Abstract Spondias mombin L. (Anacardiaceae) is an arboreal and allogamous fruit tree native from southern Mexico to southeastern Brazil, with great potential for economic exploitation. This study aimed to evaluate the structure and genomic diversity of yellow mombin accessions collected in nine locations in Brazil using Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP) markers. Significant genetic structure was observed in the discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) and dendrogram construction, in accordance with our hypotheses. The Mantel test identified a highly positive and significant correlation between geographic and genetic distances. The locations from the Amazon biome presented higher genetic diversity values when compared to those from the Atlantic Forest and Cerrado, which is expected considering the higher vulnerability of these biomes. However, although presenting greater genetic diversity, the Amazon biome showed positive inbreeding coefficients (F IS ) in three of the four locations, ranging from 0.0855 to 0.2421, indicating a potential risk of genetic erosion, possibly related to the increased degradation of this biome in recent decades. The results obtained contribute to the understanding of the distribution of genetic variation and conservation status of yellow mombin in Brazil. They could also be used as a subsidy for developing conservation strategies and the genetic improvement of this species. L Anacardiaceae (Anacardiaceae exploitation SNP (SNP markers DAPC (DAPC construction hypotheses distances Cerrado biomes However F 00855 0 0855 0.085 02421 2421 0.2421 erosion decades species 0085 085 0.08 0242 242 0.242 008 08 0.0 024 24 0.24 00 0. 02 2 0.2

ABSTRACT. Jangada is a municipality in the Baixada Cuiabana region, State of Mato Grosso, Brazil. This study aimed to evaluate the collection of local cassava conserved by four traditional communities of Jangada in terms of ethnobotanical/socioeconomic and genetic aspects. Socioeconomic and ethnobotanical analyses were carried out with 40 farmers using qualitative techniques and descriptive statistics. Seven microsatellite markers were used for genetic analysis. A total of 182 cassava citations were verified, 31 of which were different. The Broto Branco variety was the most frequent (94.3%), followed by Vermelha Gaiadeira and Liberata (82.9 and 77.1%, respectively). The calculated median age for farmers was 56 years. Spearman’s coefficient indicated a positive correlation between the increase in farmer’s age and the number of cultivated local varieties. Few varieties are planted by many farmers, and most are planted by few farmers. High genetic diversity was observed, and most of the variability occurred within communities (88%). Two groups were formed in the cluster analysis, with two communities in each group. The propagule circulation network helped to understand the genetic similarity of communities with the closest geographic location. Cassava cultivation plays an important role in the studied communities, which maintain a high ethnobotanical and genetic diversity and relevant knowledge about the cultivated varieties. ABSTRACT region Grosso Brazil ethnobotanicalsocioeconomic socioeconomic aspects 4 statistics analysis 18 verified 3 different 94.3%, 943 94.3% , 94 (94.3%) 82.9 829 82 9 (82. 771 77 1 77.1% respectively. respectively . respectively) 5 years Spearmans Spearman s farmer observed 88%. 88 88% (88%) group location 94.3 (94.3% 82. 8 (82 7 77.1 (88% 94. (94.3 (8 77. (88 (94. ( (94 (9

Abstract The expansion of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) crop has created new demands for its breeding programs. Knowledge of its genetic base is fundamental for choosing progenitors when conducting crosses. This study aimed to estimate the genetic base of Brazilian cowpea cultivars released between 1960 and 2022, in addition to identifying the origin of their cytoplasmic genes. Seventy-three cultivars were released in this period; however, only 41 had information about their original crosses. The ancestors CNC0434, Pitiúba and Seridó were used more frequently in crosses. They have also contributed with the highest frequency to the cultivars’ cytoplasmic genes. Therefore, although we found that between 2005 and 2022 there was a 30.95% increase in the contribution of different genotypes, we conclude that the genetic base of cowpea is narrow, and it is necessary to avoid crosses involving CNC0434, Pitiúba and Seridó in future breeding programs of this legume in Brazil. Vigna L. L (L. Walp. Walp 196 genes Seventythree Seventy three period however 4 CNC0434 CNC Therefore 200 202 3095 30 95 30.95 genotypes narrow Brazil (L 19 CNC043 20 309 3 9 30.9 1 CNC04 2 30. CNC0

