Abstract Objectives: The aim was to estimate the pubertal growth height of children and adolescents living in a high-altitude region of Peru using the Preece-Baines model 1 (1 PB). Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in schoolchildren from the department of Puno (Peru) between 3841 and 3874 masl. The age range was between 4 and 17 years. Standing height was evaluated. 1 PB was used to infer the mathematical and biological parameters of stature. Results: Mathematical parameters estimated by the 1 PB model reflected small residual standard error (RSE) values in both sexes (0.25 in boys and 0.27 in girls). In boys, the age at which peak velocity was reached (APHV) was estimated at 13.21 ± 0.33years. While in girls it was 9.96 ± 0.26years (p < 0.05). In general, girls reached APHV (y) 3.25 years earlier than boys. On the other hand, the growth velocity of maximum height [APHV (cm/y)] of boys was higher (6.33 ± 6.06 cm/y) relative to girls (6.06 ± 0.32 cm/y). Estimated final adult height (EFAH) in boys was reached at 166.020 ± 0.99 cm and height at maximum growth velocity (HPHV) was 153.07 ± 0.67 cm, while in girls they were significantly lower (EFAH; 153.74 ± 0.44 cm and HPHV: 139.73 ± 0.84 cm). Conclusions: This study showed that girls living in Puno at a high altitude in Peru reached APHV 3 years earlier than boys and at the same time reflected slower PHV. These results suggest that pubertal growth at high altitudes is slower in both sexes and especially in girls. Thus, modeling physical growth may be an important step in understanding the onset of puberty at different latitudes. Objectives highaltitude PreeceBaines Preece Baines ( PB. . PB) Methods crosssectional cross sectional (Peru 384 387 masl evaluated stature Results RSE (RSE 0.25 025 0 25 (0.2 027 27 0.2 girls) (APHV 1321 13 21 13.2 033years 33years 0.33years 996 9 96 9.9 026years 26years p 0.05. 005 0.05 05 0.05) general y (y 325 3.2 hand cm/y cmy (cm/y) 6.33 633 6 33 (6.3 606 06 6.0 (6.0 032 32 0.3 cm/y. EFAH (EFAH 166020 166 020 166.02 099 99 0.9 HPHV (HPHV 15307 153 07 153.0 067 67 0.6 15374 74 153.7 044 44 0.4 13973 139 73 139.7 084 84 0.8 cm. cm) Conclusions PHV Thus latitudes 38 02 2 (0. 0. 132 13. 9. 00 0.0 3. (cm/y 6.3 63 (6. 60 6. 03 16602 16 166.0 09 1530 15 153. 1537 7 04 1397 139. 08 8 (0 (6 1660 166.

Abstract: This study determined the in vitro effects of ethyl nitroacetate (ENA), ethyl 2-nitropropionate (E-2-NPP) and 3-nitropropionic acid (NPA) on ruminal production of CH4, H2, volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and in vitro dry matter disappearance of ground alfalfa. In vitro incubations were carried out over 24-h succeeding days (3 batches). Total gas and methane production decreased with all nitro compounds (P < 0.05) in all the batches. Total production of VFAs was reduced by ENA and E-2- NPP (P < 0.05), but not by NPA. DM disappearance was similar between treatments but decreased across batches. Further studies should be aimed at understanding the impact of NPA on ruminal metabolism, as well as its effect on in vivo models.

RESUMEN Latinoamérica presenta una alta prevalencia de infección por Helicobacter pylori (Hp). Entre 1996-2003 la prevalencia en Santiago de Chile fue del 70%; estudios recientes presentan una disminución en esta infección. Actualizar la frecuencia de Hp es fundamental debido a su impacto en la salud asociado. Objetivo: Nuestro objetivo fue describir la tendencia de la infección por Hp en pacientes que asisten a endoscopía digestiva alta (EDA) ambulatoria en una población chilena. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional retrospectivo de pacientes mayores de 18 años que asistieron a una primera EDA con test rápido de ureasa entre 2010-2020. La tendencia en el tiempo fue descrita mediante análisis de series de tiempo. Se construyó un modelo Poisson para estimar el riesgo de infección, ajustado por edad y sexo. Resultados: Se incluyeron 11 355 pacientes [66,9% mujeres; edad media 52 años; Hp 41,6%]. El sexo masculino presentó una mayor frecuencia de infección por Hp [RR 1,13; (IC95%:1,08-1,18)]. La frecuencia de Hp disminuyó significativamente desde 45,1% en 2010 hasta 29% en 2020, con 36% menor probabilidad de presentar infección por Hp en 2020 con respecto al 2010 [RR 0,64; (IC95%:0,55-0,74)]. Se proyectó un descenso progresivo en la tendencia de infección por Hp hasta valores cercanos al 25% para el año 2025. Conclusión: Se observó una reducción significativa en la infección por Hp entre los años 2010-2020. Esta disminución pudiese ser explicada mediante la incorporación de políticas públicas de salud en la última década asociadas a cambios sociosanitarios.

