, together with the results of laboratory tests, such as complete blood cell count, coagulation testing, renal function testing, and C-reactive protein assay. Results: Two patients were excluded because of brain death. Among the remaining 27 patients, CT revealed acute cerebrovascular complications in six (three men and three women; 49-81 years of age), whereas no such complications were seen in 21 (15 men and six women; 36-82 years of age). Conclusion: Radiologists should be aware of the risks of cerebrovascular complications of COVID-19 and the potential underlying etiologies. COVID-19-associated coagulopathy is likely multifactorial and may increase the risk of ischemic and hemorrhagic infarction.

Abstract Objective: Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) is considered a type of gender-based violence. It is usually done in childhood, seriously affecting the health of these girls and women. The objective of this work is to analyze the health protocols created to prevent FGM in Spain. Methods: A documentary research has been carried out by consulting the official websites of the central government and the Autonomous Regions. Spanish protocols on action and prevention against FGM were included. Results: 5 guides were selected after excluding protocols that were not exclusively sanitary and those prior to 2009. These guides share prevention guidelines for health professionals based on the age of the girl at risk. Conclusions: In order to prevent FGM, the analyzed guides defend transversal health training, including ethical and legal aspects. They propose resources to conduct the interview and guidelines for action according to age.

Resumen La Mutilación Genital Femenina (MGF) es considerada un tipo de violencia de género. Se realiza generalmente en la infancia, afectando gravemente la salud de estas niñas y mujeres. Objetivo principal: analizar los protocolos sanitarios creados para prevenir la MGF en España. Metodología: Se ha realizado una búsqueda documental consultando las webs oficiales del gobierno central y de las Comunidades Autónomas. Se incluyeron protocolos sobre la actuación y prevención ante la MGF. Resultados principales: 5 guías fueron seleccionadas tras excluir protocolos que no fueran exclusivamente sanitarios y aquellos anteriores al 2009. Estas guías comparten pautas de prevención para profesionales de la salud en función de la edad de la niña en riesgo. Conclusión principal: para prevenir la MGF, las guías analizadas defienden una formación sanitaria transversal, incluyendo aspectos éticos y jurídicos. Proponen recursos para realizar la entrevista y pautas de actuación según edad.

Lameness or musculoskeletal pain is a frequent consultation in the infancy. Its etiology is diverse and frequently not severe. In some cases lameness can be the initial symptom of neoplasic processes. Caucasic woman aged 20 months who presented lameness of two weeks of evolution. In the initial evaluation in Health primary care center we didn't appreciate any severity process. An ultrasound scan of hips was realized and she was diagnosticated of transient sinovitis of the hip. After a period of relative rest and anti-inflammatory treatment medical staff didn't appreciate any improvement. Several weeks later she presented intermitent night pain in the legs. A blood sample was taken and discovered neutropaenia. Given the persistence of the lameness, night pain and neutropenia, paediatrician sent the patient to paediatric oncohematology department where the diagnosis of linfoblastic leukaemia was realized after bony marrow aspiration.

La cojera o el dolor musculoesquelético es una consulta frecuente en la infancia. Su etiología es diversa y frecuentemente banal. En algunas ocasiones la cojera puede ser el síntoma inicial de procesos neoplásicos. Presentamos el caso de una lactante de 20 meses de edad que presentó una cojera de dos semanas de evolución. En la valoración inicial en Atención Primaria no se apreció patología de gravedad, se realizó una ecografía de caderas y fue diagnosticada de sinovitis transitoria. Tras un periodo de reposo relativo y antiinflamatorios no se apreció mejoría. Varias semanas después presentó dolor nocturno de extremidades de forma intermitente. Se realizó una analítica en la que se apreciaba una neutropenia. Ante la persistencia de la cojera, la presentación del dolor nocturno y la neutropenia, se procedió a derivar a la paciente al Servicio de Oncohematología de referencia donde se diagnosticó de leucemia linfoblástica aguda.