RESUMO: O urucum (Bixa orellana L.) é uma espécie arbórea domesticada na Amazônia a partir de seu ancestral selvagem (B. orellana var. urucurana). Das suas sementes ortodoxas, é extraído a bixina, corante bastante utilizado na alimentação. Este estudo teve como objetivos avaliar métodos de superação da dormência e determinar o potencial de germinação de sementes, comparando populações domesticadas e selvagens. Sementes de duas populações domesticadas e duas famílias de uma população selvagem, armazenadas por dois anos após a coleta, foram submetidas a cinco tratamentos de superação da dormência: T1 - controle; T2 - escarificação mecânica (com lixa); T3 - escarificação mecânica (com lixa) + imersão em água a 36 ºC durante a noite (12 horas); T4 - imersão em água à temperatura ambiente (23 ºC, em média) por 24 h; T5 - imersão em ácido sulfúrico concentrado (95 - 98%) por 15 min + água corrente por 3 min. Foram observadas diferenças altamente significativas (P < 0,001) no potencial de germinação de sementes entre domesticadas e selvagens, e entre os tratamentos testados. As populações domesticadas apresentaram maior porcentagem de germinação (10 - 58%) em comparação com a de urucum selvagem (0 - 44%). Os melhores tratamentos foram os realizados com escarificação mecânica. Considerando sua simplicidade, concluímos que a escarificação mecânica com lixa representa boa alternativa para superar a dormência do urucum.

ABSTRACT: Annatto (Bixa orellana L.) is an arboreal species domesticated in Amazonia from its wild ancestor (B. orellana var. urucurana). Bixin extracted from its orthodox seeds is a natural dye widely used in the food industry. This study evaluated methods to overcome seed dormancy and determine the germination potential, comparing domesticated and wild annatto populations. Seeds from two domesticated-type populations and two families of a wild-type population, stored for two years after field collection, were submitted to five treatments to overcome dormancy: T1 - control; T2 - mechanical scarification (with sandpaper); T3 - mechanical scarification (with sandpaper) + immersion in water at 36 ºC overnight (12 hours); T4 - immersion in water at room temperature (23 ºC, on average) for 24 h; T5 - immersion in concentrated sulfuric acid (95 - 98%) for 15 min + running water for 3 min. Highly significant differences (P < 0.001) were observed in the germination percentage of annatto seeds between wild and domesticated types, and among the treatments tested. Domesticated types showed higher germination percentage (10 - 58%) over all treatments when compared to the wild type (0 - 44%). The best treatments were those performed with mechanical scarification. Given the simplicity, we concluded that mechanical scarification with sandpaper is a good alternative to overcome dormancy of annatto seeds.

RESUMO Os badnavírus (família Caulimoviridae) possuem genoma de dsDNA semicircular encapsidado em partículas baciliformes. Dioscorea bacilliform virus (DBV) é um importante Badnavirus infectando várias espécies de Dioscorea (inhame) no hemisfério sul. No presente estudo, 235 amostras foliares de inhame foram coletadas em diferentes bancos de germoplasma mantidos pela Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz (ESALQ/USP), Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV) e Universidade Federal do Recôncavo Baiano (UFRB). A incidência média de badnavírus nas amostras avaliadas foi de 75,3%. As análises moleculares e filogenéticas, realizadas a partir de 42 sequências nucleotídicas, da região da RT/RNaseH de badnavírus, revelaram a ocorrência do Dioscorea bacilliform AL virus (DBALV) e Dioscorea bacilliform SN virus (DBSNV) em diferentes espécies de inhame. Até o momento, somente o DBALV havia sido relatado em inhame no Brasil, estando restrito à região Nordeste. Portanto, este é o primeiro relato do DBSNV infectando a cultura do inhame, no país. Além das espécies espissomais, também foram detectadas sequências endógenas, com porcentagem de identidade de nucleotídeos variando entre 89% e 100% com endogenous Dioscorea bacilliform virus (eDBV), pertencentes aos grupos 9 e 12. Os resultados obtidos corroboram com a hipótese de que o DBALV e o DBSNV estão presentes em materiais propagativos de inhame e amplamente disseminados no Brasil.