ABSTRACT Latin America presents a high prevalence of Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection. Between 1996-2003, the prevalence in Santiago, Chile, was 70%; recent studies indicate a decrease in this infection. Updating the frequency of Hp is crucial due to its associated health impact. Objective: Our objective was to describe the trend in Hp infection in patients undergoing ambulatory esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) in a Chilean population. Materials and methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted on patients over 18 years old who attended a first EGD with a rapid urease test between 2010-2020. Time trends were described through time series analysis. A Poisson model was constructed to estimate the risk of infection, adjusted for age and gender. Results: 11,355 patients were included [66.9% females; mean age 52 years; Hp 41.6%]. Male gender presented a higher frequency of Hp infection [RR 1.13; (95% CI: 1.08-1.18)]. Hp frequency infection decreased significantly from 45.1% in 2010 to 29% in 2020, with a 36% lower probability of Hp infection in 2020 compared to 2010 [RR 0.64; (95% CI: 0.55-0.74)]. A progressive decline in Hp infection trend was projected, reaching values close to 25% by year 2025. Conclusion: A significant reduction in Hp infection was observed between 2010-2020. This decrease could be explained by the implementation of public health policies in the last decade associated with socio-sanitary changes.

ABSTRACT: The regional lymphatic connections of the mammary glands in canines are poorly investigated, both in healthy animals and in those with mammary neoplasms. The objective was to establish the occurrence of metastases in the medial iliac lymph nodes (MILN) in bitches with mammary neoplasm, in addition to evaluating the effectiveness of the technique of lymphatic labeling of the MILN, administering methylene blue (MB) dye intrauterinely or intradermally. Thirty-two bitches with tumors in different mammary glands were included in the study. In 13 bitches (GU group), the MILNs were stained with intrauterine MB, followed by unilateral lymphadenectomy, ovariohysterectomy (OVH) and unilateral mastectomy. Nineteen bitches (GI group) underwent OVH, followed by MILN staining with intradermal MB, lymphadenectomy, and unilateral mastectomy. In GU, 11 bitches (84.62%) exhibited MB-stained MILNs, but staining was not observed in two (15.38%). Metastasis to MILNs was observed in three bitches (9.38%) from the GI and two (6.25%) from the GU. Intrauterine and intradermal staining of MILNs in bitches with mammary tumors was efficient, but intradermal administration of MB produced better results. Given metastatic spread to MILNs in approximately 15.63% of patients, we recommend that screening for MILNs should be considered as part of the staging of animals with malignant mammary neoplasms. ABSTRACT investigated neoplasms (MILN neoplasm (MB intradermally Thirtytwo Thirty study 1 GU group, group , lymphadenectomy OVH (OVH mastectomy 84.62% 8462 84 62 (84.62% MBstained 15.38%. 1538 15.38% . 15 38 (15.38%) 9.38% 938 9 (9.38% 6.25% 625 6 25 (6.25% efficient results 1563 63 15.63 patients 84.62 846 8 (84.62 153 15.38 3 (15.38% 9.38 93 (9.38 6.25 2 (6.25 156 15.6 84.6 (84.6 15.3 (15.38 9.3 (9.3 6.2 (6.2 15. 84. (84. (15.3 9. (9. 6. (6. (84 (15. (9 (6 (8 (15 ( (1

RESUMO: As conexões linfáticas regionais das glândulas mamárias em caninos são pouco investigadas, tanto em animais sadios quanto naqueles com neoplasmas mamários. Objetivou-se estabelecer à ocorrência de metástases nos linfonodos ilíacos mediais (MILN) em cadelas com neoplasma mamário, além de avaliar a eficácia da técnica de marcação linfática dos MILN, administrando o corante azul de metileno (MB) por via intrauterina ou intradérmica. Trinta e duas cadelas com neoplasmas malignos em diferentes glândulas mamárias foram incluídas no estudo. Em 13 cadelas (grupo GU), os MILNs foram corados com MB intrauterino, seguido de linfadenectomia unilateral, ovariohisterectomia (OVH) e mastectomia unilateral. Dezenove cães (grupo GI) foram submetidos a OVH, seguido de coloração MILN com MB intradérmico, linfadenectomia e mastectomia unilateral. No GU, 11 cães (84,62%) exibiram MILNs corados com MB, mas a coloração não foi observada em dois (15,38%). Metástases para MILNs foi observada em três cães (9,38%) do GI e em dois do GU (6,25%). A coloração intrauterina e intradérmica de MILNs em cadelas com tumores mamários foi eficiente, mas a administração intradérmica de MB produziu melhores resultados, observando a coloração de 100% dos linfonodos no GI e 84,62% no GU. Dada a disseminação metastática para MILNs em aproximadamente 15,63% dos pacientes, recomendamos que a investigação dos MILNs deve ser considerada como parte do estadiamento de animais com neoplasmas mamários malignos. RESUMO investigadas Objetivouse Objetivou se (MILN mamário (MB estudo 1 grupo , GU) intrauterino unilateral OVH (OVH intradérmico 8462 84 62 (84,62% 15,38%. 1538 15,38% . 15 38 (15,38%) 9,38% 938 9 (9,38% 6,25%. 625 6,25% 6 25 (6,25%) eficiente resultados 100 84,62 1563 63 15,63 pacientes 846 8 (84,62 153 15,38 3 (15,38% 9,38 93 (9,38 6,25 2 (6,25% 10 84,6 156 15,6 (84,6 15,3 (15,38 9,3 (9,3 6,2 (6,25 84, 15, (84, (15,3 9, (9, 6, (6,2 (84 (15, (9 (6, (8 (15 ( (6 (1