ABSTRACT Badnaviruses (family Caulimoviridae) have semicircular dsDNA genomes encapsidated into bacilliform particles. Dioscorea bacilliform virus (DBV) is an important Badnavirus infecting several species of Dioscorea (yam) in the southern hemisphere. In this study, 235 yam leaf samples were collected from different germplasm banks maintained by “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture (ESALQ/USP), Federal University of Viçosa (UFV) and Federal University of Recôncavo da Bahia (UFRB). The average incidence of badnavirus in the evaluated samples was 75.3%. Molecular and phylogenetic analyses, carried out from 42 nucleotide sequences, of the badnavirus RT/RNaseH region, revealed the occurrence of Dioscorea bacilliform AL virus (DBALV) and Dioscorea bacilliform SN virus (DBSNV) in different yam species. So far, only DBALV has been reported in yams in Brazil, being restricted to the Northeast region. Therefore, this is the first report of DBSNV infecting yam crop in the country. In addition to the episomal species, endogenous sequences were detected, and the percentage of nucleotide identity varied between 89% and 100% with endogenous Dioscorea bacilliform virus (eDBV), belonging to groups 9 and 12. The obtained results corroborate the hypothesis that DBALV and DBSNV are present in yam propagating materials and are widely disseminated in Brazil.

Abstract Annatto (Bixa orellana) is a tropical crop native to the Americas with Amazonia as the likely center of origin of domestication. Annatto is important because it produces the dye bixin, which is widely used in the pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic and textile industries. A total of 32 microsatellite loci were isolated from a microsatellite-enriched genomic library, of which 12 polymorphic loci were used to characterize four populations of B. orellana and B. orellana var. urucurana, the wild relative. Higher genetic diversity estimates were detected for the wild populations when compared to the cultivated populations. Also, higher apparent outcrossing rates were found for the two wild than the cultivated populations. These results indicate a mixed mating system for the species. All markers described herein have potential to be used in further studies evaluating the genetic diversity, population dynamics, domestication, breeding, and conservation genetics of annatto.

RESUMO. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi o de avaliar a diversidade genética entre plantas nativas e indivíduos de genealogia desconhecida de C. walkeriana, bem como C. loddigesii e C. nobilior, e também avançar na solução do dilema da origem do clone “Orchidglade” de C. walkeriana. Oito locos microssatélites foram utilizados para avaliar a diversidade genética entre indivíduos de C. walkeriana. Os marcadores microssatélites não foram eficientes na determinação da diversidade genética entre os grupos C. walkeriana (nativas e melhoradas). A dificuldade em determinar a distância genética entre os genótipos diferentes pode ser devida a um sistema complexo de reprodução das espécies e devido a uma fraca barreira reprodutiva facilitando o desenvolvimento de híbridos. Nossa análise revelou menores distâncias genéticas entre os clones Orchidglade, “Equilab”, “Kenny” e “Pedentive” e as espécies C. loddigesii e C. nobilior. As C. walkeriana nativas se mostraram geneticamente mais distantes das espécies de C. loddigesii e C. nobilior.

ABSTRACT. The aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic diversity among native plants and some individuals obtained from crosses with unknown genealogy of C. walkeriana as well as C. loddigesii and C. nobilior and to advance towards solving the question of the genetic purity of the “Orchidglade” clone. Eight microsatellite loci were used to evaluate the genetic diversity between individuals of C. walkeriana. Microsatellites were not efficient in determining the genetic diversity between C. walkeriana groups (native and improved). The difficulty in determining the genetic distance between the different genotypes can be attributed to the complex mating system of the species and to a weak genetic barrier that facilitates the development of hybrids. Our analysis revealed smaller genetic distances between the “Orchidglade”, “Equilab”, “Kenny” and “Pedentive” clones and the species C. loddigesii and C. nobilior. Native C. walkeriana plants were genetically more distant from the C. loddigesii and C. nobilior species.

Abstract Studies of genetic diversity and structure are key elements in designing effective in situ and ex situ management plans, especially for species experiencing forest fragmentation. To investigate the level of genetic diversity in populations of Trichocentrum pumilum, eight polymorphic microsatellite loci were developed and used for genotyping 96 specimens from four disturbed populations. Low genetic diversity within populations was found (average number of alleles per locus ranging from 3.75 to 4.25, observed and expected heterozygosities from 0.238 to 0.333 and from 0.450 to 0.482, respectively). The fixation index () ranged from 0.35 to 0.47, with significant values for all populations. No genotypic disequilibrium was detected. A mixed breeding system was found through an apparent outcrossing rate estimate. Our results suggest that these microsatellite loci are suitable for genetic studies of this species, showing low within population genetic diversity and moderate structure for T. pumilum populations.

RESUMO: Psidium guineense Sw., conhecida popularmente como araçá, é uma fruteira pertencente à família Myrtaceae que tem ampla distribuição geográfica. Nos Estados do Nordeste Brasileiro ela ocorre principalmente na faixa litorânea e Zona da Mata. O fruto do araçazeiro tem sabor que lembra o da goiaba, ligeiramente mais ácido e de perfume mais acentuado, e sua exploração é feita de modo extrativista. As informações sobre esta espécie são escassas, o que dificulta a conservação dos recursos genéticos e sua exploração econômica. Neste trabalho foram estudadas a diversidade e estrutura genética de quatro populações de araçá, tendo sido avaliados um total de 114 indivíduos por meio de 18 loci isoenzimáticos que revelaram 28 alelos. A porcentagem de locipolimórficos () e o número médio de alelos por loco () nas populações foram 0,5 e 1,5, respectivamente. A heterozigosidade esperada (), que corresponde à diversidade gênica, variou entre 0,22 e 0,23, valores altos, principalmenteconsiderando-se que isoenzimas acessam a porção funcional do genoma. O índice médio de diferenciação () entre as populações foi de 0,015, portanto, as populações basicamente não diferem entre os locais amostrados. O índice de fixação () variou de -0,549 a -0,794 indicando ausência de endogamia e excesso de heterozigosidade nas populações. O fluxo gênico (Nm) estimado para os pares de populações variou de 3,23 a 20,77, valores que corroboram com a ausência de diferenciação observada entre estas.

ABSTRAT: Psidium guineense Sw, popularly known as araçá, is a fruit tree there is widely distributed in Brazil and belongs to the Myrtaceae family. In northeastern Brazil, araçá occurs along coast and in the Zona da Mata; its fruit looks like guava but is more acidic and has a stronger smell. There is a little information about this species, which increases the difficulty of conserving its genetic resources and exploiting araçá as an economic resource. The objective of this research was the evaluation of the genetic diversity and genetic structure of P. guineense from Pernambuco's Zona da Mata. One hundred and fourteen individuals and 18 isozyme loci were evaluated, showing 28 alleles. The percentage of polymorphic loci () and the average number of alleles per locus () were 0.5 and 1.5, respectively, in this population. The expected heterozygosity, which corresponds to the genetic diversity, ranged from 0.22 to 0.23, a high value when considering that isozymes mark access from the functional genome. The differentiation index among the population was () = 0.015; therefore, the populations were not different among the sampled places. The inbreeding values () ranged from -0.549 to -0.794, indicating an absence of inbreeding and a greater-than-expected heterozygosity in all the studied populations. The estimated gene flow (Nm) for a pair of this population ranged from 3.23 to 20.77, sufficient to avoid genetic differentiation among the population and in accordance with the values of genetic divergence found in this study.