Abstract Background Patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA) experience reduced physical function and impaired quality of life. Better patient-reported functional outcomes are found when lower disease activity is achieved. Objectives To evaluate the variation of physical function by HAQ-DI over time in PsA patients treated with standard therapy in a real-life setting: to verify predictors of achieving a minimum clinically important difference (MCID) in function by HAQ-DI (ΔHAQ-DI ≤ − 0.35) and to measure the impact of achieving REM/LDA on long-term function by HAQ-DI. Methods This is a longitudinal analysis of a real-life retrospective cohort. Data from PsA patients with at least 4 years of follow-up in the PsA clinic from 2011 to 2019 were extracted from electronic medical records. The variations of physical function by HAQ-DI and disease activity by DAPSA over time were calculated. A multivariate hierarchical regression model was applied to verify predictors of MCID in HAQ-DI. A comparison of HAQ-DI variation between patients with DAPSA REM, LDA, moderate and high disease activity was made using the generalized estimating equation model (GEE), adjusted by Bonferroni test. The Spearman correlation method was applied to verify the correlation of ΔDAPSA and ΔHAQ-DI over time. Statistical analysis was performed in SPSS program version 21.0. Results Seventy-three patients were included in the analysis. Physical function measured by HAQ-DI was determined by PsA disease activity measured by DAPSA (p < 0.000). A moderate and statistically significant correlation between ΔDAPSA and ΔHAQ-DI was observed (rs = 0.60; p < 0.001). Only patients in DAPSA REM demonstrated a constant decline in HAQ-DI scores during the follow-up. White ethnicity and older age at baseline were predictors for not achieving MCID in HAQ-DI [RR 0.33 (0.16–0.6795% CI p = 0.002) and RR 0.96 (0.93–0.9895% CI p < 0.000), respectively, while higher scores of HAQ-DI at baseline were predictors of achieving MCID [RR 1.71 (1.12–2.6095%CI p = 0.013)]. Conclusion In PsA, patients who maintained DAPSA REM/LDA over time had better long-term functional outcomes. Higher HAQ-DI scores at baseline, non-white ethnicity and younger age were predictors for achieving a clinical meaningful improvement of HAQ-DI. (PsA life patientreported patient reported achieved HAQDI HAQ DI reallife real setting (MCID ΔHAQDI ΔHAQ 0.35 035 0 35 REMLDA LDA longterm long term HAQDI. DI. cohort followup follow up 201 records calculated GEE, GEE , (GEE) test 210 21 21.0 Seventythree Seventy three 0.000. 0000 0.000 . 000 0.000) rs 0.60 060 60 0.001. 0001 0.001 001 0.001) followup. up. 033 33 0.3 0.16–0.6795% 01606795 16 6795 (0.16–0.6795 0.002 0002 002 096 96 0.9 0.93–0.9895% 09309895 93 9895 (0.93–0.9895 0.000, respectively 171 1 71 1.7 1.12–2.6095%CI 11226095CI 12 2 6095 0.013. 0013 0.013 013 0.013)] nonwhite non white 03 3 20 (GEE 21. 0.00 00 0.6 06 6 0. 0.16–0.6795 0160679 679 (0.16–0.679 09 9 0.93–0.9895 0930989 989 (0.93–0.989 17 7 1. 609 0.01 01 0.013) 0.0 0.16–0.679 016067 67 (0.16–0.67 0.93–0.989 093098 98 (0.93–0.98 0.16–0.67 01606 (0.16–0.6 0.93–0.98 09309 (0.93–0.9 0.16–0.6 0160 (0.16–0. 0.93–0.9 0930 (0.93–0. 0.16–0. 016 (0.16–0 0.93–0. 093 (0.93–0 0.16–0 (0.16– 0.93–0 (0.93– 0.16– (0.16 0.93– (0.93 0.16 (0.1 0.93 (0.9 0.1 (0. (0 (

Abstract Background Skin cancer is the most frequent cancer worldwide and the most frequent periocular tumor. Keratinocyte Carcinomas (KC) located in periorificial areas, such as periocular tumors, are considered high-risk tumors. Mohs Micrographic Surgery (MMS) is considered the first line for the treatment of high-risk KC, providing a lower recurrence rate than conventional wide excision. Objective To describe the clinical-pathological features of periocular KC treated with MMS in a tertiary university center in Chile. Methods A single-center, retrospective study of patients with KC located on the periocular area, that underwent MMS between 2017‒2022. MMS details were recorded. Results One hundred thirteen patients with periocular carcinomas were included. The mean age was 59 ± 13 years; 52% were women. The most frequent location was the medial canthus (53%), followed by the lower eyelid (30.1%). The most frequent BCC histology was the nodular variant (59.3%). Regarding MMS, the average number of stages was 1.5 ± 0.7, and 54% of the cases required only 1 stage to achieve clear margins. To date, no recurrence has been reported. Tumors larger than 8.5 mm in largest diameter or 43.5 mm2 were more likely to require complex reconstruction. Study limitations Retrospective design and a relatively low number of patients in the SCC group. Possible selection bias, as larger or more complex cases, may have been referred to oculoplastic surgeons directly. Conclusion The present study confirms the role of MMS for the treatment of periocular KCs. Periocular KCs larger than 8.5 mm might require complex reconstruction. These results can be used to counsel patients during pre-surgical visits. tumor (KC areas tumors highrisk high risk (MMS excision clinicalpathological clinical pathological Chile singlecenter, singlecenter single center, single-center area 20172022 2017 2022 2017‒2022 recorded included 5 years 52 women 53%, 53 53% , (53%) 30.1%. 301 30.1% . 30 (30.1%) 59.3%. 593 59.3% 3 (59.3%) 15 1. 07 0 7 0.7 54 margins date reported 85 8 8. 435 43 43. reconstruction group bias directly presurgical pre surgical visits 2017202 201 202 2017‒202 (53% 30.1 (30.1% 59.3 (59.3% 0. 4 201720 20 2017‒20 (53 30. (30.1 59. (59.3 20172 2 2017‒2 (5 (30. (59. 2017‒ ( (30 (59 (3

Abstract Objective: To investigate clinical, pathology, and imaging findings associated with inguinal lymph node (LN) metastases in patients with prostate cancer (PCa). Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective single-center study of patients with PCa who underwent imaging and inguinal LN biopsy between 2000 and 2023. We assessed the following aspects on multimodality imaging: inguinal LN morphology; extrainguinal lymphadenopathy; the extent of primary and recurrent tumors; and non-nodal metastases. Imaging, clinical, and pathology features were compared between patients with and without metastatic inguinal LNs. Results: We evaluated 79 patients, of whom 38 (48.1%) had pathology-proven inguinal LN metastasis. Certain imaging aspects— short-axis diameter, prostate-specific membrane antigen uptake on positron-emission tomography, membranous urethra involvement by the tumor, extra-inguinal lymphadenopathy, and distant metastases—were associated with pathology-proven inguinal LN metastases (p < 0.01 for all). Associations with long-axis diameter, fatty hilum, laterality, and uptake of other tracers on positronemission tomography were not significant (p = 0.09–1.00). The patients with metastatic inguinal LNs had higher prostate-specific antigen levels and more commonly had castration-resistant PCa (p < 0.01), whereas age, histological grade, and treatment type were not significant factors (p = 0.07–0.37). None of the patients had inguinal LN metastasis in the absence of locally advanced disease with membranous urethra involvement or distant metastasis. Conclusion: Several imaging, clinical, and pathology features are associated with inguinal LN metastases in patients with PCa. Isolated metastasis to inguinal LNs is extremely rare and unlikely to occur in the absence of high-risk imaging, clinical, or pathology features. Objective clinical (LN . (PCa) Methods singlecenter single center 200 2023 morphology lymphadenopathy tumors nonnodal non nodal Imaging Results 7 3 48.1% 481 48 1 (48.1% pathologyproven proven shortaxis short axis diameter prostatespecific specific positron emission tumor extra metastaseswere p 001 0 01 0.0 all. all all) longaxis long hilum laterality 0.09–1.00. 009100 0.09–1.00 09 00 0.09–1.00) castrationresistant castration resistant 0.01, , 0.01) age grade 0.07–0.37. 007037 0.07–0.37 07 37 0.07–0.37) Conclusion highrisk high risk (PCa 20 202 48.1 4 (48.1 0. 00910 0.09–1.0 00703 0.07–0.3 2 48. (48. 0091 0.09–1. 0070 0.07–0. (48 009 0.09–1 007 0.07–0 (4 0.09– 0.07– ( 0.09 0.07