Astrocaryum jauari é uma palmeira não domesticada e explorada de forma extrativista. O objetivo dotrabalho foi investigar a organização da diversidade genética e estrutura detrês populações de A. jauari . Este estudo foi realizado no estado doAmazonas, entre as cidades de Coari e Manaus. Nove microssatélites foram usadospara as análises genéticas. Foi encontrada alta variabilidade genética com um númeromédio de alelos por loco variando 3, 9 a 4, 4. As heterozigosidades observadasmédias, variando de 0, 71 a 0, 78, foram maiores que os valores deheterozigosidade esperada. Não foi detectada estrutura genética espacial e foiobservado apenas um agrupamento. Os resultados indicam uma possível estratégiade dispersão e sugerem que a conservação desta espécie deve ser realizadaprincipalmente nas populações encontradas no final do rio principal (Solimões), pois contêm a maior parte do material genético proveniente das cabeceiras dosafluentes do presente rio.

Astrocaryum jauari is a non-domesticated palm that is exploited by poachers. Our objective was to investigate the organization of the geneticdiversity and structure of three A. jauari populations. The study was carried out in the state of Amazonas, between the municipalities of Coari and Manaus. Nine microsatellite loci were used for the genetic analyses. High genetic variation was found, with a mean number of alleles per locus varying from 3.9 to 4.4. The average observed heterozygosity, varying from 0.71 to 0.78, was higher than expected. No spatial genetic structure was detected, since only one cluster was observed. Our results indicate a possible dispersion strategy and suggest that conservation measures of this species should focus mainly on the populations found at the end of the main river (Solimões) where most of the plant material originating from the headwaters of the tributaries of this river is concentrated.

A teca (Tectona grandis) é uma das principais espécies de madeira do mundo, com alto valor econômico, famosa por sua beleza, resistência e durabilidade. Este estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar a diversidade genética de genótipos de teca usados em plantios brasileiros. Foram utilizados nove primers microssatélites para avaliar 60 genótipos de teca, incluindo 33 genótipos de sementes de plantações e 14 clones de Cáceres, Município de Mato Grosso, Brasil, e 13 clones oriundos de Honduras, Malásia, Índia, Indonésia, Costa do Marfim e Ilhas Salomão. Dois grupos genotípicos foram detectados por meio da análise Bayesiana: 80% dos genótipos foram alocados no grupo 1, representado por materiais de Cáceres e um da Malásia; e 20% alocados no grupo 2, sendo este composto por clones da Índia, Ilhas Salomão, Malásia e Honduras e clones da Costa do Marfim. De acordo com a análise de variância (AMOVA), a maior parte da variabilidade genética (73%) está concentrada dentro de grupos. Os parâmetros genéticos foram estimados para os dois grupos obtidos na análise do Structure. Foi detectada diversidade genética moderada, com 4,1 alelos por loco, em média, e heterozigosidade média observada de 0,329, sendo menor que a esperada (He = 0,492). O grupo 1 apresentou os menores valores para esses parâmetros. Sugestões foram feitas com relação à identificação de genótipos contrastantes para serem utilizados como parentais em programas de melhoramento.