Resumo Objetivo: Investigar achados clinicopatológicos e de imagem associados a metástases linfonodais inguinais em pacientes com câncer de próstata (CaP). Materiais e Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo de uma única instituição de pacientes com CaP submetidos a exames de imagem e biópsia inguinal de linfonodos em 2000–2023. A imagem multimodalidade foi avaliada para morfologia inguinal do linfonodo, linfadenopatia fora da região inguinal, extensão do CaP primário/recorrente e sítios metastáticos não nodais. Características de imagem e clinicopatológicas foram comparadas entre pacientes com e sem linfonodos inguinais metastáticos pela patologia. Resultados: Entre 79 pacientes estudados, 38 (48,1%) apresentaram metástase inguinal de linfonodo comprovada patologicamente. Certos achados de imagem – diâmetro do eixo curto, captação do antígeno de membrana prostático específico na tomografia por emissão de pósitrons, envolvimento da uretra membranosa pelo tumor, linfadenopatia fora da região inguinal e metástases a distância – foram associados com metástases inguinais no linfonodo pela patologia (p < 0,01). Diâmetro de eixo longo, hilo gorduroso, lateralidade, captação em outros traçadores de tomografia por emissão de pósitrons não foram significativos (p = 0,09–1,00). Clinicopatologicamente, os pacientes com linfonodos inguinais metastáticos apresentaram maior antígeno prostático específico e foram mais resistentes à castração (p < 0,01); idade, grau histológico e tipo de tratamento não foram estatisticamente significantes (p = 0,07–0,37). Nenhum paciente apresentou metástase inguinal isolada no linfonodo na ausência de doença localmente avançada com envolvimento da uretra membranosa ou metástase a distância. Conclusão: Várias características de imagem e clinicopatológicas foram associadas a metástases em LNs inguinais em pacientes com CaP. A metástase isolada para os LNs inguinais é extremamente rara e é improvável que ocorra na ausência de características de imagem e clinicopatológicas de alto risco. Objetivo . (CaP) Métodos 20002023 2000 2023 2000–2023 primáriorecorrente primário recorrente nodais Resultados 7 estudados 3 48,1% 481 48 1 (48,1% patologicamente curto tumor p 0,01. 001 0,01 0 01 0,01) longo gorduroso lateralidade 0,09–1,00. 009100 0,09–1,00 09 00 0,09–1,00) Clinicopatologicamente idade 0,07–0,37. 007037 0,07–0,37 07 37 0,07–0,37) Conclusão risco (CaP 2000202 200 202 2000–202 48,1 4 (48,1 0,0 00910 0,09–1,0 00703 0,07–0,3 200020 20 2000–20 48, (48, 0, 0091 0,09–1, 0070 0,07–0, 20002 2 2000–2 (48 009 0,09–1 007 0,07–0 2000– (4 0,09– 0,07– ( 0,09 0,07

ABSTRACT Background: Pathophysiological mechanisms of rheumatoid arthritis arise because of a proinflammatory environment, generated by the interaction of autoreactive lymphocytes and proinflammatory mediators. Current strategies to mitigate the progression of the disease produce adverse effects, so there is a need for new therapeutic strategies and molecular targets to treat this disease. In this context, evidence suggests that scorpion venoms could modulate the immune response and some important cellular mechanisms of pharmacological interest. To evaluate the immunomodulatory effect of the venom of Tityus sp. (a possible new species close to Tityus metuendus) peripheral blood mononuclear cells of women diagnosed with RA were compared to cells of a control group. Methods: A case-control study was conducted with a sample of 10 women with a confirmed diagnosis of RA and controls matched by sex and age. The cytotoxicity of the venom was evaluated to find sublethal concentrations of the venom, and subsequently, their immunomodulatory capacity in terms of percentage of proliferation, cell activation, and cytokines production. Results: the venom of Tityus sp. produced a decrease in the percentage of proliferation in the CD3+, CD3+CD4+, and CD3+CD8+ cell subpopulations of RA patients and healthy controls, at concentrations of 252 and 126 µg/mL. However, the venom did not induce significant differences in the percentage of cell activation markers. The venom caused a decrease in IL-10 at a concentration of 252 µg/mL compared to untreated cells from patients and controls. The remaining cytokines did not show significant differences. Conclusion: the venom of Tityus sp. is a potential source of molecules with immunomodulatory ability in CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes. This result directs venom characterization studies to identify pharmacological targets with immunomodulatory capacity in T lymphocytes to enhance research in the treatment of autoimmune disorders such as RA. Background environment mediators effects context interest sp metuendus group Methods casecontrol case 1 age subsequently production Results CD3 CD CD3+ CD3CD4 CDCD CD3+CD4+ CD3CD8 CD3+CD8 25 12 µgmL µg mL However markers IL10 IL IL-1 Conclusion CD3CD CD3+CD4 CD3+CD 2 IL1 IL-

Abstract: La Frontera, the Mapuche territory located between the Biobío and Las Cruces rivers, was occupied by the Chilean State between 1861 and 1883. This occupation, based on the use of these lands for agroforestry and mineral exploitation, with the resulting forced displacement of the Mapuche people, led to the creation or reconstruction of cities as a spatial strategy of dominion. Within this framework, Angol was reconstructed for the seventh time, revealing the historical importance of its location, in military and political terms, which foretold an urban installation of sustained development. However, despite this initial state backing, different decisions undermined its progress, leaving a somewhat backward city until the mid-20th century. This work examines the vicissitudes that safeguarded the execution of relevant public works raised under the modern way of thinking, as an expression of the power and presence of the State and private parties. Exceptional pieces are unveiled that contribute to the contem porary Chilean architectural story and to the formation of civic identity. The methodology includes primary sources, such as photographic archives, local newspapers, and surveys; and secondary, such as local stories. The conclusions reveal that architectural modernity was a contained, marginal and parallel process

Resumen: La Frontera, el resistido territorio mapuche ubicado entre los ríos Biobío y Las Cruces, fue ocupado por el Estado chileno entre 1861 y 1883. Tal acción, originada en el aprovechamiento de esas tierras para su explotación agroforestal y mineral, con el consiguiente desplazamiento forzado del pueblo mapuche, tuvo por materialización física la creación o refundación de ciudades como una estrategia espacial de dominio. En este marco, Angol fue fundada por séptima vez, revelando la importancia histórica de su emplazamiento, en términos militares y políticos, augurando una instalación urbana de desarrollo sostenido. A pesar de ese respaldo estatal inicial, diversas decisiones mermaron su progreso, dejando a la ciudad postergada en su desarrollo hasta mediados del siglo XX. Este trabajo examina las vicisitudes que ampararon la ejecución de las obras públicas relevantes, como expresión de la presencia y poder del Estado y de particulares. Se relevan piezas fundamentales que contribuyen al relato arquitectónico contemporáneo chileno y a la formación de una identidad ciudadana. La metodología utilizada incluye fuentes primarias, como archivos fotográficos, periódicos locales y catastros; y secundarias, como diversas historias regionales. Las conclusiones, por su parte, revelan que la modernidad arquitectónica fue un proceso contenido, marginal y paralelo

Background and Purpose: Functional tests are a fundamental axis in assessing the risk of falls in older adults. However, many of them lack associative value with the actual functional status of the older adults, medical history, and comorbidities. Methods: Analytical study with cross-sectional design. Three functional tests were performed (Timed Up & Go, Five Times Sit to Stand Test, and Unipodal Station Test) in 148 independent older adults (mean = 74.8 SD = 7.2), 83 non-fallers, and 58 with self-reported accidental falls in the last year. Other factors, such as grip strength and abdominal circumference, were considered. Results and Discussion: The functional tests presented associative value in older adults with a history of falls (p < 0.05). The grip strength has a statistically significant correlation between both groups. Functional tests can discriminate the risk of falls in independent older adults and those with similar comorbidities. Conclusion: The three functional tests applied show associative values in falling older adults. The grip strength presented associative value with the functional tests.

RESUMEN Antecedentes y Objetivo: Las pruebas funcionales son un eje fundamental en la evaluación del riesgo de caídas de los adultos mayores (AM), no obstante, muchas de ellas carecen de valor asociativo con el real estado funcional del AM, historia clínica y co-morbilidades. El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar pruebas funcionales y fuerza de prensión entre AM caedores y no caedores. Métodos: Estudio analítico con diseño transversal. Se realizaron tres pruebas funcionales (Timed Up & Go, Five Times Sit to Stand Test y Prueba de Estación Unipodal) en 148 AM independientes (Media = 74,8 SD = 7,2), 83 no caedores y 58 con antecedentes de caídas accidentales en el último año. Se consideró además la fuerza de prensión y perímetro abdominal. Resultados y Discusión: Las pruebas funcionales presentaron valor asociativo en AM con antecedentes de caídas (p < 0,05). La fuerza de prensión tuvo correlación estadísticamente significativa entre ambos grupos. Las pruebas funcionales entonces, pueden discriminar el riesgo de caída en AM independientes y con co-morbilidades similares. Conclusión: Las tres pruebas funcionales aplicadas muestran valores asociativos en AM caedores. La fuerza de prensión presentó valor asociativo con las pruebas analizadas.

Resumen Introducción: La infección por Chlamydia trachomatis es la ITS bacteriana más frecuente del mundo. En el cervix se presenta mayormente de forma asintomática y afecta especialmente a mujeres jóvenes y adolescentes. Puede producir daño permanente en el tracto reproductor femenino, se asocia a parto prematuro, infecciones neonatales transmitidas vía vertical y mayor riesgo de adquirir otras ITS como VIH Y VPH. Por estos motivos se han establecido estrategias de tamizaje para detectar y tratar precozmente la infección asintomática por C. trachomatis en diferentes países. En nuestro país no contamos con un programa nacional de tamizaje. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de infección asintomática por Chlamydia trachomatis en mujeres entre 12 y 21 años de la Provincia de Osorno, Región de Los Lagos, Chile. Pacientes y Métodos: Se desarrolló un estudio de diseño transversal con una cohorte única de mujeres adolescentes y jóvenes consultantes en el Policlínico de Alto Riesgo Obstétrico y de Ginecología Infantil y Adolescente, del Hospital Base de Osorno, entre enero de 2019 y enero 2020. Se determinó el estado de infección asintomática mediante RPC en tiempo real para C. trachomatis. Se realizó una encuesta a fin de determinar características demográficas, hábitos y conductas sexuales de las pacientes estudiadas. Resultados: Fueron reclutadas 124 mujeres entre 12 a 21 años de edad, de las cuales, 36 (29,3%) se encontraban embarazadas al momento del estudio. La prevalencia de infección asintomática por C. trachomatis fue de 14/124 (11,3%). En las mujeres gestantes se encontraron 6/36 (16,7%) casos positivos de infección por C. trachomatis y 8/88 (9,1%) en las no gestantes. Existe una mayor frecuencia de infección asintomática a menor edad de inicio de actividad sexual (33,3% en aquellas que inician entre 11-12 años vs. 16,2% en las que inician entre 1314 años, 7,4% entre 15-16 y 8% entre 17-21 años; p < 0,05). Esta tendencia no fue observada al comparar el estado de infección con el tiempo de vida sexual activa. Sólo 15,7% de las pacientes utilizó preservativo en todas sus relaciones sexuales. Discusión: La infección asintomática por C. trachomatis es frecuente en las mujeres adolescentes y jóvenes sexualmente activas. Las pacientes con inicio más temprano de la actividad sexual coital (bajo 13 años de edad) podrían estar en mayor riesgo. Se requiere con urgencia establecer la frecuencia nacional de infección para desarrollar una estrategia sanitaria para su pesquisa y manejo oportuno en nuestro país.