Teak (Tectona grandis) is one of the main timber species in the world with high economic value, famous for its beauty, strength and durability. The objective of this work was to characterize the genetic diversity of teak genotypes used in Brazilian plantations. Nine microsatellite primers were used to assess 60 teak genotypes, including 33 genotypes from seeds of plantations and 14 clones from Cáceres municipality, Mato Grosso State, Brazil, and 13 clones from Honduras, Malaysia, India, Indonesia, Ivory Coast and Solomon Islands. Two groups of genotypes were detected using the Bayesian Structure analysis: 80% were placed in group 1, represented by genotypes from Cáceres and one from Malaysia, and 20% allocated in group 2, composed of clones from India, Solomon Islands, Malaysia and Honduras and the clones from the Ivory Coast. Most of the genetic variability (73%) was concentrated within groups according to AMOVA analysis. Genetic parameters were estimated for the two groups obtained in the analysis of Structure. Moderate genetic diversity was found, with 4.1 alleles per locus, on average, and an average heterozygosity of 0.329, which was lower than the expected heterozygosity (He = 0.492). Group 1 showed the lowest values for these parameters. Suggestions were made concerning the identification of contrasting genotypes to be used as parents in breeding programs.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar, morfológica e molecularmente, a diversidade genética de acessos de mandioca de diferentes regiões do Brasil. Realizou-se a análise descritiva de 12 características morfológicas em 419 acessos. Os dados foram transformados em dados binários para análise de agrupamento e análise de variância molecular. Observou-se maior proporção (71%) de cor branca ou creme do córtex da raiz, enquanto as cores da polpa foram predominantemente branca (49%) e creme (42%). Quatro grupos de acessos foram classificados pela análise de agrupamento, mas não foram agrupados de acordo com sua origem, o que indica que a diversidade não está estruturada no espaço. A maior parte da variação ocorreu dentro das populações (95,6%). Sessenta genótipos também foram avaliados com o uso de 14 marcadores microssatélites polimórficos. Os resultados moleculares corroboraram os morfológicos e mostraram a mesma distribuição aleatória dos genótipos, com ausência de agrupamento quanto ao local de origem. Os índices de diversidade foram elevados para cada região e a maior parte da diversidade foi observada dentro de regiões, com: número médio de alelos por loco de 3,530; heterozigosidade média observada de 0,499 e esperada de 0,642; e índice de Shannon de 1,03. A ausência de estrutura espacial entre os genótipos de mandioca de acordo com suas origens mostra a influência antrópica na distribuição e movimentação de germoplasma, tanto entre como dentro de regiões.

The objective of this work was to characterize morphologically and molecularly the genetic diversity of cassava accessions, collected from different regions in Brazil. A descriptive analysis was made for 12 morphological traits in 419 accessions. Data was transformed into binary data for cluster analysis and analysis of molecular variance. A higher proportion of white or cream (71%) root cortex color was found, while flesh colors were predominantly white (49%) and cream (42%). Four accession groups were classified by the cluster analysis, but they were not grouped according to their origin, which indicates that diversity is not structured in space. The variation was greater within regions (95.6%). Sixty genotypes were also evaluated using 14 polymorphic microsatellite markers. Molecular results corroborated the morphological ones, showing the same random distribution of genotypes, with no grouping according to origin. Diversity indices were high for each region, and a greater diversity was found within regions, with: a mean number of alleles per locus of 3.530; observed and expected heterozygosity of 0.499 and 0.642, respectively; and Shannon index of 1.03. The absence of spatial structure among cassava genotypes according to their origins shows the anthropic influence in the distribution and movement of germplasm, both within and among regions.