Abstract Background: Chlamydia trachomatis infection is the world most common bacterial STI. At uterine cervix it presents mostly asymptomatically and especially affects young women and adolescents. It can cause permanent damage to the female reproductive tract and is associated with premature birth, connatal infections and increased risk of acquiring other STIs such as HIV and HPV. For these reasons, other countries have established screening strategies to detect and treat asymptomatic C. trachomatis infection. Our country don’t have a national screening program. Aim: To determine the prevalence of C. trachomatis asymptomatic infection in adolescent and young women in Osorno province, Los Lagos Region, Chile. Methods: A crosssectional study was performed in adolescent and young women who consult at Hospital Base Osorno in the MaternoFetal and PediatricAdolescent Gynecology ambulatory clinics, between January 2019 and January 2020. The status of asymptomatic infection was determined by PCR for C. trachomatis. A survey was carried out to determine the demographic characteristics, habits and sexual behaviors. Results: 124 women between 12 and 21 years of age were recruited, of which 36 (29,3%) were pregnant at the time of the study. The prevalence of asymptomatic infection by C. trachomatis was 11.3.%. In pregnant women, there were 6/36 (16.7%) positive cases for C. trachomatis and 8/88 (9.1%) in nonpregnant women. We found a higher frequency of asymptomatic infection at younger age of first sexual intercourse (33% in adolescents at 11-12 years old vs. 16.2% at 13-14, 7.4% at 15-16 and 8% at 17-21; p<0.05). Only 15.7% of the patients utilized condoms in all their intercourses. Discussion: Asymptomatic C. trachomatis infection is common in adolescent and young women, with a higher risk in those who onset sexual activity at an early age (less than 13 years old). It is urgently required to determine the national frequency of asymptomatic C. trachomatis infection to develop a national strategy for screening and timely treatment.

Abstract The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence, clinicopathological, and prognostic features of acinic cell carcinoma (AciCC) of the oral and maxillofacial region. AciCC cases were retrospectively retrieved from 11 pathology centers of three different countries. Medical records were examined to extract demographic, clinical, pathologic, and follow-up information. A total of 75 cases were included. Females (65.33%) with a mean age of 45.51 years were mostly affected. The lesions usually presented as an asymptomatic (64.28%) nodule (95.66%) in the parotid gland (70.68%). The association of two histopathological patterns was the most common finding (48.93%) and the tumors presented mainly conventional histopathological grades (86.11%). Surgical treatment was performed in the majority of the cases (59.19%). Local recurrence was observed in 20% of the informed cases, regional metastasis in 30.43%, and distant metastasis in 12.50%. The statistical analysis showed that the cases with a solid histopathological pattern (p=0.01), high-grade transformation (p=0.008), recurrence (p=0.007), and regional metastasis (p=0.03) were associated with poor survival. In conclusion, high histopathological transformation, presence of nodal metastasis, and recurrence were prognostic factors for AciCC of the oral and maxillofacial region. prevalence clinicopathological (AciCC region 1 countries demographic clinical pathologic followup follow up information 7 included 65.33% 6533 65 33 (65.33% 4551 45 51 45.5 affected 64.28% 6428 64 28 (64.28% 95.66% 9566 95 66 (95.66% 70.68%. 7068 70.68% . 70 68 (70.68%) 48.93% 4893 48 93 (48.93% 86.11%. 8611 86.11% 86 (86.11%) 59.19%. 5919 59.19% 59 19 (59.19%) 20 3043 30 43 30.43% 1250 12 50 12.50% p=0.01, p001 p p=0.01 , 0 01 (p=0.01) highgrade grade p=0.008, p0008 p=0.008 008 (p=0.008) p=0.007, p0007 p=0.007 007 (p=0.007) p=0.03 p003 03 (p=0.03 survival conclusion 65.33 653 6 3 (65.33 455 4 5 45. 64.28 642 2 (64.28 95.66 956 9 (95.66 706 70.68 (70.68% 48.93 489 (48.93 861 86.11 8 (86.11% 591 59.19 (59.19% 304 30.43 125 12.50 p00 p=0.0 (p=0.01 p000 p=0.00 00 (p=0.008 (p=0.007 (p=0.0 65.3 (65.3 64.2 (64.2 95.6 (95.6 70.6 (70.68 48.9 (48.9 86.1 (86.11 59.1 (59.19 30.4 12.5 p0 p=0. (p=0.00 (p=0. 65. (65. 64. (64. 95. (95. 70. (70.6 48. (48. 86. (86.1 59. (59.1 30. 12. p=0 (p=0 (65 (64 (95 (70. (48 (86. (59. p= (p= (6 (9 (70 (4 (86 (59 (p ( (7 (8 (5