Hancornia speciosa Gomes é uma árvore frutífera nativa do Brasil, pertencente à família Apocinaceae, e é conhecida popularmente como Mangabeira. Seus frutos são amplamente consumidos in natura ou processados como sucos, sorvetes e geleias. O extrativismo e a intensa atividade antrópica no ambiente de ocorrência natural da Mangabeira, no Nordeste do Brasil, têm causado erosão genética na espécie e pouco se conhece sobre a estrutura genética das populações desta espécie. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a diversidade e a estrutura genética de populações naturais de H. speciosa var. speciosa. Utilizando 11 locos isoenzimáticos, avaliaram-se 164 indivíduos, amostrados em seis populações naturais localizadas nos Estados de Pernambuco e Alagoas, Nordeste do Brasil. Os resultados mostraram um alto nível de diversidade genética dentro da espécie (<img border=0 id="_x0000_i1032" src="/img/revistas/rbf/v34n4/a23img01.jpg">e = 0,36), sendo verificado que a maior parte da variabilidade genética se encontra dentro das populações, com pequena diferenciação entre as mesmas (<img border=0 id="_x0000_i1033" src="/img/revistas/rbf/v34n4/a23img02.jpg" align=absmiddle> = 0,081). A endogamia dentro das populações (<img border=0 id="_x0000_i1034" src="/img/revistas/rbf/v34n4/a23img03.jpg" align=absmiddle> = - 0,555) e entre elas (<img border=0 id="_x0000_i1035" src="/img/revistas/rbf/v34n4/a23img04.jpg" align=absmiddle > ou = -0,428) foi baixa, evidenciando ausência de endogamia e excesso de heterozigotos. O fluxo gênico estimado (<img border=0 id="_x0000_i1036" src="/img/revistas/rbf/v34n4/a23img05.jpg" align=absmiddle>) foi elevado, variando de 2,20 a 13,18, valores considerados suficientes para evitar os efeitos da deriva genética e a diferenciação genética entre as populações. As análises multivariadas indicam que há relação entre distância genética e espaço geográfico, hipótese esta que foi confirmada por uma análise de padrão espacial,utilizando o teste de Mantel (r = 0,3598; p = 0,0920) com 1.000 permutações aleatórias. O alto índice de diversidade genética nas populações indica potencial para a conservação genética in situ.

Hancornia speciosa Gomes is a fruit tree native from Brazil that belongs to Apocinaceae family, and is popularly known as Mangabeira. Its fruits are widely consumed raw or processed as fruit jam, juices and ice creams, which have made it a target of intense exploitation. The extractive activities and intense human activity on the environment of natural occurrence of H. speciosa has caused genetic erosion in the species and little is known about the ecology or genetic structure of natural populations. The objective of this research was the evaluation of the genetic diversity and genetic structure of H. speciosa var. speciosa. The genetic variability was assessed using 11 allozyme loci with a sample of 164 individuals distributed in six natural populations located in the States of Pernambuco and Alagoas, Northeastern Brazil. The results showed a high level of genetic diversity within the species (<img border=0 id="_x0000_i1026" src="/img/revistas/rbf/v34n4/a23img01.jpg" align=absmiddle>e= 0.36) seeing that the most of the genetic variability of H. speciosa var. speciosa is within its natural populations with low difference among populations ( <img border=0 id="_x0000_i1027" src="/img/revistas/rbf/v34n4/a23img02.jpg" align=absmiddle > or = 0.081). The inbreeding values within (<img border=0 id="_x0000_i1028" src="/img/revistas/rbf/v34n4/a23img03.jpg" align=absmiddle> = -0.555) and among populations (<img border=0 id="_x0000_i1029" src="/img/revistas/rbf/v34n4/a23img04.jpg" align=absmiddle> =-0.428) were low showing lacking of endogamy and a surplus of heterozygotes. The estimated gene flow ( <img border=0 id="_x0000_i1030" src="/img/revistas/rbf/v34n4/a23img05.jpg" align=absmiddle>m ) was high, ranging from 2.20 to 13.18, indicating to be enough to prevent the effects of genetic drift and genetic differentiation among populations. The multivariate analyses indicated that there is a relationship between genetic and geographical distances, which was confirmed by a spatial pattern analysis using Mantel test (r = 0.3598; p = 0.0920) with 1000 random permutations. The high genetic diversity index in these populations indicates potential for in situ genetic conservation.

A batata possui uma base genética estreita, sendo assim a utilização de marcadores moleculares é uma ferramenta muito importante no processo de caracterização de bancos de germoplasma e avaliação de divergência genética. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar por meio de marcadores microssatélites ou Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR), 38 acessos de batata de duas coleções distintas contendo cultivares comerciais. Para a caracterização molecular foram analisados 10 loci, gerando um total de 46 alelos, os quais foram analisados como dados binários. Foi obtida uma matriz de similaridade utilizando o coeficiente de Jaccard e com o método aglomerativo UPGMA foi realizada uma análise de agrupamento pelo software NTSYSpc. Em média, o número de alelos por loco foi 4,6, variando de dois alelos para os iniciadores STM1049, STM1053 e STM1104 até 12 alelos por loco para o iniciador STM0019a. Dos 46 alelos identificados, apenas cinco foram monomórficos, observando-se, portanto, 89,1% de polimorfismo. O conteúdo de informação de polimorfismo (PIC) variou de 0,13 a 0,86, com média de 0,54. O coeficiente de similaridade de Jaccard variou de 0,41 a 0,93, mostrando a grande variabilidade genética entre os acessos. Observaram-se duas possíveis duplicatas [Atlantic (Canadá) e Atlantic (Chile), e Colorado e Ágata (EPAMIG) (duplicatas com estes SSRs, que não as separaram)]. Elevada similaridade foi também observada pelas cultivares Chipie e Melodie (EPAMIG), Voyager e Gourmandine (EPAMIG), Eole e Caesar (EPAMIG), e Cupido e Santé (Pirassu). Foram identificados também os acessos mais distantes geneticamente (Lady Rosetta e HPC-7B).

The potato crop has a very narrow genetic base, so the use of molecular markers is a very important tool in the characterization of germplasm banks and evaluation of genetic divergence. The objective of this study was to identify, using microsatellite or simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, 38 accessions of potato from two collections of commercial cultivars. For the molecular characterization 10 loci were used, generating a total of 46 alleles, which were analyzed as binary data. A cluster analysis was performed with the Jaccard´s similarity coefficient and the UPGMA method, using the software NTSYSpc. On average, the number of alleles per locus was 4.6, ranging from two alleles for primers STM1049, STM 1053 and STM 1104 to 12 alleles per locus for primer STM0019a. Of the 46 alleles, only five were monomorphic, therefore presenting 89.1% polymorphism. The polymorphism information content (PIC) varied from 0.13 to 0.86, with an average of 0.54. The Jaccard´s coefficient varied from 0.41 to 0.93, showing high genetic variability among accessions. Two possible duplicates [Atlantic (Canada) and Atlantic (Chile), and Colorado and Ágata (EPAMIG) (duplicates with these SSRs, which did not separate them)] were identified. High similarity was also shown by cultivars Chipie and Melodie (EPAMIG), Voyager and Gourmandine (EPAMIG), Eole and Caesar (EPAMIG), and Cupido and Santé (Pirassu). The most genetically divergent accessions (Lady Rosetta and HPC-7B) were also identified.

The agro-morphological characterization is fundamental in order to provide information for plant breeding programs. The aim of the present study was to characterize 146 accessions of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.), based on qualitative and quantitative agro-morphological descriptors. The experiment was conducted in Recife, state of Pernambuco, Brazil, using a randomized block design with three replicates. Polymorphism was observed among 12 of 14 qualitative characters evaluated, whereas significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed for 11 of the 14 analysed quantitative traits. Genetic variance was higher than environmental variance and the average inheritability coefficients were above 80 % for all characters, which ensures the predominance of the genetic components in the differences observed among accessions. On the cluster analysis for qualitative traits the accessions were classified in two groups with a total of 18 duplicates, whereas for the quantitative traits three groups were obtained with few subgroups. The principal component analysis for quantitative traits showed great dispersion of the accessions. The most divergent group of accessions included the genotypes Mitsukasane, Mie, Tomoe mochi, Ooba kirishima and Nourin mochi 6, which showed a higher number of spicklets per plant. There is high variability among the rice accessions from the germplasm collection studied, which presents great importance for breeding programs or for genetic studies on this species.