Aim This study evaluated the influence of a wide diameter on extra-short dental implant stress distribution as a retainer for single implant-supported crowns in the atrophic mandible posterior region under axial and oblique load. Methods Four 3D digital casts of an atrophic mandible, with a single implant-retained crown with a 3:1 crown-to-implant ratio, were created for finite element analysis. The implant diameter used was either 4 mm (regular) or 6 mm (wide), both with 5 mm length. A 200 N axial or 30º oblique load was applied to the mandibular right first molar occlusal surface. The equivalent von Mises stress was recorded for the abutment and implant, minimum principal stress, and maximum shear stress for cortical and cancellous bone. Results Oblique load increased the stress in all components when compared to axial load. Wide diameter implants showed a decrease of von Mises stress around 40% in both load directions at the implant, and an increase of at least 3.6% at the abutment. Wide diameter implants exhibited better results for cancellous bone in both angulations. However, in the cortical bone, the minimum principal stress was at least 66% greater for wide than regular diameter implants, and the maximum shear stress was more than 100% greater. Conclusion Extra-short dental implants with wide diameter result in better biomechanical behavior for the implant, but the implications of a potential risk of overloading the cortical bone and bone loss over time, mainly under oblique load, should be investigated. extrashort extra short implantsupported supported D implantretained retained 31 3 1 3: crowntoimplant ratio analysis (regular wide, , (wide) length 20 º surface 40 36 3.6 angulations However 66 100 Extrashort Extra time investigated (wide 2 3. 10

Resumen: Este artículo analiza el proceso de transformación estructural en el mercado privado de servicios de salud brasileño, a partir de los años 2000, con énfasis en la creciente participación de fondos financieros y del capital extranjero en el proceso de expansión y consolidación del sector. El análisis del movimiento de ingreso del capital extranjero en los servicios y planes de salud en Brasil fue desarrollado a partir de la construcción de una base datos con un total de 297 operaciones de capital de empresas con actividades en servicios de salud; inclusive las empresas operadoras de planes y seguros de salud y las empresas administradoras de beneficios en salud. El análisis de esas operaciones muestra que la entrada de capital extranjero fue fundamental para viabilizar la centralización de capital en determinadas empresas y catalizar el proceso de concentración y transformación estructural del sector de servicios de salud a lo largo de las últimas dos décadas. La conclusión que el recrudecimiento de la disputa intercapitalista dentro del mercado de servicios de salud llevó a la emergencia de grandes corporaciones en el mercado y nuevos modelos de negocio, con destaque especial para surgimiento de redes verticalizadas de atención (operación de planes, servicios hospitalarios, ambulatorios, de diagnóstico y tratamiento y de atención básica). Resumen brasileño 2000 29 décadas negocio operación hospitalarios ambulatorios básica. básica . básica) 200 2 20

Abstract: This article analyzes the process of structural transformation within the Brazilian private health services market since the 2000s, with emphasis on the growing participation of financial funds and foreign capital in the process of expansion and consolidation of the sector. The analysis of the movement of foreign capital into health services and plans in Brazil was developed from the construction of a database with a total of 297 equity operations involving companies with activities in health services, including companies operating health plans and insurance and companies administering health benefits. The analysis of these operations shows that the influx of foreign capital was fundamental to enable the centralization of capital in certain companies and catalyze the process of concentration and structural transformation of the health services sector over the last two decades. We concluded that the intensification of the intercapitalist dispute within the health services market led to the emergence of large corporations and new business models, with special emphasis on the emergence of verticalized care networks (operation of plans, hospital services, outpatient services, diagnosis and treatment, and primary care). Abstract 2000s s 29 benefits decades models operation treatment care. . care) 2

Resumo: Este artigo analisa o processo de transformação estrutural no mercado privado de serviços de saúde brasileiro a partir dos anos 2000, com ênfase na crescente participação de fundos financeiros e do capital estrangeiro no processo de expansão e consolidação do setor. A análise do movimento de ingresso do capital estrangeiro nos serviços e planos de saúde no Brasil foi desenvolvida a partir da construção de uma base dados com um total de 297 operações patrimoniais envolvendo empresas com atividades em serviços de saúde, inclusive operadoras de planos e seguros de saúde e administradoras de benefícios em saúde. A análise dessas operações evidencia que o afluxo de capital estrangeiro foi fundamental para viabilizar a centralização de capital em determinadas empresas e catalisar o processo de concentração e transformação estrutural do setor de serviços de saúde ao longo das últimas duas décadas. Conclui-se que o acirramento da disputa intercapitalista no mercado de serviços de saúde levou à emergência de grandes corporações no mercado e a novos modelos de negócio, com destaque especial para o surgimento de redes verticalizadas de atendimento (operação de planos, serviços hospitalares, ambulatoriais, de diagnóstico e tratamento e de atenção básica). Resumo 2000 29 décadas Concluise Conclui se negócio operação hospitalares ambulatoriais básica. básica . básica) 200 2 20